Orientador: Jairo Morais Nunes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T14:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zocca_CynthiaLevart_M.pdf: 3976728 bytes, checksum: e53a16b486d8d1b98c90d5c05d8a1f25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Esta dissertação trata da relação entre sintaxe e morfologia que pode ser observada através de sentenças contendo elipses. A análise proposta tem como base o arcabouço teórico do Programa Minimalista de Chomsky (1995, 1999, 2000) e a Morfologia Distribuída de Halle e Marantz (1993). A principal questão levantada diz respeito à necessidade de identidade entre o elemento elidido e seu antecedente. Em primeiro lugar faço a distinção entre dois processos anafóricos descritos por Hankamer e Sag (1976): anáforas profundas, que não têm conteúdo sintático, e anáforas superficiais, que têm conteúdo sintático. Aponto que um dos critérios para identificar anáforas superficiais, identidade estrita entre o antecedente e a elipse, nem sempre parece se aplicar. Mostro que a falta de identidade entre o antecedente e a elipse é apenas aparente, pois existe um ponto da derivação sintática em que são idênticos, sendo que nos dois locais o que existe é um radical e afixos de Caso, tempo ou concordância. Tais afixos são valorados através da operação Agree de Chomsky (1999,2000). Dentro do Programa Minimalista, existem duas formas de eliminar traços não-interpretáveis: através do movimento coberto de traços, Move F (Chomsky 1995) ou de concordância local sem movimento, Agree (Chomsky 1999, 2000). Mostro que os dados de elipse apresentados favorecem uma análise através de Agree. Além disso os dados também favorecem uma abordagem para a derivação de elipses que se vale de apagamento em PF, e não reconstrução em LF. Por fim, analiso casos de elipses envolvendo expressões inerentemente negativas ou positivas e os verbos ser e estar, que parecem ser contra-exemplos para a análise com Agree e apagamento em PF proposta. Mostro, no entanto, que tais casos podem ser explicados dentro da análise proposta considerando-se que se tratam de elementos inerentemente especificados / Abstract: This thesis deals with the relationship between syntax and morphology that can be established from sentences containing ellipsis. The proposed analysis is based on the theoretical background of Chomsky's (1995, 1999, 2000) Minimalist Program and the Distributed Morphology of Halle and Marantz (1993). The main issue raised concerns the necessity of identity between the elided element and its antecedent. First of ali I distinguish between two anaphoric processes described by Hankamer and Sag (1976): deep anaphora, which has no syntactic content, and surface anaphora, which has syntactic content. I point out that one criterion used to identify surface anaphora, i.e. strict identity between the antecedent and the ellipsis, does not always apply. I argue that the lack of identity between the antecedent and the ellipsis is just apparent, for there is a point in the syntactic derivation in which both sites are actually filled with a root plus Case, tense or agreement affixes. Such affixes enter the derivation unvalued and have their values set under the operation Agree Chomsky (1999, 2000). In the Minimalist Program, there are two ways of checking and eliminating uninterpretable features: through covert feature movement, Move F (Chomsky 1995) or local agreement with no movement, through the operation Agree (Chomsky 1999, 2000). I show that the ellipsis data presented favor an analysis using Agree. Furthermore, the data also favor an approach for the derivation of ellipsis using PF deletion instead of LF reconstruction. Finally, I analyze cases of ellipsis involving inherently negative or positive expressions and the verb be, which seem to be counter-examples to the Agree - PF deletion analysis. I show, however, that these cases can be explained under the proposed analysis, taking into account that these elements are inherently specified. / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística

This paper focuses on three aspects of the recipe minilect in translation from Swedish to German. These aspects concern illocutionary speech acts, reader address and ellipsis. The study aims to find out how frequently different translation strategies are used when translating illocutions, reader address and ellipses and to determine why these translation strategies were chosen. The analysis is mainly based on theories on minilects by Nordman (1994), on reader address and illocutionary acts by Rathmayr (2009) and on ellipsis by Teleman et al. (1999) This theoretical background facilitates the classification of the occurrences of illocutions, reader address and ellipsis quantitatively. Also, a qualitative analysis of representative examples is carried out in order to investigate the reason behind the chosen translation strategy. The results show the primary use of infinitives in illocutionary speech acts in German cookbooks in contrast to the imperative in Swedish cookbooks as well as the prominent avoidance of direct reader address in German. Moreover, ellipses are as frequent in German as it is in Swedish cookbooks, the study shows.

This dissertation deals with the phenomenon of parasitism in syntax. In the first half, I investigate parasitic ellipsis (Fitzgibbons 2014), showing that it occurs not only after prepositions in Russian, but also in German, Estonian and English, and with various other categories as well (C, A, N, V). I argue that parasitic ellipsis is better viewed as the outcome of a single, higher-order operation instead of as two separate but dependent operations. I provide such an analysis within Minimalist Grammars (Stabler 1997), a framework from mathematical linguistics. In the second half of the dissertation I formalize a higher-order structure building operation (3rd-merge), in analogy to the higher-order ellipsis operation. I show that such an operation leads to the growth of a secondary root in a syntactic tree. There are two options for the secondary root. The secondary root can remain independent. I argue that this corresponds to the structure of Horn amalgams (Lakoff 1974). The other option is that the secondary root is reconnected, leading to a cyclic structure. If the connecting element is moved, this leads to the creation of apparently two separate gaps in a 1D string. I argue that this corresponds to the phenomenon of parasitic gaps (Ross 1967, Engdahl 1983). This analysis achieves the same result as the one for parasitic ellipsis, namely that the parasitic phenomenon is again the outcome of a single operation, not two separate but dependent ones. Finally, I argue that the fundamental purpose of 3rd-merge is to connect verbs with their nominal arguments. DPs are conceived of as small secondary roots. Verbs select for NPs via this new operation, but the D-layer sits on top of the NP as a secondary root. I propose this as a solution to the DP/NP-debate, reconciling seemingly contradictory arguments for what constitutes the head of the nominal domain. The fact that secondary roots can only grow on top of nominals also derives the restriction to this category in Horn amalgams and parasitic gaps.

No description available.

Das Ziel der qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse in der vorliegenden Magisterarbeit ist es deutsche und litauische Überschriftenarten zu vergleichen, die Tendenz der Ellipsenverwendung zu präsentieren, sowie Zitate und Metaphern in Überschriften zu untersuchen. Es wurden 200 Überschriften aus der Süddeutschen Zeitung und 200 Überschriften aus Lietuvos rytas ausgesucht. Die Analyse hat gezeigt, dass die Überschriften in der deutschen und der litauischen Zeitung Unterschiede in ihrer Struktur aufweisen, aber sie dienen primär demselben Ziel – das Thema des Artikels darzustellen. Die Syntaxanalyse hat ergeben, dass die Ellipse eine häufige Erscheinung in Überschriften ist, trotzdem kommen elliptische Konstruktionen in der deutschen Zeitung öfter vor als in der litauischen. Das dritte Untersuchungsobjekt war das Zitieren: In der deutschen Zeitung wird lieber zitiert als in der litauischen. Als Letztes wurden Metaphern untersucht: Die Analyse hat gezeigt, dass 18,7% deutscher Überschriften metaphorisch sind. Im Litauischen beträgt ihr Anteil 27,3%. Am häufigsten kommen Gewächs-Metaphern im Bereich Wirtschaft und Kampf/Krieg-Metaphern im Bereich Sport vor. / Nepaisant didelės antraščių reikšmės laikraščiuose, jos yra viena mažiausiai tyrinėtų temų lingvistikoje. Antraštės perteikia pagrindinę straipsnio temą ir padeda skaitytojui išsirinkti jam įdomiausias temas. Magistriniame darbe analizuojamos ir lyginamos vokiškos ir lietuviškos antraštės. Analizei pasirinkti laikraščiai: die Süddeutsche Zeitung ir Lietuvos rytas. Iš kiekvieno laikraščio išrinkta po 200 antraščių – 100 antraščių iš ekonomikos ir 100 antraščių iš sporto skilčių. Darbo tikslas analizuoti ir palyginti antraščių tipus, aptarti elipsės vartojimo tendencijas, citatų naudojimą ir metaforų rūšis vokiškose ir lietuviškose antraštėse. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad vokiškos ir lietuviškos antraštės skiriasi savo struktūrine sandara, tačiau jos tarnauja bendram tikslui – formuluoti pagrindinę straipsnio temą. Sintaksės analizė paneigė Burger (2005) prognozes - elipsės vartojimas yra vis dar dažnas reiškinys tiek vokiškose, tiek lietuviškose antraštėse, nors pastarosiose jos sutinkamos rečiau. Citatų analizė parodė, kad vokiškuose laikraščiuose cituojama dažniau, nei lietuviškuose. Be to, vokiškos citatos pasižymėjo platesniu pakeitimų spektru. Paskutinis tyrimo objektas – metaforos. Analizė atskleidė, kad 18,73% vokiškų antraščių yra metaforinės, lietuviškame laikraštyje jų dalis didesnė - 27,31%. Abiejuose laikraščiuose vyrauja tos pačios tematikos metaforos – ekonomikos skiltyje dažniausia yra augalo metafora, tuo tarpu sporto – kovos/karo. / The purpose of the qualitative and quantitative analysis is to compare the German and Lithuanian headline types, to present the tendency of the ellipsis use in headlines and to analyse quotations and metaphors in headlines. 200 headlines from Süddeutsche Zeitung and Lietuvos rytas were chosen for the analysis. The analysis showed that the structure of the headlines in the German newspaper is different than in the Lithuanian newspaper, but they have the same intention – to inform about the subject of the article. The syntax analysis showed that ellipsis is an usual phenomenon in the headlines, but it comes in the German headlines more often than in the Lithuanian headlines. The third topic of the analysis was the quotations: there are more quotations in the German headlines than in the Lithuanian headlines. The last subject of the analysis were metaphors: 18,7% of the German and 27,3% of the Lithuanian headlines are metaphorical. In the economy column comes mostly the plant-metaphor and in the sport column comes mostly the war-metaphor.

The minimalist approach to natural human language argues that the syntax of a language L maps a certain structure to a certain form at PF and to a certain meaning at LF. With the above in mind, the ideal perhaps scenario, in terms of transparency, would be that the mapping between form and meaning would be one to one. In other words, there is as much form as there is meaning. This would further imply that the mapping between form and meaning is symmetric. The present thesis studies some aspects of the form and meaning of two kinds of wh-constructions in Modern Greek, i.e., questions and sluicing, and shows that the relevant mapping may not necessarily be one to one. With respect to questions, it is argued that the same form may correspond to more than one meaning. As regards sluicing, it is proposed that there is less form than meaning. On the face of the previous, the argument will be as follows. Syntax generates form, and restricts part of meaning, while additional aspects of meaning are facilitated by PF, regarding wh-questions, and LF, concerning sluicing. Finally, since PF contributes to meaning, LF sees PF, and vice versa. / Το μινιμαλιστικό πλαίσο προσέγγισης της φυσικής ανθρώπινης γλώσσας υποστηρίζει ότι η σύνταξη μιας γλώσσας Γ αντιστοιχεί μια ορισμένη μορφή με μια ορισμένη δομή στην ΦΔ, και με μία ορισμένη σημασία στην ΛΔ. Με αυτό ως δεδομένο, το ιδεατό ίσως σενάριο, όσον αφορά στην διαφάνεια, θα ήταν ότι η αντιστοίχιση μεταξή μορφής και σημασίας είναι ένα προς ένα. Με άλλα λόγια, υπάρχει τόση μορφή όση και σημασία. Κάτι τέτοιο θα υπονοούσε επίσης ότι η αντιστοίχιση μορφής-σημασίας είναι συμμετρική. Η παρούσα διατριβή μελετά ορισμένες πτυχές δομών ερώτησης μερικής αγνοίας, και δομών εκκένωσης, στα Νέα Ελληνικά, και δείχνει ότι η εν λόγω αντιστοίχιση δεν είναι απαραίτητα ένα προς ένα. Όσον αφορά στις δομές ερώτησης μερικής αγνοίας, υποστηρίζεται ότι η ίδια μορφή μπορεί να σχετίζεται με περισσότερες από μια σημασίες. Σχετικά με τις δομές εκκένωσης, προτείνεται ότι φέρουν λιγότερη μορφή απο σημασία. Με βάση τα παραπάνω, το επιχείρημα θα έχει ως εξής. Η σύνταξη παράγει μορφή, και περιορίζει μέρος της σημασίας, ενώ ένα άλλο μέρος της σημασίας εισάγεται από την ΦΔ, όσον αφορά στις ερωτήσεις μερικής αγνοίας, και την ΛΔ, σχετικά με τις δομές εκκένωσης. Τέλος, αφού η ΦΔ συνεισφέρει στην σημασία, τότε η ΛΔ δομή βλέπει την ΦΔ, και αντιστρόφως.

Partant de l'hypothèse d'un mouvement global d'inclusion des signes de ponctuation dans le système de la langue, prenant appui sur une grammaticalisation, ce travail envisage l'élément ponctuant comme un véritable signe de langue écrite, soit un ponctème auquel il est possible de conférer une valeur différentielle et une signification, par la confrontation d'un signifiant graphique et d'un signifié.Nous proposons une étude linguistique du point de suspension, signe complexe, polyvalent, traditionnellement doté de propriétés antithétiques et d'innombrables fonctions. En ayant soin de distinguer le niveau sémiotique du niveau sémantique et métasémantique, nous définissons le ponctème comme le « signe du latent » dont l'interprétation peut être synthétisée en trois réalisations (suppression, suspension, supplémentation) qui sont le support d'enjeux syntaxique, sémantique, énonciatif majeurs.La valeur, réflexive, intrinsèquement contestataire, de la latence permet alors d'envisager les différentes réalisations discursives du ponctème, dans le discours littéraire, journalistique ou encore métalinguistique (imaginaire) ; elle offre la possibilité d'appréhender, dans une perspective poétique (stylistique, générique, socio-historique, épistémologique), un genre de discours qui transcende l'opposition entre discours littéraire et non-littéraire. Depuis son apparition et son utilisation dans le théâtre imprimé français (XVIIe siècle) jusqu'aux nombreux usages contemporains dans divers genres de discours, l'idéogramme du latent, mi-dire faisant apparaître une possible apparition, est un signe dont la valeur labile, excessive, infinissant le sens, procède fondamentalement d'un discours oblique. / This work assumes the inclusion of punctuation in the system of the language, motivated by grammaticalization. It considers ponctuation mark as a real sign of written language, a ''ponctème'' to which it is possible to confer a differential value and a meaning, by the confrontation of a graphic signifier and a signified. We present a linguistic study of the suspension point, a complex and versatile sign, traditionally endowed with antithetical properties and with uncountable functions. By distinguishing the semiotic level from the semantic and metasemantic level, we define the ''ponctème'' as the sign of latency, which can be discursively interpreted as 1) suppression 2) suspension 3) supplementation. The reflexive value of latency allows us to account for the various discursive constructions of the sign, in the literary, journalistic or else metalinguistic discourses. It offers the possibility of considering in the perspective of poetics a genre of discourse which transcends the opposition between literary and non-literary discourse. From its first use in the french printed theater of the XVIIth century to todays's uses in numerous kinds of discourse, this ideogram of latency (making appear a possible appearance) is a sign whose unstable, transgressive, excessive value is closely related to an oblique discourse.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo facilitar o estudo das cônicas e ainda despertar o interesse do aluno para o desenho geométrico. Será apresentado que as curvas cônicas estão em nosso dia a dia, não só como beleza estética, mas também provocando fenômenos físicos amplamente utilizado pela arquitetura e engenharia civil, como acústica e reflexão da luz. Utilizaremos instrumentos para desenhar curvas que despertem a curiosidade dos alunos e faremos uso das equações e lugares geométricos a fim de demostrar tais recursos. Pretende-se assim que ao adquirir tais conhecimentos o aluno aprimore seu entendimento matemático e amplie seu horizonte cultural. / [en] The present research aims to facilitate the study of the conics and also to arouse the interest of the student for the geometric drawing. The conic curves will be presented not only as they are in our day to day as aesthetic beauty but also as responsible for the physical phenomena widely used by architecture and civil engineering as well as acoustics and reflection of light. We will use instruments to draw curves that arouse the curiosity of the students, making use of the equations and locus in order to demonstrate such resources. It is intended that the student acquire this knowledge, improving his mathematical understanding and broadening his cultural horizon.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:46:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_pa_dr_sjrp.pdf: 1028143 bytes, checksum: 7cef252d29045fe3f9124a366aa2a858 (MD5) / Nesta pesquisa, procuramos analisar a intensificação dos investimentos retóricos, especialmente a elipse, na construção de sentidos em contos de Machado de Assis. Acreditamos que, por meio desse recurso temporal, o autor consegue transcender a estrutura clássica do conto, principalmente a partir da ambigüidade de seus textos, pois essa técnica altera o processo esperado de refiguração da intriga. Para verificarmos as hipóteses de trabalho, analisamos todos os quarenta e três contos dos quatro primeiros livros de Machado de Assis (de Contos fluminenses a Histórias sem data). A partir das análises, pudemos observar que, além da elipse, recursos como a ironia, o humor e a alegoria tiveram seu uso reforçado, o que aprimorou o texto machadiano no que se refere à construção da ambigüidade. Verificamos, também, que a elipse tem seu apogeu em Histórias sem data (1884). O trabalho é composto de cinco capítulos. O primeiro faz um breve percurso pela crítica machadiana tradicional e os demais tratam de cada um dos livros de contos, obedecendo à ordem cronológica de publicação. Cada capítulo tem sua conclusão, que servirá de base à conclusão final, resultante da relação dos resultados obtidos nesse trajeto. Portanto, aliado ao estudo desse corpus, refletimos sobre a fortuna crítica e utilizamos as teorias necessárias para investigar, especialmente, a velocidade narrativa, verificando o percurso do explícito para o implícito, a partir da utilização da elipse e de outros mecanismos geradores de sentido. / This research aims to analyze the intensification of the rhetorical investments, mainly the ellipsis, in the meaning constructions in Machado de Assis’ short stories. We believe that through this temporal source the author is able to transcend the classic structure of short stories, principally from the ambiguity of his texts, since this technique alters the expected process of the intrigue refiguration. In order to verify the hypothesis of the works we analyzed all the forty three short stories from Machado de Assis’ first four books (from Contos Fluminenses to Histórias sem data). From the analysis, it was noticed that as well as the ellipsis, resources as irony, humor and allegory had their use reinforced, which improved Machadian texts in relation to the ambiguity construction. We also verified that the ellipsis had its climax in Histórias sem data (1884). This study is composed by five chapters. The first one provides an outlook through the traditional criticism of Assis and the others deal with each one of the short stories books, obeying the chronological order of their publication. Each chapter has its own conclusion which will be the basis for the final conclusion, outcome of the relation between the obtained results in this trajectory. Therefore, in addition to the study of the corpus we reflected upon the critical fortune and we used the required theories to investigate, mostly, the narrative speed, verifying the path from the explicit to the implicit based on the use of the ellipsis and other meaning generators mechanisms.

e Abstract (in English): The aim of the present thesis is to investigate the differences in cohesive devices use in selected Japanese texts of different genes. The English conception of cohesion (based on Halliday and Hasan's "Cohesion in English") is applied to Japanese with several slight modifications and the following devices and their sub-types are examined: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Using three texts of different genres- book review, newspaper article and a fictional narrative- the assumption of genre-conditioned variation of cohesive devices employment is scrutinized and the distinctions and similitudes are described. The first, general theory part of the thesis presents the basic concepts related to cohesion. In the second part, both English and Japanese perspectives on cohesion are presented. Subsequently, the English (Halliday and Hasan's) concept is evaluated as a more pertinent one and applied in the Japanese textual environment. Subsequent parts of the paper present research questions as well as supporting arguments to the examined underlying assumption and provide an overview of methodology applied in analysis of the selected texts. In the final part, the results concerning cohesion articulation in various genres in Japanese obtained from the analysed...