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Mgr. Lucie Sedláčková Dissertation Globalization in the Contemporary Dutch Novel Abstract in English This dissertation deals with representations of different aspects of globalization in the contemporary Dutch novel. The main questions are: 1. Which representations of the aspects of globalization can be found in the contemporary Dutch novels analyzed in this dissertation? 2. Are there relations between the knowledge of this phenomenon in specialist literature and in the fiction analyzed in this dissertation? 3. Which points of view do literary texts take with respect to globalization? The research method is based on the theory of cultural representation, but the traditional instruments of literary theory are also employed. The goal of the dissertation is to survey discourse about globalization in the analyzed fiction; the terminology is derived from the specialist, especially sociological, literature on this phenomenon from 1990 on. Globalization is considered a complex process which was accelerated mainly after 1989 by communication technology, the development of the world economy and politics (especially the fall of the Iron Curtain). The survey of literary discourse is divided into three domains: cosmopolitanism (i.e. the conceptual and cultural aspect), consumption and consumerism (the economical...

Cotutelle internationale avec l'Université de Nantes (France) / Depuis le début de sa coopération en matière d’éducation, l’Union européenne (UE) s’efforce de former des citoyens européens. En 2015, elle a commencé à orienter ses politiques d’éducation vers la promotion de l’identité, de la citoyenneté et des « valeurs communes » européennes, pour relever les défis du populisme, de la xénophobie et de la radicalisation. L’éducation à la citoyenneté est d’ores et déjà une pratique courante dans de nombreux États. Ceux-ci ont tendance à y recourir afin de renforcer la conscience des citoyens pour leurs droits et devoirs, d’assurer leur loyauté et d’encourager la participation politique. En outre, il s’agit d’un outil qui a été exploité pour renforcer la cohésion sociale et accroître la légitimité démocratique du système politique concerné. S’il est largement admis que les écoles publiques ont joué un rôle important dans la construction de l’État-nation en Europe du 19e siècle, il ne peut pas être pris pour acquis que l’UE devrait à son tour éduquer à la citoyenneté européenne. Ce processus s’est en effet généralement appuyé sur des présupposés étatiques. Comme le montrent les travaux postnationaux, l’UE en revanche doit être comprise comme un projet horizontal et transnational, une « union des États et des peuples » (une « demoï-cratie » (Nicolaïdis, 2006 : 58)), qui préserve les États membres et accorde une place à différentes formes de diversité nationale et culturelle, entre autres (Ferry, 2000 ; Habermas, 1998 ; Lacroix, 2004, 2015). Il convient donc d’interroger dans quelle mesure et à quelles conditions il serait souhaitable que l’UE promeuve l’éducation à la citoyenneté européenne. Adoptant une approche de théorie politique « appliquée » inspirée par Alain Renaut (2003), notre recherche combine la théorie politique normative avec une étude empirique. Ainsi, nous montrons qu’un projet d’éducation à la citoyenneté européenne peut être souhaitable, à la condition qu’il renonce à s’inscrire dans la voie stato-nationale. En d’autres termes, il doit être adapté au cadre transnational, pluraliste et non étatique de l’UE. Au lieu d’éliminer les citoyennetés des États, ce programme doit envisager de les co-construire avec la citoyenneté européenne. Les États membres et les institutions européennes jouent un rôle complémentaire, tout en permettant de s’équilibrer mutuellement. L’UE peut contribuer à promouvoir l’éducation à la citoyenneté européenne, en facilitant la coopération transnationale au niveau des États membres et en encourageant différents programmes transnationaux. Outre l’école publique et les médias, ce sont les think tanks, les fondations, les projets portés par la société civile ainsi que les programmes de mobilité qui articulent un potentiel transnational et jouent donc un rôle central dans ce projet. L’éducation à la citoyenneté européenne devrait suivre des lignes démocratiques, tout en tenant compte des droits et des libertés dont jouissent les individus en tant qu’enfants, (futurs) adultes et citoyens. Les objectifs, contenus et modalités du projet doivent être pensés en conséquence. Ainsi, dans le cadre de ce travail, nous développons un modèle théorique pour une éducation à la citoyenneté européenne transnationale, en précisant comment celle-ci peut se présenter sur le plan des acteurs impliqués, des orientations, des fins légitimes, des contenus et des voies. C’est à partir de cette réflexion que nous examinons les politiques d’éducation de l’UE. Ainsi, ce travail s’appuie sur une analyse qualitative des discours et des politiques de l’UE en matière d’éducation à la citoyenneté européenne (1973-2019). L’étude comprend également des entretiens semi-directifs avec des fonctionnaires travaillant au sein des institutions européennes. Comme le montrent les résultats, l’UE vise à promouvoir l’éducation à la citoyenneté européenne depuis le début de la coopération dans ce champ. Pour ce faire, elle a mobilisé trois approches différentes. Force est de constater que l’absence de précision quant aux objectifs et aux contenus de ce projet engendre certaines tendances problématiques, voire contradictoires. D’un autre côté, l’orientation que nous retenons comme plus pertinente a été peu explorée. Ainsi, nous montrons que l’UE devrait en effet revoir certaines de ses priorités et inscrire l’éducation à la citoyenneté européenne plus systématiquement dans une direction transnationale. Nous concluons notre étude par quelques recommandations pour de futurs ajustements en ce sens. / From the very start of its cooperation in education, the European Union (EU) has tried to foster European citizenship through education. Since 2015, these policies aim at promoting European identity, citizenship, and “common values” to tackle challenges linked to populism, xenophobia, and radicalization. The idea to teach citizenship is well known within the national context. Many states rely on citizenship education to raise awareness about rights and duties, to ensure the citizens’ loyalty and support, and to encourage political participation. These programs are used in order to strengthen social cohesion and to increase the democratic legitimacy of their political system. Whether the EU should try to foster European citizenship through education, however, is far less obvious. It is widely accepted that public schools played a major role in nation-state-building in 19th century Europe. Yet, this process usually builds on state-centric assumptions. As postnational theory shows, the EU for its part is better understood as a horizontal and transnational project that preserves the member states and allows for national, cultural and other forms of diversity (Ferry, 2000; Habermas, 1998; Lacroix, 2004, 2015). The EU is a “demoi-cracy”, a “Union of peoples who govern together, but not as one” (Nicolaïdis, 2013: 351). It rightly differs from the nation-state model. Therefore, it is relevant to investigate whether, to what extent and in what form the EU should promote a European citizenship education. Building on Renaut’s “applied political philosophy” (2003), I take an “applied political theory” approach and combine normative political theory with empirical research. I argue that there are good reasons to foster European citizenship through education. However, to be both possible and desirable, the project must abandon the nation-state model. In other words, it must be adjusted to the EU’s transnational, pluralistic and non-state-based context. Far from replacing member states’ citizenship, a European citizenship education must be conceived in ways to jointly construct European and national citizenship. Both the member states and the EU institutions should play a role in this project and complete and balance each other. The EU should contribute to fostering European citizenship through education, by facilitating horizontal cooperation between the member states. In addition, it has the possibility to set up and to encourage transnational initiatives and programs. Actors and ways of putting this project into practice include not only public schools and media. Think tanks, foundations, civil society projects, and mobility programs bring a transnational dimension and have thus also a major role to play. A European citizenship education project should follow democratic lines, while considering the rights and liberties individuals have, both as (future) adults and as (future) citizens, but also as children. I argue that aims, contents and ways to foster European citizenship through education must be conceptualized accordingly. My dissertation aims at developing a theoretical model for a transnational European citizenship education. It elaborates on possible orientations, on legitimate aims and contents, on potential actors, as well as on suitable settings and places to foster this project. I then use my theoretical framework to study the EU approaches to European citizenship education. This involves conducting a qualitative content analysis of EU education discourses and policies (1973-2019) and semi-structured interviews with EU officials. My analysis demonstrates that the EU promotes European citizenship education initiatives since the beginning of its cooperation in education. I identify three different approaches that have been put forward to this end. I show that the EU lacks a consistent idea of the aims and the contents of a European citizenship education. This leads to unhappy tensions and contradictions. Furthermore, the EU regularly draws upon nation state categories and experiences. I argue that it needs to review certain priorities and more consistently orient its European citizenship education policies in a transnational direction. The latter is more appropriate, but currently remains under-explored. I conclude with some recommendations for future adjustments.

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The cantata A World Without War (2009), by Armenian-born composer Edward Manukyan (b. 1981), was written, in part, to support increased awareness of human rights issues. Based on a quote from linguist and philosopher Noam Chomsky (b. 1928), the narrative of the cantata states: "We can, for example, be fairly confident that either there will be a world without war or there won't be a world." In addition to Chomsky's words, the cantata excerpts quotes of two additional literary giants advocating human rights, Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), and Andrei Sakharov (1921-1989). The purpose of this dissertation is to focus attention on human rights activism; using Manukyan's A World Without War, I highlight moral and ethical questions at the center of this work and explain how this cantata embraces the ideal of moral cosmopolitanism. I strongly believe in the importance of human rights for all citizens of the world, and the role music plays in advancing its cause through performance arts.

This essay focus on the normative debate between cosmopolitanism and statism in the context of global distributive justice. The notion of basic structure and negative rights examines separately in two questions to understand distributive justice as a global subject rather than only national. Statists as Rawls holds the position that global distributive justice prerequisite a basic structure with coercive instrument. Pogge as cosmopolitan arguments for the existence of global basic structure, by addressing inequalities in real-world politics, in the form of negative rights violation. The aim of this study is to justify global distributive justice on cosmopolitan duties, based on normative political theory, reflective equilibrium, and conceptual analysis. The main issue is formulated into two questions in the following: • Does reciprocity constitute a global basic structure that presupposes resource distribution? • Can self-respect as foundation of rights justify global distributive justice? I do this first by analyzing the concept of basic structure, based on the notion reciprocity. This is to identify the basic structure of the global system that prerequisite global distributive justice. Second, I analyze Pogge’s formulation of negative rights as cosmopolitan rights, to modify them to a positive concept of rights. This is in purpose to avoid the libertarian counterargument presented by Narveson, that negative rights fail as a ground of cosmopolitan duties. I show first that coercion is not a necessary condition, but only sufficient for the basic structure. Thus, the global basic structure exists and prerequisite distributive justice, based on reciprocity. Unlike the national basic structure of coercive instrument, the global basic structure grounds on several global threats and challenges that tie all nations as alternative concept of coercion. Second, I show that cosmopolitan duties can be grounded on positive rights. I do this through the notion of self-respect and deontological ethics, which success to avoid the libertarian critique of cosmopolitan duties.

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Abstract                                                                              For long the peace researchers have studied peace in relation to war or to a greater extent negative peace than a positive peace. You may ask what happened with peace? This thesis aims to gain how peace, and positive peace, may be investigated and concretized in a time when states seem more concerned to invest in international commitments like NATO and weapon arsenals than invest in solidarity, diplomatic or peaceful settlements.   Through a literary method with an exploratory design the problem statement is assayed in three different ethical perspective. The analyse of the problem statement; Based on cosmopolitanism, internationalism, and feminist peace ethics, how should positive peace be framed in a time of state emergency? is analysed, interpreted, and compared from the main perspective of cosmopolitanism, internationalism, and feminism peace ethics. Since peace ethic is not one besides a pluralistic ethic, peace ethics, the conclusion is that they all contribute to and welcome a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary development of the framework for further peace researcher. Besides some contradictions the investigated ethical perspective is unit that peace should be studied and conceptualized through peace and be framed in a nonpatriarchal language. Hence, the majority of the chosen ethical perspectives support a combination of micropolitics with the engagement of the individual to a macro politic with transnational covenants and with a greater role of responsibility for United Nation to promote and concretize peace. The ethical contradictions for peace consider the questions of responsibility, commitments, and interference how to realize peace. Future research questions should be raised whether and how diminished poverty is to embody peace? The main conclusion is that peace accelerates more peace and peace generates the benefits of prosperity and justice, why peace should be concretized and promoted in a time of stat emergency.     Keywords:  Ethics of Peace, Positive Peace, Qualitative Peace, Promote Peace, Illustrate Peace, Peace Researcher, Stat Emergency, Cosmopolitanism, Internationalism, Feminist Peace Ethics.