In marketing literature, the consumer engagement concept has gained the significant attention of researchers. Based on the stimuli-organism-response (S-O-R) framework, current research proposed to analyze the association between consumers' perception of characteristics of firm-generated content (FGC) on Instagram and positive electronic word of mouth by consumers through affective consumer engagement. The quantitative research technique was employed to evaluate the hypotheses and theoretical framework, and an online survey was developed for this research. The backdrop for this study is Pakistan’s restaurant Instagram accounts due to the importance of engagement in the food sector. To test the hypotheses, SPSS software is used. From the analysis and results generated from different tools, it is found that Customer engagement is significantly affected by perceived enjoyment which they get from original Instagram post of the brands they follow. Additionally, it is found that if a firm or brand puts in effort in enhancing their content catering to better perceived enjoyment and perceived originality for improving customers’ engagement, then they are more likely to improve the WOM numbers which can bring in more followers and evidently more business.

The aim of this study is to explore how outdoor education (OE) can influence foreign language anxiety (FLA) and foreign language enjoyment (FLE) when primary students are learning English as a foreign language (EFL). The design was a pre-post intervention study with two experimental groups of 3rd graders of a Catalan state school that participated in an outdoor English session. The research has followed a mixed-methods approach, consisting of a pre- and post-test, group interviews with the students and individual interviews to their main teachers. Statistical analyses indicated a significant decrease in the FLA levels after the outdoor session, especially in girls. Regarding the FLE levels, even if there was an increase for both boys and girls, the difference was not significant. The statistical power was too low and the lack of a control group makes it difficult to claim that the differences where due to the outdoor setting. The qualitative data revealed positive feelings regarding the outdoor English session. Both students and teachers mentioned numerous benefits such as the increase of motivation, active learning or interaction with nature. However, the teachers pinpointed some challenges that need to be taken into account when applying this method. Even if FLA and FLE have been widely investigated, studies on how the outdoors can influence these emotions, and its effect in primary students are new fields of research. This study has provided an overview on how learning English outdoors can be linked with FLA and FLE levels and the differences presented between genders.

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Diese Examensarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Fragestellungen, wie Lehrkräfte im schwedischen gymnasialen DaF-Unterricht Fremdsprachenverwendungsangst dämpfen, Foreign Language Enjoyment fördern und anhand welcher didaktischen Ausgangspunkte dies geschieht. Mit einer qualitativen Methode wurden 3 Lehrkräfte befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die häufige Verwendung derZielsprache, eine kooperative Atmosphäre im Klassenraum, ein variierterLehrinhalt und eine Lernatmosphäre, in der Fehler ein natürlicher Bestandteil des Unterrichts sind, alle eine Rolle spielen.

[pt] Este trabalho propõe confrontar a noção de letra, sobretudo tal como ela é circunscrita no texto Lituraterra (1971), de Jacques Lacan, a partir de sua metáfora de um litoral, com o processo criativo envolvido nas montagens da artista e coreógrafa alemã, Pina Bausch. A hipótese desta investigação é de que a teoria lacaniana da letra-litoral pode ser estudada à luz do processo criativo artístico bauschiano. Para isso, apresentamos, em um primeiro momento, as ideias-chave de cada um dos dois campos de nossa articulação – a teoria sobre a letra e as produções de Pina Bausch – e, em seguida, exploramos os pontos de contato entre eles. Com relação ao percurso teórico psicanalítico, percorremos, sobretudo, os conceitos de significante, significado, gozo e real para chegar à noção de letra tal como encontrada no ensino de Lacan na década de setenta. Do processo criativo artístico escolhido, ressaltamos, especialmente, as técnicas de redução e colagem. Tais ideias construíram a via por onde transitamos entre um recorte da psicanálise lacaniana e outro da dança-teatro bauschiana, visando a encontrar, nas peças de Pina, uma ancoragem prática para a teoria que constitui nosso objeto de pesquisa – o campo teórico envolvido na noção de letra-litoral. / [en] This work aims to confront the notion of letter, specially as forged by Jacques Lacan in his text Lituraterre (1971) through the metaphor of a littoral, with the german artist and coreographer Pina Bausch s dances and plays. Our investigation hipothesis is that the lacanian theory of a littoral-letter can be studied in the light of Bausch s creative process. In order to do so, we ll firstly present the key ideas concerning each of our articulation fields – the letter theory and Pina Bausch s productions – and, after that, we ll go through their contact points. Regarding our psychoanalytical course, it includes mostly the concepts of signified, signifier, jouissance and the Real, which will lead us to the notion of letter as we find it on Lacan s teaching in the seventies. Concerning the chosen creative process, we highlight mainly its reduction and collage techniques. These ideas build the path through which we move between a lacanian psychoanalysis specific theory and Pina s dance-theatre, aiming to find in her artistic pieces a practical anchorage for our searching object – the notion of littoral-letter s theoretical field.

Bakgrund: Lagbollsport i idrottsundervisningen har kritiserats för att likna föreningslivets resultatorienterade sätt att bedriva den. Något jag märkte när jag gjorde min idrottslärarpraktik var att många elever inte blev delaktiga under lektionerna då lagbollsport utövades. Kan man som idrottslärare genom att påverka motivationsklimatet få flertalet elever att uppleva mer glädje, delaktighet, variation och tid att lära nytt i lagbollsport? Syfte: Syftet med fältexperimentet är att skapa två olika motivationsklimat, processorienterat/resultatorienterat, samt utföra dem under fyra idrottslektioner i fotboll. Detta för att kunna påvisa eventuella för- och nackdelar mellan de båda motivationsklimaten genom resultaten från elevers upplevelser i glädje, delaktighet, variation och tid att lära nya saker. Metod: I studien användes en kvantitativ metod i form av enkäter. Totalt deltog 45 årskurs 7 elever från en skola i södra Värmland. Resultat: Resultaten visade att eleverna upplevde båda experimentsituationerna/lektionerna processorienterade och inga större skillnader kunde mätas gällande glädje, delaktighet, variation och tid att lära sig något nytt. Totalt sett så upplevde båda könen ett starkare samband mot samtliga bakgrundsvariabler (glädje, delaktighet, variation, tid att lära nytt) i ett upplevt processorienterat motivationsklimat jämfört med ett upplevt resultatorienterat. Vid könsjämförelser hittar man starka samband att speciellt flickor som upplevt motivationsklimatet resultatorienterat kände mindre glädje, delaktighet, variation och tid att lära sig nya saker jämfört med pojkar. Diskussion: Idrottslektioner är olikt föreningsidrotten i stort då flickor och pojkar idrottar tillsammans, detta är en viktig del av utbildningen i det sociala och livslånga färdigheter av sammarbete samt fysisk aktivitet. Då ett processorienterat motivationsklimat tyder på effektivare inlärningsstrategier samt tron på idrott och hälsa är till för att utveckla sociala och livslånga färdigheter borde varje idrottslärare vara medveten om vad som händer med en grupp om man påverkar motivationsklimatet process- eller resultatorienterat. / Background: Team ball games in physical education have been criticized for resembling association’s ego-oriented way of conducting it. Something I noticed when I did my PE internship was that many students were not involved in class when team ball game was exercised. Can you as a PE teacher by influencing the motivational climate get most of the students to experience more enjoyment, participation, variety and time to learn new things in team ball games? Aim: The aim of the field experiment is to create two different motivational climates, task-oriented / ego-oriented, and conduct them to four PE lessons in football (European).This to demonstrate any advantages or disadvantages between the two motivational climates by using the results of students' experiences in enjoyment, participation, variety and time to learn new things. Method: The study used a quantitative method in the form of questionnaires. A total of 45 grade 7 students participated in the study.  Result: The results showed that students experienced both experimental situations task-oriented and no major differences were noticed regarding to enjoyment, participation, variety and time to learn new things. Overall, both genders correlated stronger against all background variables (enjoyment, participation, variety, time to learn new things) in an experienced task-oriented motivational climate compared to an experienced ego-oriented. In gender comparison you can find strong correlations that especially girls who have experienced the motivational climate ego-oriented felt less enjoyment, participation, variety and time to learn new things compared to boys. Discussion: PE lessons are different compared to association’s sports in overall when it includes girls and boys playing sports together. This is an important part of education in social and life-long skills of cooperation and physical activity. As a task-orientated motivational climate proves to be more effective in learning strategies and the belief that physical education is to develop social and life-long skills every PE teacher should be aware of  the consequences both motivational climates (task-orientate/ego-orientated) influences a group.

Le taux de participation sportive chez les jeunes canadiens décroît d’année en année et tend à diminuer avec l’âge. La chute plus marquée du taux de pratique sportive lors de l’entrée au secondaire est notamment bien documentée. Cette étude s’intéresse aux obstacles et aux raisons de la pratique sportive ainsi qu’au plaisir ressenti en sport et dans le contexte du cours d’éducation physique. Une méthodologie quantitative a été utilisée pour cette étude. La collecte des données a été réalisée via une enquête par questionnaire accessible en ligne. L’échantillon de convenance est composé de 2001 élèves francophones de la première à la cinquième secondaire qui fréquentaient, au moment de l’étude, un établissement scolaire canadien et francophone. Parmi ces jeunes, 367 d’entre eux ont été inclus dans la catégorie des sportifs (fréquence minimale de pratique sportive de quatre heures par semaine), 241 ex-sportifs et 142 non-sportifs, pour un total de 750 répondants inclus aux analyses. Les résultats indiquent que, de façon générale, l’obstacle le plus important vise les contraintes temporelles, alors que les raisons les plus importantes renvoient à la sensation de plaisir ressenti lors de l’activité sportive elle-même. Les résultats suggèrent par ailleurs des différences selon le type de sportif, l’âge et le sexe des jeunes. Les sportifs ressentiraient un plaisir sportif supérieur à celui des ex-sportifs lors de la pratique sportive et dans le cours d’éducation physique. Les filles sont plus enclines que les garçons à considérer les obstacles inclus dans cette étude comme des obstacles à la pratique sportive. Les obstacles semblent également être de plus en plus nombreux avec l’âge. Bien qu’une corrélation significative ait été observée entre le plaisir sportif en éducation physique et dans la pratique sportive organisée, les résultats indiquent que le plaisir sportif en éducation physique est plus élevé que le plaisir ressenti dans la pratique sportive organisée. / Youths sports participation in Canada reaches lower levels each year and tends to become lower for the adolescents as they grow in age, especially when they enter high school. This study examines the obstacles and reasons of sport participation and the enjoyment felt in sports and physical education classes. A quantitative method was used for this study. Data collection was conducted via an online survey. The convenience sample consists of 2001 francophone students from the first to the fifth year of high school in a Canadian and francophone school. Among these students, 367 were included as sport participants (sport participation of four hours per week minimum), 241 ex-sport participants and 142 non-sport participants, for a total of 750 students included in the analyzes. The results suggest that, in general, the most important source of obstacle seems to be time constraints, while the reasons that stood out as the most important referred to sports enjoyment dealing specifically with the feeling of pleasure associated with the activity itself. Results also suggest that the obstacles and reasons of sports participation seem to vary according to the type of sport, age and sex of the adolescent. Actual sport participants would experience higher levels of sports enjoyment than ex- sports participants in sports and in physical education classes. Girls were more likely than boys to consider the obstacles included in this study as barriers to sport. Barriers also appear to be more numerous with age. Sports enjoyment in physical education seems to be higher that sports enjoyment in sports. Our results also demonstrate the existence of a significant correlation between the sport enjoyment in physical education and in sports.

Apprendre une langue étrangère constitue une expérience qui déborde l’orientation cognitive que ladidactique de langues promeut ; laquelle est une perspective qui ne tient pas en compte la dimension du sujetet qui comprend la langue dans une vision utilitariste, en évacuant ainsi sa portée expressive et créatrice.Pourtant, le langage s’institue comme la dimension par laquelle le sujet se constitue en tant que tel, commenous le révèle la théorie psychanalytique. C’est pourquoi, dans les objectifs de cette recherche, nousquestionnons certaines notions fondamentales exprimées par les pratiques discursives du paradigmedidactique actuel. Pour le faire, nous nous appuyons sur la conceptualisation à l’égard du sujet que cettethéorie nous apporte. Cela nous permet de montrer que les investissements subjectifs constituent une questionessentielle lorsque le sujet apprend le Français en tant que langue étrangère, étant donné qu’il y inscrit sesrapports (aux autres, à soi-même, à la langue cible). Cette étude met en oeuvre une démarche rationnellefondée sur un schéma que nous avons dégagé de l’épistémologie bachelardienne, dans un paradigme derecherche qualitative. Nous avons analysé un corpus constitué du discours de vingt élèves en milieuuniversitaire – quatorze entretiens et six journaux d’apprentissage – ainsi que l’observation de trois classes.Pour parvenir à nos buts, nous avons examiné quatre questions : 1) Qu’est-ce qu’apprendre ? 2) Qu’est-cequ’apprendre une langue étrangère ? 3) Comment le sujet est-il envisagé en didactique de langues ?4)Comment le sujet investit-il la langue étrangère ? Celles-ci sont sous-jacentes dans la question centrale decette recherche : en quoi les investissements subjectifs du sujet représentent-ils une question essentielle pourapprendre le Français en tant que langue étrangère ? Aussi, avons-nous obtenu une nouvelle conceptualisationde l’acte d’apprendre une langue étrangère et du sujet qui apprend cette autre langue : le discens linguam.Parallèlement, nous avons proposé et conceptualisé l’instauration d’expériences discursives jouissantes afinde parvenir à l’appropriation de la langue. / Learning a foreign language constitutes an experience which goes beyond the cognitive orientation thatdidactics of languages promotes. This perspective does not take into account the dimension of the subject andit considers the language in a utilitarian vision that puts aside the language expressive and creative impact.Nevertheless language is instituted as that dimension through which subject defines itself as such, as outlinedin the psychoanalytic theory. It is for this reason, in determining the objectives of this research that wequestion some fundamental notions brought out by current discursive practices of didactic paradigms. To dothis, we base our conceptualization as pertains to the subject that this theory presents us. This allows us toshow that while the subject learns French as a foreign language, the subjective investments remains anessential question, given that in it are his relations (with others, with oneself, to the target language). Thisstudy implements a rational approach based on a model extracted from Bachelard’s epistemology, in aqualitative research paradigm that analyzed data obtained from the discourse of twenty university students –fourteen interviews and six learning diaries – as well as observation of three classes. In order to achieve ourgoals, we examined four questions: 1) What is learning? 2) What is foreign language learning? 3) How is seensubject in language didactic? 4) How does the subject invest the foreign language? These questions underliethe central research question: in what way subjective investments are essential in learning French as a foreignlanguage? As a result, we obtained a new conceptualization of the act of learning a foreign language and ofthe subject who learns this other language: the discens linguam. Similarly, we proposed and weconceptualized the establishment of discursive enjoyment experiences which will enable languageappropriation / Aprender una lengua extranjera constituye una experiencia que desborda la orientacióncognitiva que la didáctica de lenguas promueve, la cual es una perspectiva que no tomaen cuenta la dimensión del sujeto y que comprende la lengua según una visiónutilitarista, descartando de esa manera su impacto expresivo y creador. Sin embargo, ellenguaje se instituye como la dimensión por la cual el sujeto se constituye como tal,según lo revela la teoría psicoanalítica. Es por ello que, dentro de los fines de estainvestigación, cuestionamos algunas nociones fundamentales expresadas por lasprácticas discursivas del paradigma didáctico actual. Para esto nos apoyamos en laconceptualización referente al sujeto que esta teoría nos aporta. Esto nos permitemostrar que las implicaciones subjetivas cuando el sujeto aprende Francés como lenguaextranjera, constituyen una cuestión central, dado que él adscribe sus relaciones (con losdemás, consigo mismo, con la lengua meta). Este estudio aplica un procedimientoracional basado en un esquema que obtuvimos de la epistemología de Bachelard, dentrode un paradigma de investigación cualitativa. Analizamos una muestra constituida por eldiscurso de veinte estudiantes universitarios – catorce entrevistas semi-estructuradas yseis diarios de aprendizaje – así como la observación de tres cursos. Para lograr nuestrosobjetivos, examinamos cuatro preguntas: 1) ¿Qué es aprender? 2) ¿Qué es aprender unalengua extranjera? 3) ¿Cómo el sujeto es considerado en la didáctica de lenguas? 4)¿Cómo el sujeto se implica en la lengua extranjera? Éstas se encuentran subyacentes enla interrogante central de esta investigación: ¿De qué manera las implicacionessubjetivas del sujeto representan una cuestión esencial para aprender el Francés comolengua extranjera? Como resultado, obtuvimos una nueva conceptualización del acto deaprender una lengua extranjera así como del sujeto que aprende esta otra lengua: eldiscens linguam. Igualmente, propusimos y conceptualizamos la instauración deexperiencias discursivas de goce a fin de lograr la apropiación de la lengua

[pt] De um universo limitado aos espaços infinitos é um estudo das relações entre lei e gozo a partir da abordagem lacaniana do desejo como reverso da lei, e do gozo como um campo que não se limita a partir desse funcionamento. Lacan indicou a importância do Nome-do-Pai como um significante que veicula a lei, que opera como uma função mediadora numa relação de completude imaginária representada pela mãe e a criança. Através disso ele associou estreitamente lei e desejo, apontando que o desejo não é anterior à lei mas é a inscrição da lei que possibilita a existência do desejo. Através do que nomeou gozo Lacan pôde abordar outra forma de satisfação que não obedece à lógica do desejo, ou seja, que não se estrutura a partir dessa limitação da lei. Estudamos a relação das diferentes apresentações do gozo com o campo abarcado pela lei, indicando o gozo feminino como uma forma de Lacan nomear algo radicalmente Outro com relação à organização da lei e do desejo. Trata-se de um campo infinito, no sentido de que é ilimitado. Essa dissertação questiona como o gozo pode se organizar senão através da limitação imposta pela lei. / [en] From a limited universe to the infinite spaces studies the relationship between law and jouissance from a Lacanian perspective. Lacan indicates that the desire is the other side of the law, while, the jouissance is a field that is not limited by the law. Lacan underlines the importance of the Name-of-the-father as a signifier that validates the law. It functions as a mediation, intervening in the imaginary dual relationship represented by the mother and the child. Through this Lacan associated law and desire, indicating that the desire does not exist prior to the law, but is created by it. The term jouissance allows Lacan to indicate a form of satisfaction that does not obey the logic of the desire, which means that it is not structured by the limitation drawn by the law. This dissertation studies the relationship between the desire and the several ways within which the jouissance appears in the Lacanian theory. The feminine jouissance is defined by Lacan as a jouissance that is Other in relation to the organization of the law and the desire. It is a infinite field, which means that it is not limited. This work also studies how the jouissance can be organized when not by the limitation of the law.

[pt] Este estudo investiga o tema das drogadicções a partir de um referencial psicanalítico. A droga é vista como um meio de intensa satisfação pulsional, que pode levar, pela drogadicção, a um certo isolamento e alheamento das determinações subjetivas. O autor parte de algumas proposições freudianas sobre a droga e as drogadicções para investigar as operações de constituição do sujeito em Lacan. Verifica, a partir daí, a importância da relação com a alteridade no processo contínuo de sustentação da atividade representativa inconsciente. Para o tratamento, propõe que o analista forneça uma atenção especial aos atos - passagem ao ato e acting-out - que surgem desde as entrevistas preliminares. Indica a presença, nestes casos, de uma operação de exclusão da atividade representativa, que poderá ser inicialmente retomada pela via dos atos que, por sua vez, podem servir para resgatar a função do sujeito do inconsciente. Inclui um caso clínico, onde se fez uso das concepções teóricas desenvolvidas. / [en] This study investigates the theme of drug addiction from a psychoanalytic referential. The drug is seen as a way of intense drive satisfaction, which may lead, through drug addiction, to a certain alienation and isolation from subjective determinations. Starting with some Freudian principles about the drug and the drug addictions, the author sets out to investigate the operations of subject constitution in Lacan. It is therefore ascertained the importance of the relation with the Other in the continuous process of sustaining the representative activity of the unconscious. For the treatment, it is proposed that the analyst pays particular attention to the acts - passage à l acte and acting-out - which become evident from the preliminary interviews. It is indicated the existence of an operation of exclusion of the representative activity. This representative activity may be initially resumed via the acts, which, in turn, may serve to recapture the function of the unconscious subject. A clinical case is included, in which the use of theoretical concepts developed is made.