Questionner l’argent au-delà de sa mission d’échange économique nous invitait à penser l’argent dans un cadre mythique, historique, et psychanalytique entre Sigmund Freud et Jacques Lacan. L’argent, comme objet de circulation du pouvoir, sera pensé au sein du mythe freudien du père de la horde, afin de nous éclairer sur sa place et son utilisation, au sein de l’économie psychique du sujet, dans les relations entre hommes, et dans le lien social post moderne. Plusieurs figures d’Autorité, tels que Dieu, le Roi, l’Etat, le Capital prendront tout à tour cette du père tout puissant et seront à l’origine de la constitution d’une métaphore paternelle. Dans ce cadre de pensée, la mort du chef nous semblera être à l’origine de la circulation de l’objet. L’objet, obtenant un nom, un nom du père, pourra se déployer dans les trois dimensions borroméennes décrites par Lacan et nous donner un sens nouveau dans ses effets dans la pratique clinique pour un psychologue clinicien. / To question money beyond its purpose of economic exchange invites us to think of money in a mythical, historic and psychoanalytical way between Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. Money, as a useful object of power, will be considered at the heart of the Freudian myth of the father of the pack, in order to explain its place and its use, at the heart of the pysychic economy of the subject, in relations between men and in a post-modern situation.Several figures of authority, such as God, the king, the state, the capital, will in their turn take the place of the all-powerful father and will be at the origin of the constitution of a paternal metaphor. In this way of thinking, the death of the chief will appear to us to be the origin of the object's spreading. The object, obtaining a name, a name of the father, will be able to enter into the three 'borromenian' dimensions described by Lacan and offer a new sense in the effects in the clinical practicality for a clinical psychologist.

The two principal elements comprising this thesis are 1) a description of the development of a theory concerning schizophrenic psychosis and 2) an attempt to develop a treatment strategy based on this theory. The theory was developed by Palle Villemoes on the basis of the French psychoanalyst Lacan's work and may be described as an ego-structuring psychotherapy with its foundation in the castration complex. The psychosis is seen as a consequence of the child's inability, for various reasons, to a apt itself to symbolic castration - i e disappointment and frustration over not constantly having its own way, and over being required to subordinate itself to universal principles and authorities. The psychotic person has not subordinated under symbolic is castration but continues to exist in the original symbiotic relation with the imagined pre-oedipal mother, When the pressures of the teenage and early adult years make themselves felt, such an ego-weak person is unable to withstand and deal with them and develops a psychotic relation to her/his surroundings, The- treatment strategy described in this thesis, was developed by the author and colleagues at the treatment centre Norrgården in Härnösand. It is a milieu therapyoriented treatment during which the patient optimally passes through three phases. During the first - narcissistic - phase the aim is that the patient's contact person develop such a relationship with her/him that "idolization" of the contact person occurs. This idolization is achieved by means of interest on the part of the contactperson, and a non-polarized attitude. The contact person shows interest in the patient and in her/his situation, life-story and interests. The non-polarized attitude means that little or no importance is attached to differences, particularly those due to gender and power position. The contact person avoids provoking the patient in areas about which she/he is sensitive. When a balanced, conflict-free relationship with the patient bas been achieved, treatment moves into a so- called working phase. Now the establishing of her/ his own history in the patient takes over from the idolization built up in the course of the close relationship. The patient is to become the subject of her/his own life-story, to achieve which patient and contact person go through the story together. If all goes well the patient passes through the castration complex and is able to find a realistic place for her himself in the story, the culture, and the society that has to be lived in with all its relations towards other people. The patient now begins to view her/himself, with both possibilities and limitations, more and more realistically. She/he also begins to show interest in the future and in plans for a life after treatment. In the final phase, progressively more responsibility for decisions is left to the patient. The aim of this phase of the treatment is to consolidate the narcissism of the patient's own ego. She/he must be released from the symbiotic dyad with the contact person who now leaves it to the patient to make choices and decisions and to be aware of the passage of time. The thesis discusses the development of the theory in a dialectic relation to the practical experiences of treatment work during the earliest years at Norrgården. A central place in the thesis is occupied by 11 case descriptions of the first patients who completed the treatment at Norrgården. / digitalisering@umu

[pt] De um universo limitado aos espaços infinitos é um estudo das relações entre lei e gozo a partir da abordagem lacaniana do desejo como reverso da lei, e do gozo como um campo que não se limita a partir desse funcionamento. Lacan indicou a importância do Nome-do-Pai como um significante que veicula a lei, que opera como uma função mediadora numa relação de completude imaginária representada pela mãe e a criança. Através disso ele associou estreitamente lei e desejo, apontando que o desejo não é anterior à lei mas é a inscrição da lei que possibilita a existência do desejo. Através do que nomeou gozo Lacan pôde abordar outra forma de satisfação que não obedece à lógica do desejo, ou seja, que não se estrutura a partir dessa limitação da lei. Estudamos a relação das diferentes apresentações do gozo com o campo abarcado pela lei, indicando o gozo feminino como uma forma de Lacan nomear algo radicalmente Outro com relação à organização da lei e do desejo. Trata-se de um campo infinito, no sentido de que é ilimitado. Essa dissertação questiona como o gozo pode se organizar senão através da limitação imposta pela lei. / [en] From a limited universe to the infinite spaces studies the relationship between law and jouissance from a Lacanian perspective. Lacan indicates that the desire is the other side of the law, while, the jouissance is a field that is not limited by the law. Lacan underlines the importance of the Name-of-the-father as a signifier that validates the law. It functions as a mediation, intervening in the imaginary dual relationship represented by the mother and the child. Through this Lacan associated law and desire, indicating that the desire does not exist prior to the law, but is created by it. The term jouissance allows Lacan to indicate a form of satisfaction that does not obey the logic of the desire, which means that it is not structured by the limitation drawn by the law. This dissertation studies the relationship between the desire and the several ways within which the jouissance appears in the Lacanian theory. The feminine jouissance is defined by Lacan as a jouissance that is Other in relation to the organization of the law and the desire. It is a infinite field, which means that it is not limited. This work also studies how the jouissance can be organized when not by the limitation of the law.

Ce travail examine la façon dont l’écriture styronienne met en lumière la faille temporelle de l’existence. Utilisant le mode d’analyse défini par la narratologie, il commence par étudier les variations spatio-temporelles que créent les analepses styroniennes. Puis, il montre comment ces variations permettent de dépasser l’illusion référentielle de l’histoire pour découvrir l’univers opératif du récit styronien. Enfin, il révèle la façon dont ce récit se fait à travers les drames, toujours différents, que donne le théâtre de l’expérience humaine. Se référant aux théories énoncées par la psychanalyse, et plus particulièrement par la psychanalyse lacanienne, ce travail étudie ensuite comment les romans styroniens dévoilent l’aporie temporelle dans laquelle l’homme évolue. Puis, il montre la façon dont ils dépeignent l’effet de cette aporie, l’Autre en l’homme, puis l’homme lui-même, alors qu’il préfère souvent ignorer le Nom-du-Père pour ne pas entendre la loi primordiale de l’existence. La dernière partie de cette recherche examine la manière dont les romans styroniens s’introduisent dans le domaine de l’histoire. Elle met d’abord en lumière le mouvement ternaire qu’adoptent, pour se former, le récit historique et le récit de fiction styronien, et montre que ce dernier procède d’un travail de signifiance et non de « représentance ». Puis, elle analyse comment William Styron décrit les hommes préférer la mémorisation à la re-mémorisation et produire ainsi l’oubli dans leur âme. Apparaît, en conclusion, le rôle que cet auteur propose de faire jouer à l’écriture romanesque comme remède à l’oubli historique aussi bien qu’à son œuvre destructrice. / This work examines the way Styronian writing highlights the temporal gap of existence. Using the mode of analysis defined by narratology, it begins by studying the variations of time and space that are created by Styronian analepses. Then, it shows how those variations allow the reader to go beyond the referential illusion of the story to discover the operative universe of the Styronian narrative. Finally, it reveals how the latter is constructed on the ever-changing dramas staged in the theatre of human experience. Then, referring to the theories of psychoanalysis and more particularly of Lacanian psychoanalysis, this work explores how Styronian novels disclose the temporal aporia in which man evolves. It also shows the way they describe the effect of this aporia, the Other in man, then man himself often preferring to ignore the Name-of-the-Father so as not to hear the primordial law of existence. The last part of this research examines the way Styronian novels enter the field of history. It starts by highlighting the ternary movement that both the historical narrative and the fictional narrative of William Styron adopt to construct themselves, and shows that the latter proceeds from a work of significance and not of “representance”. Then, it analyses how William Styron describes men preferring memorization to re-memorization thus creating oblivion in their souls. To conclude, it reveals the part this author offers fictional writing to play as a remedy for historical oblivion as well as for its destructive consequences.

La pulsion invocante traverse l’oeuvre de Jacques Lacan, bien qu’il n’ait jamais vraiment développé ce thème : son objet est la voix, au moment même où cette dernière fait défaut : notre hypothèse est que le sujet passe à l’acte au moment où la voix se tait, il n’y a pas de cogito. Intriquée à la pulsion scopique, la pulsion invocante a pour signature le silence. Le passage à l’acte procède d’un « je ne pense pas », du langage et non des affects que le sujet subirait. Cette thèse envisage la dimension réelle du père dans le passage à l’acte, en cas de décompensation psychotique, dans son rapport à la pulsion invocante. Des lois ont été établies pour différencier les actes des sujets désignés fous, psychotiques, de ceux des autres pauvres, faibles et criminels, ce qui précise le cadre de l’expertise mentale qui n’est pas étranger à notre recherche. Les textes des lois de 1838 et de 1990 ont été modifiés non tant pour assurer une meilleure protection des patients que pour des raisons sécuritaires. Ainsi, les différents modes d’hospitalisation ont été révisés : hospitalisation libre, hospitalisation à la demande d’un tiers (HDT), hospitalisation d’office (HO) … jusqu’à la notion récente de soins sous contrainte. Notre thèse commence par revisiter ces aspects historiques pour situer le contexte des passages à l’acte qui seront ensuite analysés à la lumière de l’enseignement de Lacan. Nous envisageons la voix comme une tentative de substitution à la forclusion duNom du Père, la voix venant suppléer et compléter le silence de l’Autre. Pour ce faire, nous développons plusieurs illustrations cliniques. Dans le cas de Juan, nous montrons comment le travail thérapeutique lui a permis de ne pas entrer dans le silence et de rechercher son nom en s’adressant à nous. Le travail de la parole empêche le passage à l’acte. Le roman de Duras, La pluie d’été, permet d’entendre la pulsion invocante comme l’écho de la voix de l’Autre et sa résonance corporelle. Avec Seth, la voix du père et celle du diable se confondent, pacte d’alliance entre les pères terribles interdicteurs et les figures féminines. Avec Mme X, nous approchons mieux les aspects de la formule de Lacan : dans la psychose, la voix sonorise le regard. Nous pouvons ensuite prendre la mesure de ce qui se passe pour Chris qui ne supporte pas la voix. La question de l’envers de l’auto-punition est abordée avec la patiente Médée. Nous prenons alors appui sur Gabriel Garcia Marquez avec chronique d’une tentative mortifère annoncée. Nous tentons enfin de comprendre le déclenchement de la psychose chez Telfusa, que les voix selon ses dires accompagnent constamment, même quand elle parle. Le traitement se présentera ainsi : non à Juana la folle mais oui à la liberté. Cette thèse tente de mettre en évidence la valeur propre à la parole introduite par la psychanalyse en éclairant la clinique de l’acte dans le champ des psychoses. / The invocative drive goes through the work of Jacques Lacan, although he never really developed this theme: its object is the voice, at the very moment when it is lacking: our hypothesis is that the subject passes to the act when the voice is silenced, there is no cogito. Intricate to the scopic drive, the invocative drive has the silence as a signature. The passage to the act proceeds from a "I do not think", from language and not from affects that the subject would suffer. This thesis considers the dimension of real of the father in the passage to the act, in a psychotic decompensation case, in his relation to the invocative drive. Laws have been established to differentiate the actions of the designated as crazy, psychotic subjects from those of the poor, weak and criminals, which specifies the framework of mental expertise that is not foreign to our research. The texts of the laws of 1838 and 1990 were modified not so much to ensure a better protection of the patients as for security reasons. Thus, the various modes of hospitalization were revised: free hospitalization, hospitalization at the request of a third party, duty of hospitalization ... until the recent concept of duty of care. Our thesis begins by revisiting these historical aspects to situate the context of passage to the act which will then be analyzed in the light of Lacan's teaching. We envision the voice as a tentative to substitute for the foreclosure of the Name of the Father, the voice supplies and completes the silence of the Other. To do this, we develop several clinical illustrations. In the case of Juan, we show how the therapeutic work allowed him not to go into silence and look for his name by addressing to us. The work of speech prevents the passage to the act. Duras' novel, Summer Rain, allows us to hear the invocative drive as the echo of the voice of the Other and its bodily resonance. With Seth, the voice of the father and the devil are confused, a pact of alliance between the terrible interdicting fathers and the female figures. With Mrs. X, we are getting closer to the aspects of Lacan's formula: in psychosis, the gaze sounds. We can then take inconsideration what happened to Chris who cannot stand the voice. The question of the reverse side of self-punishment is discussed with the patient Medea. We then rely on Gabriel Garcia Marquez with a chronic of a deadly attempt announced. Finally, we try to understand the outbreak of psychosis in Telfusa, whom the voices according to her constantly accompany her, even when she speaks. The treatment will be like this: no to Juana the Crazy but yes to freedom. This thesis attempts to highlight the proper value of the word introduced by psychoanalysis, by illuminating the clinical practice of the passage to the act in the field of psychosis. / La pulsion invocante atraviesa la obra de Jacques Lacan, aunque él nunca desarrolló realmente este tema: su objeto es la voz, en el momento mismo en que ella falta: nuestra hipótesis es que el sujeto pasa al acto cuando la voz se calla, no hay cogito. Intrincada a la pulsión escópica, la pulsión invocante tiene como firma, el silencio. El pasaje al acto procede de un "yo no ienso", del lenguaje, y no de un afecto del cual sufriría el sujeto. Esta tesis considera la dimensión real del padre en el pasaje al acto, en caso de descompensación psicótica, en su relación con la pulsión invocante. Se han establecido leyes para diferenciar los actos de los sujetos designados como locos, psicóticos de los actos de los pobres, débiles y criminales lo que especifica el marco de peritaje psicológico que no es ajeno a nuestra investigación. Los textos de las leyes de 1838 y 1990 se modificaron no tanto para garantizar una mejor protección de los pacientes como por razones de seguridad. Por lo tanto, se revisaron los diversos modos de hospitalización: hospitalización libre, hospitalización por pedido de un tercero (HDT), hospitalización de oficio (HO) ... hasta el concepto reciente de obligación de tratamiento. Nuestra tesis comienza revisando estos aspectos históricos para ubicar el contexto de los pasajes del acto, que luego será analizado a la luz de la enseñanza de Lacan. Vislumbramos la voz como un intento de sustitución a la forclución del Nombre del Padre, la voz que viene a suplir y completar el silencio del Otro. Para hacer esto, desarrollamos varias ilustraciones clínicas. En el caso de Juan, mostramos cómo el trabajo terapéutico le permitió no quedarse en el silencio y buscar su nombre dirigiéndose a nosotros. El trabajo de la palabra impide el paso al acto. La novela de Duras, lluvia de verano, nos permite entender la pulsión invocante como el eco de la voz del Otro y su resonancia corporal. Con Seth, la voz del padre y el diablo se confunden, un pacto de alianza entre los padres terribles que prohíben y las figuras femeninas. Con la Sra. X, nos estamos acercando a los aspectos de la fórmula de Lacan: en la psicosis, la voz sonoriza la mirada. Podemos enseguida tomar en consideración lo que le sucede a Chris que no soporta la voz. La cuestión del reverso del autocastigo la abordamos con la paciente Medea. Nos apoyamos en Gabriel García Márquez con crónica de un intento de muerte anunciado. Finalmente, intentamos de comprender el desencadenamiento de la psicosis en Telfusa, a quien las voces, según ella, la acompañan constantemente, incluso cuando habla. El tratamiento se presenta asi: no a Juana la loca, y si a la libertad. Esta tesis trata de poner en evidencia el valor propio de la palabra introducida por el psicoanálisis, esclareciendo la clínica del acto en el campo de las psicosis.

[pt] Os fenômenos de linguagem na psicose são a prova da incontestável relação entre a linguagem e o inconsciente. É o que nos demonstra a análise do caso Schreber. Essa dissertação preocupa-se em demonstrar a importância da linguagem para a fundamentação da psicanálise. Dizemos que a linguagem sempre esteve presente nos trabalhos de Freud, mesmo antes de a psicanálise se constituir como tal. Seguimos a pista deixada por Freud quando ele nos diz que a realidade da psicose tem um significado simbólico que nos cabe descobrir. O simbólico lacaniano é formulado com o empréstimo de uma série de conceitos da linguística e da antropologia. A partir da releitura que Lacan faz dos mesmos é possível definir o inconsciente como uma linguagem que se articula discursivamente. O inconsciente é o discurso do Outro que opera pela realização da metáfora paterna. De posse dessa compreensão pode-se avançar no trato da questão das psicoses, definindo-a como uma estrutura distinta da neurose, pela foraclusão do significante Nome-do-Pai. / [en] The language phenomena in psychosis are proof of the undeniable relationship between language and unconscious. That is what the analysis of Schreber case show us. This dissertation is concerned to demonstrate the importance of language for the reasoning of the psychoanalysis. We say that language has always been present in the work of Freud, even before psychoanalysis was constituded as such. From the moment that Freud takes it as a symbolic is easy to establish the relationship between the symbolic, as one of three instances theorized by Lacan, and the Freud symbolic. We followed the trail left by Freud when he says that the reality of psychosis has a symbolic meaning that we must discover. The lacanian symbolic is formulated with the loan of a number of concepts from linguistics. Upon rereading that Lacan makes of them, it is possible to define the unconscious by the book, as a language that articulates discursively. Armed with this understanding it can proceed in dealing with the question of Psychosis, defining it as a distinct structure of neurosis since a mechanism wich is itself subjective.

Uppsatsen utforskar människans psyke utifrån den franske psykoanalytikern och psykiatrikern Jacques Lacans psykoanalytiska teori. Uppsatsen undersöker subjektets förutsättningar och möjligheter utifrån lacansk teori, samt vilka implikationer det får på symptomets plats inom klinisk diagnostik. Metoden använder lacanskt teori som beskrivningar av subjektets status, vars framställning abstraheras till en rad regler. Teorins giltighet prövas i uppsatsen mot kliniska fallbeskrivningar och andra exempelfall. I diskussionen framkommer att implikationen av den lacanska teorin om subjektet är vittgående vad gäller kliniskt diagnostik och värderingen av symptomet. / The essay explores the human psyche by the French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist Jacques Lacan's psychoanalytic theory. The essay examines the subject's conditions and possibilities based on Lacanian theory, and what implications it has on symptom location in clinical diagnostics. The method uses Lacanian theory and descriptions of the subject's status, the production of which is abstracted to a set of rules. The theory's validity tested in the paper on clinical case reports and other such cases. In the discussion it will be the implication of the Lacanian theory of the subject is extensive in terms of clinical diagnosis and evaluation of the symptom.

[pt] Uma erótica mortífera: ruídos do supereu na clínica psicanalítica é um estudo da constituição do supereu na teoria psicanalítica e seus desdobramentos na clínica. O supereu que surge na obra freudiana como produto da identificação no declínio do complexo de Édipo, admite traços cruéis em sua parceria com a pulsão de morte. Lacan propõe um supereu equivalente ao objeto a como objeto voz, contribuição de grande novidade para a teoria analítica. Os mandatos superegóicos incidem como uma voz muda, inaudível, e propõem um desafio à clínica, que deve manejar as manifestações deste supereu, tais como o sentimento de culpa, a necessidade de punição e a reação terapêutica negativa. Os paradoxos do supereu serão abordados, privilegiando a face do supereu que é correlata ao gozo, distinguindo-o do Nome-do-Pai, uma função atrelada ao desejo. / [en] One deadly erotica: noises of the superego in the psycoanalytic treatment is a study of the formation of the superego in psychoanalytic theory and its developments in the clinic. The superego, which appears in Freud s work as a product of identification in the decline of the Oedipus complex, admits cruel traits in their partnership with the death drive. Lacan proposes an equivalent object-a with the object-voice, contribution of great novelty for clinical theory. The superego commands levied as a muted voice, inaudible, and propose a challenge to the clinic: to manage the manifestations of this superego, such as guilt, the need for punishment, and negative therapeutic reaction. The paradoxes of the superego are addressed, focusing on the face of the superego that is related to the jouissance, distinguishing it from the Name-of-the-Father - a function harnessed to desire.

[pt] A tese apresenta um estudo sobre as toxicomanias pelo viés psicanalítico. O ponto de vista que preside o trabalho é o de que o sujeito toxicômano dirige um apelo ao Outro através do uso da droga para que a função paterna se faça presente. Sob essa perspectiva, o uso da droga comporta uma mensagem dirigida ao Outro para que um corte seja operado na relação sem limites construída com a droga. Não trataremos dos efeitos orgânicos produzidos pelo uso da substância, mas da função sempre singular que a droga pode ocupar um sujeito. No primeiro capítulo, a introdução, será circunscrito o objeto de nosso trabalho: as toxicomanias. Já no segundo capítulo examinaremos o fenômeno das drogas na perversão, na neurose e na psicose. No terceiro capítulo, lançaremos um olhar sobre o uso da droga através dos conceitos de supereu, satisfação pulsional, ideal do eu e pulsão de morte. No quarto capítulo estudaremos o significante na dialética do desejo a fim de localizar o lugar da droga para o sujeito. Trabalharemos também a construção das relações de dependência que antecedem a dependência à droga em si e como o uso da mesma pode servir como um apelo ao pai. Em seguida, partindo da hipótese de que a fragilidade ou inoperância da função paterna propicia a compulsão ao objeto droga como um modo de dar conta da angústia provocada pelos efeitos da castração, investigaremos a problemática da droga a partir do significante Nome-do-Pai e da Metáfora paterna. / [en] The thesis presents a study of addictions through the psychoanalytic point of view. The view that presides the study is that the fellow addict runs an appeal to the Other through the use of the drug to make the paternal function present. From this perspective, the drug contains a message addressed to another so that a cut should be operated in the relationship without limits built with the drug. It will not treat the organic effects produced by the use of the substance, but the unique function that the drug might occupy a person. In the first chapter, the introduction, the object of the work will be circumscribed: the addictions. In the second chapter it will examine the phenomenon of drugs in perversion, in neurosis and psychosis. In the third chapter, it will launch a glimpse into the drug through the concepts of superego, drive satisfaction, ego ideal and the death drive. In the fourth chapter it will present the construction of dependence relations in addictions and how drug use can serve as a call to a father. We will also study the signifier in the dialectic of the desire in order to locate the place of the drug to the addict. Then, assuming that the weakness or ineffectiveness of the paternal function provides the compulsion to object drug as a way to solve the anguish caused by the effects of castration, it will investigate the drug problem from the significant Name of the Father and the paternal metaphor.