Governments, United Nations (UN) agencies and international and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have mounted a concerted effort to remobilize sport as a vehicle for broad, sustainable social development. This resonates with the call by the UN Inter-agency Task Force for sport to be a key component in national and international development objectives. Missing in these efforts is an explicit focus on physical education within state schools, which still enroll most children in the global South. This study focuses on research into one of the few instances where physical education within the national curriculum is being revitalized as part of this growing interest in leveraging the appeal of sport and play as a means to address social development challenges such as HIV/AIDS. The study examines the response to the Zambian government’s 2006 Declaration of Mandatory Physical Education (with a preventive education focus on HIV/AIDS) by personnel charged with its implementation. The decree directed personnel to immediately begin implementing the teaching of physical education in all Basic and Secondary schools in Zambia to “ensure physical fitness and the enhancement of values, skills and holistic development of the learner” (Ministry of Education, 2006). The study examined the response of 17 teachers and education administrators from Lusaka province, Zambia. The interviews were conducted between September and December 2009. The purpose of the study was to: 1) evaluate the implementation of the Presidential Decree on physical education as a strategy for addressing HIV/AIDS through Physical Education and Traditional Zambian Games; 2) explore and understand the response of teachers and administrators to the implementation of the 2006 Presidential Decree on physical education; 3) explore how the school context influences the implementation of the Presidential Decree; and 4) map a critical path of key personnel and their resource requirements, and make recommendations for strengthening the effectiveness of HIV prevention education. Drawing on education policy implementation literature, this study provides an analysis of the rising influence of the sport for development movement and of the ways in which physical education and sport may address HIV/AIDS within national education in Zambia. The findings of the study reveal promising signs for the potential of physical education, and of particularly traditional games, for student engagement and for addressing HIV/AIDS. Yet these promising signs are undermined by poor planning and support from the education bureaucracy, deficiencies that stem from years of neglect of, until recently, non-examinable subjects such as physical education. The findings confirm that the literature on education policy implementation drawn mostly from the global North is just as applicable to education sectors in the global South.

Following an increase in hostile foreign activity. The discussion regarding Sweden’s defense force´s ability to perform its task has come to a new heading. With the end of the cold war as a major revolution in matters of international security, a major overhaul has taken place to transform the static total defense plan of the nation to a less rigid operational system. Following an analysis of the budgets total amount from the governments of 2002 until 2015 it is clear that while the amount of resources has never directly been lowered, it has shrunk in relation to the countries total GDP. The possible futures for the defense of Sweden bring three possibilities forward in correlation three unique perspectives on military and political policy. Out of the three possibilities the focus on military strength as a political resource seems to be garnering the most support with the latest incursions made my foreign submersibles and the ever growing presence of 5th generation of warfare. And for as long as the potential threats remain it is unlikely that the current course will change.

Governments, United Nations (UN) agencies and international and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have mounted a concerted effort to remobilize sport as a vehicle for broad, sustainable social development. This resonates with the call by the UN Inter-agency Task Force for sport to be a key component in national and international development objectives. Missing in these efforts is an explicit focus on physical education within state schools, which still enroll most children in the global South. This study focuses on research into one of the few instances where physical education within the national curriculum is being revitalized as part of this growing interest in leveraging the appeal of sport and play as a means to address social development challenges such as HIV/AIDS. The study examines the response to the Zambian government’s 2006 Declaration of Mandatory Physical Education (with a preventive education focus on HIV/AIDS) by personnel charged with its implementation. The decree directed personnel to immediately begin implementing the teaching of physical education in all Basic and Secondary schools in Zambia to “ensure physical fitness and the enhancement of values, skills and holistic development of the learner” (Ministry of Education, 2006). The study examined the response of 17 teachers and education administrators from Lusaka province, Zambia. The interviews were conducted between September and December 2009. The purpose of the study was to: 1) evaluate the implementation of the Presidential Decree on physical education as a strategy for addressing HIV/AIDS through Physical Education and Traditional Zambian Games; 2) explore and understand the response of teachers and administrators to the implementation of the 2006 Presidential Decree on physical education; 3) explore how the school context influences the implementation of the Presidential Decree; and 4) map a critical path of key personnel and their resource requirements, and make recommendations for strengthening the effectiveness of HIV prevention education. Drawing on education policy implementation literature, this study provides an analysis of the rising influence of the sport for development movement and of the ways in which physical education and sport may address HIV/AIDS within national education in Zambia. The findings of the study reveal promising signs for the potential of physical education, and of particularly traditional games, for student engagement and for addressing HIV/AIDS. Yet these promising signs are undermined by poor planning and support from the education bureaucracy, deficiencies that stem from years of neglect of, until recently, non-examinable subjects such as physical education. The findings confirm that the literature on education policy implementation drawn mostly from the global North is just as applicable to education sectors in the global South.

O mercado cambial brasileiro é, ainda hoje, uma grande colcha de retalhos, tendo o seu fundamento legal embasado em normas que datam dos anos vinte do século passado. Devido a esta característica, existem diversos questionamentos quanto à necessidade de reformulação das normas de câmbio no país.Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a evolução da normatização cambial no país, dando ênfase às questões relacionadas à adoção da livre mobilidade de capital e ao fim da necessidade de internalização das divisas provenientes das exportações brasileiras. Tendo como pano de fundo a criação do duplo mercado de câmbio no Brasil, representado pela Resolução 1552/88, marco histórico nas tentativas efetuadas pela autoridade monetária de trazer para a legalidade às transações cambiais antes realizadas a margem da lei. Considerando a efetividade da medida tomada pelo Banco Central e a relativa estabilidade econômica alcançada pelo país a partir de 1995, começa a ser questionada a restrição imposta aos capitais estrangeiros desembarcados no país sob a forma de empréstimos e investimentos, uma vez que passa a moeda nacional a ser considerada uma relativa reserva de valor. O fim da cobertura cambial das exportações, assunto recorrente neste momento em que o país vive o boom do comércio exterior, está diretamente ligado à necessidade de constituir reservas em moeda forte, em virtude da necessidade de (este) honrar seus compromissos externos. Enfim, o que buscamos demonstrar ao longo deste trabalho é que a parcial conversibilidade da conta financeira e de capital e a necessidade de cobertura cambial das exportações, estão diretamente associadas ao histórico financeiro do país nas suas trocas internacionais, o que, conjuntamente com o elevado nível da dívida interna e externa, dificultam a adoção de medidas liberalizantes no curto prazo. / The Brazilian cambial market is, still today, a great bedspread of remnants, having its legal grounds based in norms that dated of the Twenties at the last century. Due to this characteristic, have diverses questionings as for the necessity of rewording the norms of exchange in the country. This work has the objective to evaluate the evolution of the cambial regulation in the country, giving emphasis to the questions related to the adoption the free mobility of capital and to the end of the necessity of frontier internalization proceeding from the Brazilian exportations. Having as background the creation of the double exchange market in Brazil, represented for the 1552/88 resolution, historical landmark in the attempts effected by the monetary authority to bring for the legality the cambial transactions before carried out the law edge. Considering the effectiveness of the measure taken for the Central Banking and the relative economic stability reached by the country from 1995, it starts to be questioned the restriction imposed to the foreign capitals landed in the country at loans and investments form, once the national currency passes to be considered a relative reserve of value. The end of the cambial covering in exportations, recurrent subject at this moment where the country lives the foreign commerce boom, is directly join to the necessity of constitute reserves in hard currency, in virtue of the necessity of this honoring its external commitments. At last, what searched to demonstrate in this work is that the partial convertibility of the financial account and the capital and the necessity of cambial covering of the exportations, is directly associates to the financial description of the country in its international exchanges, what, jointly with the raised level of the internal and external debt, make difficult the adoption of liberality measures in a short time.

O mercado cambial brasileiro é, ainda hoje, uma grande colcha de retalhos, tendo o seu fundamento legal embasado em normas que datam dos anos vinte do século passado. Devido a esta característica, existem diversos questionamentos quanto à necessidade de reformulação das normas de câmbio no país.Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a evolução da normatização cambial no país, dando ênfase às questões relacionadas à adoção da livre mobilidade de capital e ao fim da necessidade de internalização das divisas provenientes das exportações brasileiras. Tendo como pano de fundo a criação do duplo mercado de câmbio no Brasil, representado pela Resolução 1552/88, marco histórico nas tentativas efetuadas pela autoridade monetária de trazer para a legalidade às transações cambiais antes realizadas a margem da lei. Considerando a efetividade da medida tomada pelo Banco Central e a relativa estabilidade econômica alcançada pelo país a partir de 1995, começa a ser questionada a restrição imposta aos capitais estrangeiros desembarcados no país sob a forma de empréstimos e investimentos, uma vez que passa a moeda nacional a ser considerada uma relativa reserva de valor. O fim da cobertura cambial das exportações, assunto recorrente neste momento em que o país vive o boom do comércio exterior, está diretamente ligado à necessidade de constituir reservas em moeda forte, em virtude da necessidade de (este) honrar seus compromissos externos. Enfim, o que buscamos demonstrar ao longo deste trabalho é que a parcial conversibilidade da conta financeira e de capital e a necessidade de cobertura cambial das exportações, estão diretamente associadas ao histórico financeiro do país nas suas trocas internacionais, o que, conjuntamente com o elevado nível da dívida interna e externa, dificultam a adoção de medidas liberalizantes no curto prazo. / The Brazilian cambial market is, still today, a great bedspread of remnants, having its legal grounds based in norms that dated of the Twenties at the last century. Due to this characteristic, have diverses questionings as for the necessity of rewording the norms of exchange in the country. This work has the objective to evaluate the evolution of the cambial regulation in the country, giving emphasis to the questions related to the adoption the free mobility of capital and to the end of the necessity of frontier internalization proceeding from the Brazilian exportations. Having as background the creation of the double exchange market in Brazil, represented for the 1552/88 resolution, historical landmark in the attempts effected by the monetary authority to bring for the legality the cambial transactions before carried out the law edge. Considering the effectiveness of the measure taken for the Central Banking and the relative economic stability reached by the country from 1995, it starts to be questioned the restriction imposed to the foreign capitals landed in the country at loans and investments form, once the national currency passes to be considered a relative reserve of value. The end of the cambial covering in exportations, recurrent subject at this moment where the country lives the foreign commerce boom, is directly join to the necessity of constitute reserves in hard currency, in virtue of the necessity of this honoring its external commitments. At last, what searched to demonstrate in this work is that the partial convertibility of the financial account and the capital and the necessity of cambial covering of the exportations, is directly associates to the financial description of the country in its international exchanges, what, jointly with the raised level of the internal and external debt, make difficult the adoption of liberality measures in a short time.

Retribution Judiciary of Extraordinary People's Courts in the Central Bohemia Goal of this Dissertation is to complement up-to-date literature resources about Retribution with a statistical analysis of two Extraordinary People's Courts in Mladá Boleslav and Kutná Hora, to answer defined research questions, and to develop a novel methodology for assembling name lists of charged individuals, which can serve in the future as a supporting tool for an easier formation of new name lists coming from other Extraordinary People's Courts. Another goal was to determine an influence of a so-called layman element on the court's decisions. Files in eponymous collections deposited in Regional Archive in Prague served as a main source of data. A brief probe into Extraordinary People's Court in Prague is also included in this work. Studies of the files showed that 487 men and 124 women were charged by the Extraordinary People's Court in Mladá Boleslav. Therefore, one fifth of charged individuals were women. Statistical analysis also showed that an average woman had a bigger chance of being acquitted; men were judged more strictly. This Court prosecuted mainly people of Czech nationality. Nationality also had an influence on a length of a sentence, which was almost double among Germans. Whistle-blowing was the most...

A presente dissertação abarcará cinco temas bastante específicos: a defesa da concorrência, a defesa do consumidor, a prática do cartel, as formas consensuais de seu combate e investigação e o bem-estar do consumidor. No Brasil, verifica-se que, tanto a defesa da concorrência como a do consumidor se unem por um objetivo comum: o bem-estar do consumidor. Por isso, práticas tidas como ofensivas à ordem econômica podem desencadear danos graves aos consumidores, sendo um relevante exemplo disto a formação de cartéis, especialmente os relacionados à alteração artificial de preços. Dentre as práticas abusivas previstas no CDC, foi lançada elevação de preços sem justa causa, o que torna possível que a prática do cartel ou, ao menos, os seus efeitos sobre o preço, possam vir a ser reprimidos por ambas as esferas. Nesse sentido, buscou-se analisar os institutos consensuais de combate aos cartéis previstos na lei de concorrência: o “compromisso de cessação de conduta” e o “programa de leniência”, assim como seus possíveis efeitos benéficos sobre os consumidores. Desta feita, a presente dissertação visou a responder aos seguintes problemas de pesquisa: (i) qual o arcabouço jurídico-institucional à disposição da defesa do consumidor e da concorrência? (ii) qual o liame entre estas duas esferas? (iii) o que é “cartel” e de que forma ele atinge os consumidores (iv) o que são o “compromisso de cessação de conduta” e o “programa de leniência” e qual a sua utilidade ao combate dos cartéis? A conclusão obtida é que a defesa da concorrência e a do consumidor possuem um objetivo comum, o bem-estar do consumidor, a primeira de forma mediata e a segunda, imediata. Ademais, verificou-se o “cartel” como uma conduta altamente agressiva à livre concorrência e aos interesses dos consumidores, sendo possível que seus efeitos, de forma indireta, sejam penalizados pelo CDC. Finalmente, verificou-se a grande utilidade das formas consensuais – “compromisso de cessação de conduta” e “programa de leniência” – não apenas ao combate aos cartéis quanto à imediata cessação de seus efeitos, mas também como grande ferramenta de prova de sua ocorrência e garantia do bem-estar dos consumidores. / The presente dissetation involves five very specific issues: antitrust, consumer protection, cartels, consensual forms of its combat and investigation and consumer welfare. In Brazil, it is found that both the defense of competition as the consumer defense are united by a common goal: consumer welfare. Therefore, practices seen as offensive to the economic order can trigger serious harm to consumers, being a relevant example the cartel formation, especially those related to artificial price change. Among the abusive practices set out in Brazilian Consumer Defese Code (CDC), it was registered the prices raise without just cause, which makes it possible that the cartel, or at least its effects on the price, may be suppressed by both spheres. Therefore, it sought to analyze the consensual institutes of cartel’s combat and investigation under competition law: the "Conduct Consent Decree" and "Leniency Program", as well as their possible beneficial effects on consumers. Thereby, this dissertation aimed to answer the following research problems: (i) what is the legal and institutional framework available to the consumer’s and competition’s protection? (ii) what is the link between these two spheres? (iii) what is "cartel" and how it affects consumers? (iv) what are the "Conduct Consent Decree" and "Leniency Program" and what is its usefulness to cartel’s combat? The reached conclusion is that the defense of competition and the defense of consumer have a common purpose, consumer welfare, the first in a mediate way and the second immediately. In addition, the "cartel" was established as a highly aggressive approach to free competition and to the interests of consumers, being possible that their effects, indirectly, be penalized by the CDC. - "Conduct Consent Decree" and "Leniency Program" - not only to fight against cartels to the immediate cessation of its effects, but also as a great proof tool of its occurrence and assurance of the well-being of consumers.

A presente dissertação abarcará cinco temas bastante específicos: a defesa da concorrência, a defesa do consumidor, a prática do cartel, as formas consensuais de seu combate e investigação e o bem-estar do consumidor. No Brasil, verifica-se que, tanto a defesa da concorrência como a do consumidor se unem por um objetivo comum: o bem-estar do consumidor. Por isso, práticas tidas como ofensivas à ordem econômica podem desencadear danos graves aos consumidores, sendo um relevante exemplo disto a formação de cartéis, especialmente os relacionados à alteração artificial de preços. Dentre as práticas abusivas previstas no CDC, foi lançada elevação de preços sem justa causa, o que torna possível que a prática do cartel ou, ao menos, os seus efeitos sobre o preço, possam vir a ser reprimidos por ambas as esferas. Nesse sentido, buscou-se analisar os institutos consensuais de combate aos cartéis previstos na lei de concorrência: o “compromisso de cessação de conduta” e o “programa de leniência”, assim como seus possíveis efeitos benéficos sobre os consumidores. Desta feita, a presente dissertação visou a responder aos seguintes problemas de pesquisa: (i) qual o arcabouço jurídico-institucional à disposição da defesa do consumidor e da concorrência? (ii) qual o liame entre estas duas esferas? (iii) o que é “cartel” e de que forma ele atinge os consumidores (iv) o que são o “compromisso de cessação de conduta” e o “programa de leniência” e qual a sua utilidade ao combate dos cartéis? A conclusão obtida é que a defesa da concorrência e a do consumidor possuem um objetivo comum, o bem-estar do consumidor, a primeira de forma mediata e a segunda, imediata. Ademais, verificou-se o “cartel” como uma conduta altamente agressiva à livre concorrência e aos interesses dos consumidores, sendo possível que seus efeitos, de forma indireta, sejam penalizados pelo CDC. Finalmente, verificou-se a grande utilidade das formas consensuais – “compromisso de cessação de conduta” e “programa de leniência” – não apenas ao combate aos cartéis quanto à imediata cessação de seus efeitos, mas também como grande ferramenta de prova de sua ocorrência e garantia do bem-estar dos consumidores. / The presente dissetation involves five very specific issues: antitrust, consumer protection, cartels, consensual forms of its combat and investigation and consumer welfare. In Brazil, it is found that both the defense of competition as the consumer defense are united by a common goal: consumer welfare. Therefore, practices seen as offensive to the economic order can trigger serious harm to consumers, being a relevant example the cartel formation, especially those related to artificial price change. Among the abusive practices set out in Brazilian Consumer Defese Code (CDC), it was registered the prices raise without just cause, which makes it possible that the cartel, or at least its effects on the price, may be suppressed by both spheres. Therefore, it sought to analyze the consensual institutes of cartel’s combat and investigation under competition law: the "Conduct Consent Decree" and "Leniency Program", as well as their possible beneficial effects on consumers. Thereby, this dissertation aimed to answer the following research problems: (i) what is the legal and institutional framework available to the consumer’s and competition’s protection? (ii) what is the link between these two spheres? (iii) what is "cartel" and how it affects consumers? (iv) what are the "Conduct Consent Decree" and "Leniency Program" and what is its usefulness to cartel’s combat? The reached conclusion is that the defense of competition and the defense of consumer have a common purpose, consumer welfare, the first in a mediate way and the second immediately. In addition, the "cartel" was established as a highly aggressive approach to free competition and to the interests of consumers, being possible that their effects, indirectly, be penalized by the CDC. - "Conduct Consent Decree" and "Leniency Program" - not only to fight against cartels to the immediate cessation of its effects, but also as a great proof tool of its occurrence and assurance of the well-being of consumers.

O mercado cambial brasileiro é, ainda hoje, uma grande colcha de retalhos, tendo o seu fundamento legal embasado em normas que datam dos anos vinte do século passado. Devido a esta característica, existem diversos questionamentos quanto à necessidade de reformulação das normas de câmbio no país.Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a evolução da normatização cambial no país, dando ênfase às questões relacionadas à adoção da livre mobilidade de capital e ao fim da necessidade de internalização das divisas provenientes das exportações brasileiras. Tendo como pano de fundo a criação do duplo mercado de câmbio no Brasil, representado pela Resolução 1552/88, marco histórico nas tentativas efetuadas pela autoridade monetária de trazer para a legalidade às transações cambiais antes realizadas a margem da lei. Considerando a efetividade da medida tomada pelo Banco Central e a relativa estabilidade econômica alcançada pelo país a partir de 1995, começa a ser questionada a restrição imposta aos capitais estrangeiros desembarcados no país sob a forma de empréstimos e investimentos, uma vez que passa a moeda nacional a ser considerada uma relativa reserva de valor. O fim da cobertura cambial das exportações, assunto recorrente neste momento em que o país vive o boom do comércio exterior, está diretamente ligado à necessidade de constituir reservas em moeda forte, em virtude da necessidade de (este) honrar seus compromissos externos. Enfim, o que buscamos demonstrar ao longo deste trabalho é que a parcial conversibilidade da conta financeira e de capital e a necessidade de cobertura cambial das exportações, estão diretamente associadas ao histórico financeiro do país nas suas trocas internacionais, o que, conjuntamente com o elevado nível da dívida interna e externa, dificultam a adoção de medidas liberalizantes no curto prazo. / The Brazilian cambial market is, still today, a great bedspread of remnants, having its legal grounds based in norms that dated of the Twenties at the last century. Due to this characteristic, have diverses questionings as for the necessity of rewording the norms of exchange in the country. This work has the objective to evaluate the evolution of the cambial regulation in the country, giving emphasis to the questions related to the adoption the free mobility of capital and to the end of the necessity of frontier internalization proceeding from the Brazilian exportations. Having as background the creation of the double exchange market in Brazil, represented for the 1552/88 resolution, historical landmark in the attempts effected by the monetary authority to bring for the legality the cambial transactions before carried out the law edge. Considering the effectiveness of the measure taken for the Central Banking and the relative economic stability reached by the country from 1995, it starts to be questioned the restriction imposed to the foreign capitals landed in the country at loans and investments form, once the national currency passes to be considered a relative reserve of value. The end of the cambial covering in exportations, recurrent subject at this moment where the country lives the foreign commerce boom, is directly join to the necessity of constitute reserves in hard currency, in virtue of the necessity of this honoring its external commitments. At last, what searched to demonstrate in this work is that the partial convertibility of the financial account and the capital and the necessity of cambial covering of the exportations, is directly associates to the financial description of the country in its international exchanges, what, jointly with the raised level of the internal and external debt, make difficult the adoption of liberality measures in a short time.

Orientador: Regina Maria de Souza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T14:31:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agrella_RegianePinheiro_M.pdf: 1575256 bytes, checksum: b43d90afccd45ee4700f305a0884d416 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste texto procuro trazer a memória o que pode me dar esperança. Faço de minha historia de vida, um caminho de reflexão, perpassando por autores como Freud, Lacan, Foucault, Souza, etc; que me oferecem recursos para estabelecer um olhar critico só passado na busca do "conhece-te a ti mesmo" (Sócrates e Foucault 2006). Nestas muitas memórias apresento os entraves pelos quais se deparam na pessoa surda em todo seu processo de construção da subjetividade. Bem como aquisição dos "saberes" que por hora se perdem nos emaranhados lingüísticos de uma comunicação truncada diante do outro que se nega o embasamento das leis e decretos parcialmente cumpridos, camuflando uma construção social e educacional excludente enquanto sujeitos surdos, "somos construídos" á luz do outro (ouvinte), vivemos uma constante batalha na incansável luta por vaporização da língua de sinais e neste caminho, construo minhas memórias a linha do tempo, e nela encontro a opressão, a marginalidade, o acaso, e descaso. Discorro a submissão imposta enchendo-me de questionamentos. Envolvo-me em delírios? Sim, os autores que estudo permitem. Assim segue esta minha historia buscando construir novos caminhos com passos firmes. / Abstract: In this dissertation I try to make my life story a way for reflection, by going through the lines of authors such as Freud, Lacan, Foucault, Souza, etc, who provided me with resources to establish a critical viewpoint on my past experiences in the seek of "knowing yourself" (Sócrates in Foucault, 2006). Through those experiences I show the obstacles that a deaf person must face during the whole process for developing his subjectivity, as well as for acquiring knowledge. As deaf individuals, we are "built" based on the other (the hearing person) and we have to fight for the recognition of sign language. Through my memories I show the oppression, the social exclusion and the negligence. Herein I talk about the submission I have been imposed and the questions I have asked about it. Can I be day-dreaming? Yes, but the authors whose work I am based on allow it. So, what follows is my life story in the seek of new ways. / Mestrado / Psicologia Educacional / Mestre em Educação