The primary objective of this study was to determine the socio-economic impact of the Tsitsikamma National Park. Secondly, to determine the relationship between the community's level of interest in the Tsitsikamma National Park (TNP) and their perceptions concerning the environmental, economic and social impacts of the TNP. By conducting a literature study, the first objective was achieved. The following tourism impacts were identified: environmental, economic and social. These impacts, both positive and negative, were measured by means of a questionnaire. The goal of the questionnaire was to measure the communities' perceptions concerning the Tsitsikamma National Park and its impact on the local economy. Based on this, the aspects that needed clarity were the economic (monetary) value of the TNP in terms of tourists and park management spending as well as the size of the multiplier effect. Furthermore, the residents' perceptions regarding the TNP were identified as well as the benefits received from the TNP. Three surveys were conducted to achieve the goal of this study: a community survey (among the local residents of Nature's Valley and Storms River Village) to measure the tourism impacts; a business survey (including penrnanent local businesses in and around the TNP), and a visitor survey (tourists visiting the TNP) to measure the economic impacts as a result of the TNP. A total of 299 questionnaires were completed of which 132 represented the community survey, 11 the business survey and 156 the visitors' survey. Firstly, partial multipliers were derived through a process of iteration to determine the economic impact of the Tsitsikamma National Park. The total impact of the Tsitsikamma National Park on the local economy resulted in total spending being R45 359 784, an output effect of R50 002793, and finally an income effect of R21 723 510. Therefore, it was found that the TNP has a positive economic impact. Secondly, effect sizes were calculated, which involved the difference in means to determine the relationships between tourism impacts and product interest from the communities' perspectives. It was found that residents who visit the TNP more often have a more positive attitude towards the Tt\IP, which is important for the sustainability of the TNP as well as building positive relationships with the community. The positive impacts due to TNP that were found can be divided into three categories. Firstly, environmental impacts included improving the appearance of the area, conservation of natural resources, sustainability of the natural environment, increased awareness of nature, improvement of knowledge and preservation of water areas for recreation purposes. Secondly, positive economic impacts included an increase in employment opportunities, more investors focused on development in the surrounding areas, business development and tourism is promoted and money spent by tourists stimulates the economy. Lastly the positive social impacts that were identified included opportunities to relax and the park provides opportunities for people to have fun with their families and friends. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Angling as a sport and recreational activity attracts millions of participants worldwide, making it the most popular pastime on the planet. Freshwater bank anglers in South Africa account for approximately 60% of the angling community and contribute billions to the economy. The freshwater bank angling industry as such is largely informal, with the exception of the small organised angling section. The technical aspects of angling receive an abundance of covering in magazines and increases in popularity through the electronic media. This study focuses on lesser known aspects regarding the angling industry stakeholders and put the activities of South African freshwater bank anglers in perspective. Valuable information was gathered describing the socio-economic profile and various preferences and habits of anglers. The information should form the basis of future studies to formalise the freshwater bank angling industry. A general and mutual concern among stakeholders for the future sustainability of freshwater angling was identified. The apparent lack of enforcing angling and environmental legislation was singled out as a serious shortcoming in protecting the interests of stakeholders. The study calls for organised angling to engage all stakeholders in a national strategy for developing the structures and creating the momentum to promote and grow this undervalued industry to its potential. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

To address the scale mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak in British Columbia, salvage has become fully integrated with timber supply strategies. The objective of this thesis is to assess the economic impact of different salvage strategies depending on different attack levels, decay rates, and stakeholder discount rates. The study area is located in N.E. British Columbia where the MPB has not yet reached its peak and where susceptible to attack stands account for 40% of the area. Salvage strategies were modelled with a timber supply model (Woodstock) which uses a linear programming type II optimization approach. Performance of the model was assessed over a range of indicators such as NPV, profit, salvage proportion, species composition, inventory levels, and non-recoverable volume. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on harvest flow, discount rate, and ending inventory. The model was very sensitive to the intensity of attack and less sensitive to the decay level. The high level of attack resulted in large volume losses, mostly as un-salvaged inventory. Although allowable annual cut (AAC) uplifts have an economic benefit, they do not necessarily maximize the salvage of pine. Non-pine species are an important component of the salvage and these species are also essential for the future timber supply. If the objective is to ensure quality and quantity of the future forest, policies have to complement AAC uplifts by strongly encouraging the salvage of mainly pine-leading stands and management options that minimize the “by-catch” of non-pine species and minimize destruction of advanced regeneration during salvage. However, this has an opportunity cost for the private industry where the objective is to maximize profit. If the salvage strategy focuses on decreasing the impact on cash flows, achieving desirable ending inventory levels, avoiding salvage of stands after shelf-life, and reducing impact on non-attack species, then the current harvest level will likely lead to a mid-term timber supply fall-down. Using the fibre for bioenergy production is an alternative if managing for bioenergy can be integrated into harvest operations. However, unlike mill residues, the bioenergy supply has to fully account for harvest and transportation costs of dead wood to the mill.

Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis assesses the livelihoods of rural households in a proposed green field forestry area, located in Sanga District of Niassa province, Mozambique. The livelihood analysis was used to analyze potential socio-economic impacts of introducing forest plantations to rural households located within the proposed afforestation area. The study made use of household interviews, key informant interviews and secondary data. The sustainable livelihoods framework was used in the research process to develop the household questionnaire and to identify livelihood strategies. Data was analyzed using 331 household questionnaires collected throughout the proposed afforestation area in various communities in the study area. Findings from the study indicated that there is minimal wealth gaps between rural households; but that the introduction of the forestry industry and the subsequent employment created thereof may result in larger wealth gaps between wage earning and non-wage earning households. The study further concludes by linking the potential socio-economic impacts with mitigation recommendations that could be harmonized with FSC Standard requirements for forestry companies interested in developing a forest industry in the study area. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ontleed die lewensbestaan van landelike huishoudings in ‘n voorgestelde nuwe bosbou area, gelee in die Sanga distrik van die Niassa provinsie, Mosambiek. Die lewensbestaan ontleding was gebruik om die potensiele sosio-ekonomiese impak van die vestiging van bosbou plantasies op landelike huishoudings in die voorgestelde bebossings area te analiseer. Hierdie studie het gebruik gemaak van huishoudelike onderhoude, sleutel informant onderhoude asook sekondere data. Die volhoubare lewensbestaan raamwerk was gebruik in die navorsings proses om die huishoudelike onderhoude te ontwikkel en om die huishoudelike strategiee te identifiseer. Data was geanaliseer van 331 huishoudelike onderhoude afgeneem in verskeie gemeenskappe binne die studie areas. Bevindinge van die studie het aangetoon dat daar minimale inkomste gapings is tussen landelike huishoudings, maar met die vestiging van kommersiele bosbou en geassosieerde werskeppings moontlikhede, mag groter inkomste gapings ontwikkel tussen huishoudings wat inkostes uit bosbou verdien en huishoudings daarsonder. Verder het die studie aangetoon dat daar ‚n potensiele sosiale impak is van mense wat na die area migreer en dat sulke impakte deur FSC sertifisering beheer kan word.

Impact assessment is a requirement for development in many countries across the globe, seeking to inform the decision-maker as to the environmental, social and economic impact of an ongoing or proposed project. Socioeconomic impact assessment (SEIA) is a means of informing decision-makers as to the socioeconomic effects a project could have, or is having, thus contributing to informing adaptive management practices. However, the tendency of socioeconomic impact assessment to highly quantitative economic methods of analysis raises the question of whether the desired results are achieved by the process. The purpose of the research was to determine whether highly quantitative forms of economic analysis are suitable for measurement of impacts in a social context where distributive as well as net impact is important; to critically analyze the method utilized in achieving highly quantitative economic impact assessment results; and lastly to draw conclusions and make recommendations regarding the efficacy of monitoring processes used to inform adaptive management practices. The research was conducted by means of a case study focusing on three SEIAs carried out on the same entity, namely the Addo Elephant National Park. Managed by South African National Parks (SANP), it began expanding its borders in the early 2000s. Funded by the World Bank, SANP was required to carry out a comprehensive Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in 2003 to ensure the expansion did not have negative environmental, social and economic repercussions, and where such consequences were unavoidable, to ensure that mitigation and management thereof was informed by useful monitoring exercises. Given the need for resettlement and issues of economic distributive concern raised in the 2003 SEA, the three socioeconomic impact assessments conducted from 2005 – 2010 as part of the ongoing monitoring exercises formed an ideal framework for answering the primary research questions. The findings indicate that despite consistent terms of reference, different assessors interpret mandates from the commissioning body in different ways, leading to varied applications of the same theory, some methodologically better than others. Economic multiplier analysis was found to be inadequate as a measure of the distributive effects of economic impact. Moreover, a lack of consistency, accountability and transparency in the monitoring process led to three sets of results that were incomparable over time and thus inadequate as a means to inform adaptive management practices. Asymmetries of and between power and expertise in the commissioning body and the assessors led to breakdowns of the assessment process in terms of accountability and integrity and resulted in a failure to properly define the scope of the study and measure the relevant indicators. The following recommendations were made: that the economic multiplier method be complemented by additional methods of analysis when utilized in disparate social contexts where distribution of economic benefit is important; that monitoring practices be systematized at an early stage of the process to ensure comparable results useful in informing ongoing management practices; and that what an assessment measures and how it measures it be clarified with reference to an objective source. Finally, the number of factors for consideration in any impact assessment means that measurement of the full picture suffers resource constraints, emphasizing the need for impact assessment oversight to recognize the deficiencies of the process whilst still acknowledging that ‘some number is better than no number’.

O câncer de colo de útero (CCU) é um dos mais danosos que afetam as mulheres, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento, onde os programas de prevenção (baseados no exame de Papanicolaou) não se mostram efetivos. Vacinas contra o HPV foram disponibilizadas em 2007 como prevenção primária do CCU. Apresentam boa eficácia e segurança, porém um elevado custo para sua incorporação. O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar a incidência de câncer de colo de útero no estado de Roraima, seu impacto econômico, e o perfil sócio-econômico das portadoras de CCU tratada no SUS, além de realizar análises de custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade da inclusão da vacinação para o HPV aos programas preventivos vigentes. A dissertação é composta por 2 ensaios cujo tema unificador é a análise econômica de estratégias de combate ao CCU. No primeiro ensaio, todos os exames histopatológicos e citológicos emitidos em Roraima em 2009 foram revisados, juntamente com os prontuários médicos de todas as pacientes portadoras de CCU. Todos os procedimentos terapêuticos e diagnósticos realizados em 2009 em portadoras de CCU foram registrados. Prospectivamente foram entrevistadas as pacientes portadoras de CCU abordando tópicos sócio-econômicos. Foram registrados 90 casos de CCU em Roraima em 2009. A incidência correspondeu a 46,2 casos novos por 100.000 mulheres, a maior do Brasil. As portadoras do CCU demonstram perfil econômico desfavorável, exclusão social, e baixo conhecimento e adesão precária aos programas preventivos de saúde feminina. O impacto anual do CCU para gestão em saúde de Roraima é superior a R$8 mil por caso. Este ensaio ressalta a inequidade de acesso aos programas preventivos em Roraima, excluindo da cobertura de rastreio o subgrupo que mais se beneficiaria, e gerando custos elevados. O segundo ensaio realiza avaliações econômicas da incorporação da vacina para o HPV para o estado de Roraima. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de coorte de Markov como instrumento analítico de simulação da história natural do HPV até a progressão para CCU, levando em consideração os programas preventivos. As probabilidades de transição foram baseadas preferencialmente em dados empíricos locais e nacionais. Após calibração satisfatória e considerando valores de caso-base, a adição a vacinação para HPV reduziria em 35% a incidência de CCU, em cenário de realização de 3 testes de Papanicolaou ao longo da vida. A razão incremental de custo-efetividade foi de R$ 2.556 para cada ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade (AVAQ) poupado. As análises de sensibilidade confirmam a robustez deste resultado. A vacinação possui perfil favorável do ponto de vista de custo-utilidade, e sua inclusão no calendário vacinal resultaria em redução substancial da incidência e mortalidade por CCU em Roraima. / Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is one of the most damaging that affect women, especially in developing countries, where preventive programs (based on the Pap smear) haven’t achieved effectiveness. HPV vaccines have recently been proposed as primary prevention of ICC. They show good efficacy and safety, but a high cost for its acquisition. Objectives: The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the incidence of ICC in Roraima, its economic impact, and the socioeconomic profile of ICC carriers assisted in the public health system, and to perform a costeffectiveness and cost-utility analysis of adding HPV vaccination to current preventive programs. In the first essay, all histopathologic and cytologic reports issued in Roraima in 2009 were reviewed, along with the medical records of all patients diagnosed with ICC. All therapeutic and diagnostic procedures performed in 2009 in women with ICC cervix carcinoma were recorded. These patients were argued prospectively, addressing socio-economic topics. We registered 90 cases of cervical cancer in Roraima in 2009. The incidence corresponded to 46.2 new cases per 100,000 women. Carriers of the ICC showed unfavorable economic profile, social exclusion, deficient knowledge on ICC prevention and low adherence to the screening preventive programs. The annual impact of the ICC in Roraima is over R$ 8,000 per case. This essay highlights the inequity of access to preventive programs in Roraima, that excludes the subgroup of the population who would mostly benefit from screening, resulting in elevated costs. The second essay conducted economic evaluations of the incorporation of HPV vaccine to preventive programs in Roraima. A Markov cohort model was developed as an analytic tool to simulate the natural history of HPV and its progress to ICC, considering the current preventive programs. Transition probabilities were based mainly on empirical data of local and national studies. After satisfactory calibration values and considering the base case, the addition of HPV vaccination would reduce by 35% the incidence of ICC, in a scenario of three Pap tests throughout life. The incremental ratio of cost-effectiveness was R$ 2,556 for each year of quality-adjusted life (QALY) saved. The sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of this result. Vaccination has a favorable profile in terms of cost-utility, and its inclusion in the immunization schedule would result in substantial reduction in incidence and mortality of ICC in Roraima.

Ledarskapet på arbetsplatsen ses som en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att reducera ohälsa och öka välbefinnandet på arbetsplatsen. Det finns också forskning som visar hur ledarskapskvalitén påverkar arbetsklimatet samt medarbetarnas hälsa och arbetsnöjdhet på arbetsplatsen. Detta tyder på att ledarskapet har en viktig roll i att främja hälsa på arbetsplatsen. Forskning menar att arbetsplatslärande och upprätthålla kompetensutveckling på arbetsplatsen visat sig vara effektivt för hälsan i arbetslivet. Syftet med denna studie är att ur ett pedagogiskt perspektiv belysa hur ledare uppfattar sitt ledarskap i att främja hälsan på arbetsplatsen. Studien grundar sig i åtta stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som alla besitter en ledarroll. Studien utgår ifrån ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv med en induktiv ansats där analysarbetet har utgått från en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Ledarna uppfattar situationsanpassat ledarskap som ett sätt att möta de anställdas behov samt utveckla dessa, för att nå ett ökat välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen. Vidare upplever ledarna att hälsan på arbetsplatsen främjas av formellt och informellt lärande. Ett ledarskap som bidrar till delaktighet och meningsfullhet, ökar individens påverkan av sin egen situation vilket bidrar till högre trivsel. Kommunikation, kompetensutveckling och tillgång till resurser lyfts fram som mycket betydelsefullt i ett hälsofrämjande ledarskap. Vad som framstår som ett återkommande hinder i ett hälsofrämjande ledarskap är tidsbrist, resurser samt begränsad ekonomi. Samtliga ledare uppfattar sitt ledarskap som hälsofrämjande, oberoende av vilka förutsättningar, ekonomi och resurser verksamheten har tillgång till. Ledarna menar att så länge tiden och resurserna disponeras rätt så finns alla möjligheter till att utöva ett hälsofrämjande ledarskap. / Leadership in the workplace is seen as one of the most important factors for reducing unhealth and increasing well-being at the workplace. There is also research that shows how leadership quality affects the working environment as well as employee health and work satisfaction at the workplace. This indicates that leadership has an important role in promoting health in the workplace. Research believes that job placement and maintaining skills development in the workplace proved to be effective for health in working life. The aim with this study is from an educational perspective that elucidates how leaders perceive their leadership in promoting health at the workplace. The study is based on eight semistructured interviews with people who all have a leadership role. The study is based on a hermeneutic perspective with an inductive approach in which the analysis work is based on a qualitative content analysis. Leaders perceived situations-oriented leadership as a way to meet the needs of employees and develop them, in order to achieve increased well-being at the workplace. Furthermore, leaders find that health at work is promoted by formal and informal learning. A leadership that contributes to participation and meaningfulness increases the individual's impact on their own situation, which contributes to greater well-being. Communication, skills development and access to resources are highlighted as very important in a health promotion leadership. What emerges as a recurring obstacle in a health promotion leadership is time shortage, resources and limited economy. All leaders perceive their leadership as health promotive, independent of the conditions, finances and resources the business has access to. The leaders argue that as long as the resources are disposed of correctly, there is every opportunity to practice a health-promoting leadership.

Submitted by Felipe de Souza Andrade (andrade.f.s@gmail.com) on 2016-03-04T02:16:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe de Souza Andrade.pdf: 3726889 bytes, checksum: ce1fe5a31cbb1d67b471c39d64ba63a3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br) on 2016-03-04T12:35:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe de Souza Andrade.pdf: 3726889 bytes, checksum: ce1fe5a31cbb1d67b471c39d64ba63a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T12:39:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe de Souza Andrade.pdf: 3726889 bytes, checksum: ce1fe5a31cbb1d67b471c39d64ba63a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Climate change will impact agricultural production in different ways in each region of the world. The impact on sugar crops (sugarcane and sugar beet) will cause changes in the supply of sugar with consequent economic changes in producing countries. To understand the effects of productivity shocks in the sugarcane industry and the Brazilian economy (GDP and well-being) it was carried out a literature review on the predicted impacts in these crops to climate change scenarios. Were raised 21 works, divided into 10 regions in the world according to their production patterns and consumption, which allowed establish three shock scenarios in productivity, minimum, average, and maximum, for each region. Were raised also minimum and maximum productivity shocks for major crops (wheat, corn, rice and soy) based on papers published by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). To translate the productivity shocks in economic returns, were simulated on an economic model the three shock scenarios in productivity on sugar crops, and six other scenarios combining these shocks to impacts in productivity on major crops. The economic computable general equilibrium model GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) was used, considering the base year 2011, to analyze the effects on the sugarcane industry and the Brazilian economy. It was noted that climate change tends to promote productivity gains in sugar crops and sugar production in various regions. In Brazil, the joint productivity shock scenarios on major crops and sugar crops promoted GDP gains and wellness little higher than the shock scenarios only in the sugar crops. The results suggest that climate change will slightly affect sectors of sugarcane and sugar from Brazil. The share of these sectors in GDP is small so that the changes that will promote to GDP and Brazilian welfare will be modest, but positive. For future research, it may be suggested the incorporation of new crops and livestock to the scenarios, more regionalized studies on the impacts of future climate on agricultural productivity, and the adoption of dynamic economic models in the analysis of productivity shocks scenarios. / As mudanças climáticas irão impactar as produções agrícolas de maneiras distintas em cada região do mundo. Os impactos sobre culturas açucareiras (cana-de-açúcar e beterraba açucareira) provocarão mudanças na oferta de açúcar com consequentes mudanças econômicas nos países produtores. Para compreender efeitos dos choques de produtividade no setor sucroenergético e na economia brasileira (PIB e bem-estar) realizou-se uma revisão da literatura sobre os impactos previstos nestas culturas para cenários de mudanças climáticas. Levantaram-se 21 trabalhos, divididos em 10 regiões do mundo de acordo com seus padrões de produção e consumo, que permitiram estabelecer três cenários de choques em produtividade, mínimo, médio e máximo, para cada região. Levantaram-se também choques de produtividade mínimos e máximos para as grandes culturas (trigo, milho, arroz e soja) com base em trabalhos divulgados pelo IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Para traduzir os choques de produtividade em retornos econômicos, foram simulados em um modelo econômico os três cenários de choques em produtividade sobre as culturas açucareiras, e outros seis cenários combinando tais choques aos choques em produtividade sobre as grandes culturas. O modelo econômico de equilíbrio geral computável GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) foi utilizado, considerando o ano base de 2011, para analisar os efeitos sobre o setor sucroenergético e sobre a economia brasileira. Observou-se que as mudanças climáticas tendem a promover ganhos de produtividade nas culturas açucareiras e na produção de açúcar de diversas regiões do globo. No caso do Brasil, os cenários de choques de produtividade sobre as grandes culturas e culturas açucareiras em conjunto promoveram ganhos de PIB e bem-estar pouco superiores aos cenários de choques somente nas culturas açucareiras. Os resultados sugerem que as mudanças climáticas pouco influenciarão os setores de cana-de-açúcar e açúcar do Brasil. A participação destes setores no PIB é pequena de forma que as variações que promoverão para o PIB e bem-estar brasileiro serão modestas, embora positivas. Para futuros trabalhos sugere-se a incorporação de novas culturas e da pecuária aos cenários, estudos mais regionalizados sobre os impactos do clima futuro nas produtividades agrícolas, e a adoção de modelos econômicos dinâmicos nas análises de cenários de choques de produtividade.

This research aims to investigate the diverse uses of thermal springs and to develop strategies to identify those most appropriate for Sagole with due regard given to the economic, social and environmental aspects. The aim specifically determines the optimum use of the Sagole thermal spring. The following potential uses for Sagole were identified, discussed and analysed in terms of the environmental, social and economic aspects: tourism, aquaculture and geothermal education. The potential cost and benefit of each were also analysed. According to the research finding, the establishment of a Geothermal Education Centre appears to be the most sustainable project with the highest Feasibility Index. It is followed by Health Tourism and then Aquaculture. / Environmental Sciences / D. Phil. (Environmental Management)

Import sanctions were used to a very limited extent against South Africa in the early sixties and latter half of the seventies to clearly signal the international community's disapproval of the country's apartheid policy. In the middle eighties South Africa was further exposed to a two year wave of export and financial sanctions. This was after the government had already committed itself to move away from apartheid as a policy that was no longer deemed feasible. All these sanctions were lifted in the early nineties after the abolition of apartheid but before negotiations for a new constitutional dispensation had firmly got under way. Contrary to some popular impressions, the 1985-87 sanctions were also severe1y limited in scope and nature, with the result that their economic impact was only marginal at best. They were introduced at a time when the country unexpectedly had to face a foreign debt crisis and had to drastically adjust the economy downward, not unlike that experienced by many other developing countries. The severe recession and greater socio-political unrest that followed did not lead to an escalation of sanctions, but nevertheless threatened to make large parts of the country ungovernable. The evidence is that sanctions only played a minor role in bringing about this poor and deteriorating state of affairs. The political aims of abolishing apartheid and preparing the way for negotiations was achieved mainly as a result of certain internal political developments, together with the political implications of such major other outside developments as the economic collapse of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Soviet Union. South Africa's experience with sanctions confirms that as elsewhere their economic impact as an instrument of foreign policy was invariably exaggerated, whereas their contribution in explaining the subsequent course of political events was at best uncertain. / Department of Economics / Ph.D. (Economics)