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Le XIXe siècle est en France celui de la bière : production et consommation annuelles passent en l’espace de cent ans de moins de trois à plus de quinze millions d’hectolitres. Profitant de sa position de carrefour commercial et de la qualité de ses eaux, Lyon occupe une place à part dans ce marché de masse en construction. Remettant en question l’hermétisme de supposées frontières alimentaires, la ville se démarque en effet dès les dernières années de l’Ancien Régime par un notable recours à la boisson houblonnée et la fabrication d’un produit aux qualités organoleptiques bien particulières qu’elle exporte en direction d’un large quart Sud-est du pays. Savamment entretenue, cette position originale fait de la cité rhodanienne l’un des principaux centres de production de bière français de la première moitié du siècle. La donne change à compter du Second Empire. Aux évolutions des modes et pratiques alimentaires à l’égard des alcools s’ajoutent décloisonnement des marchés et avancées technologiques affectant de manière irrémédiable l’activité. Le secteur brassicole régional, très largement lyonnais, passe ainsi en quelques décennies d’une structure artisanale voyant coexister une myriade de petits établissements employant quelques individus et produisant chacun annuellement quelques centaines d’hectolitres à une dimension industrielle où un nombre réduit de grandes usines concentrent main-d’œuvre, capitaux et parts de marché. L’encadrement réglementaire lui-même, qu’il s’agisse de législation professionnelle ou de régulation de l’insalubrité, et les politiques fiscales, à l’échelle de la ville comme du pays, participent à cette transition. Alors que la redéfinition des logiques urbaines et commerciales impacte directement les pratiques des brasseurs en les forçant à revoir leurs procédés de fabrication et leurs stratégies de formation, d’approvisionnement et de vente, c’est la progressive structuration d’une filière de la bière qui apparaît en filigrane. Il faut néanmoins se garder de voir ces entrepreneurs comme de simples victimes de mouvements qui leur échappent : plus que spectateurs d’une révolution protéiforme, ils s’en font les acteurs. L’étude prosopographique de 337 parcours considérés dans leurs dimensions individuelles et collectives atteste de la pluralité des destins : quand le modèle de la petite entreprise permet aux artisans les plus audacieux, qu’ils viennent d’un ailleurs professionnel ou géographique (sont notamment mises à jour les origines germaniques et alsaciennes de nombre d’entre eux), de valoriser leur travail et de satisfaire leurs ambitions, celui de l’industrie fait d’une poignée seulement de véritables brasseurs d’affaires. Ce seront les seuls à survivre, la plupart de leurs collègues et concurrents payant à terme les effets conjoints de la conjoncture économique, de la rationalisation du marché et des tragédies familiales. À l’orée du premier conflit mondial, seules six brasseries sont encore opérationnelles : ayant démontré sa précoce capacité d’adaptation en modifiant sa structure afin de donner aux établissements subsistants les moyens d’assimiler la modernisation productiviste, le monde brassicole rhodanien fait figure d’exception parmi les activités pré-industrielles, a fortiori parmi celles relevant du secteur agroalimentaire. / In France, the nineteenth century is the age of beer: in a hundred years, annual production and consumption grow from less than three to more than fifteen million hectolitres. Thanks to its advantageous commercial position and the quality of its waters, Lyon occupies a unique place in this developing mass-market. Calling presumed alimentary boundaries into question, the city distinguishes itself as soon as the end of the Ancien Régime through a wide use of the hoppy beverage and the making of a product with specific organoleptic qualities being exported to the southeast quarter of the country. Skilfully maintained, this original situation turns Lyon into one of the main French beer production centres of the first half of the century. Things change with the advent of the Second Empire. New drinking trends and habits, birth of a European then worldwide consumption market and substantial scientific and technical improvements combine themselves to change the activity into a definite way. Thus, the Rhône brewing sector, leaded by Lyon’s breweries and initially made of numerous and small short-lived handcraft production units selling locally only, becomes in a few decades an industry operating towards foreign markets and formed by a handful of big factories gathering workforce, capitals and market share. Regulatory framework itself (professional legislation or insalubrity control) and fiscal politics on national and municipal scales contribute also to the transition. Since they have to adapt their manufacturing and formation processes, as well as supplying and selling strategies, the redefinition of urban and commercial logics has a direct impact on brewers’ practices: in a wider sense, it is the organization of the beer sector which progressively reveals itself. However, it would be untrue to see these businessmen as powerless victims of an uncontrolled process. More than spectators, they are actors of a protean revolution. The prosopographical study of 337 careers considered in their individual and collective dimensions prove the plurality of fortunes: while the model of the small business allows audacious craftsmen whatever their professional and geographical origins (many of them come from Alsace and Germany) to succeed by highlighting their work and satisfying their ambitions, the industrial model is more selective. In the medium term, only a few businessmen will survive, their smaller colleagues and competitors suffering the joint effects of economic conjuncture, market rationalization and family tragedies. At the edge of World War One, six breweries are still in operation: having proven its early adaptation ability by modifying its structure in order to assimilate the productivist modernization, the Rhône brewing sector can be considered as an exception among the pre-industrial activities, a fortiori among those from the food-processing sector.

A dynamic movement known as wealth creation education attracts many thousands of people seeking education for the vocation of an entrepreneur in the UK. Entrepreneurship education in these collectives includes venturing know-how but also co-constructs existential meaning and purpose for adherents, a role traditionally fulfilled by religion. This emergent sectarian movement is identified as wealth creationism. Led by charismatic entrepreneurs this newly identified research domain represents rich opportunities to study entrepreneurs in naturally arising settings, but has been neglected and understudied. While publicly subsidised educational support for small-business owners has suffered from low uptake, this study provides new knowledge about the kind of education that is engaged with in large numbers, despite being more expensive. This inquiry critically examines the attraction of these educational collectives and evaluates the social processes of eight wealth creation education providers in England. Teaching content and methods were also investigated. This qualitative study takes an interpreted approach through a social constructionism perspective. Using grounded theory methodology the providers were initially researched through participative observation in the educational settings followed by theoretically sampling data with various collection methods. Interdisciplinary theories, including the sociology of religion, accounted for findings, which were analysed at the meso-group level. The movement teaches entrepreneurship know-how and 'mindset' - ways of thinking and being. Insulating directives of behaviour and the construction of stigmatised out-groups maintain social boundaries. Employing similar narrative features and resources as religious sects, the socially constructed co-extensive nomos and cosmos privileges esoteric knowledge and is closely identified with modern Gnosticism. Participants do not acknowledge religious interpretations of their activities, yet three North American authors provide plausible canonical works that legitimise the movement. Wealth Creationists display entrepreneurial chauvinism, which equates employment with bondage, viewing the employed as slaves. Adherents choose educators with perceived entrepreneurial credibility to lead them on a purposeful mission for the type of knowledge that promises emancipation. This study is significant for both researchers of entrepreneurs and the sociology of religion. It offers participating entrepreneurs critical insights into the charismatic settings, which can be both enabling and disabling for venturing. This study has implications for academics engaged in outreach to small-business owners who may learn from the marketing tactics of these groups, although academics may still lack perceived credibility. Insights into business group formation will be of interest to business group researchers. A map of educational provision may interest researchers and educators of small and microbusiness owners, and those from the fields of entrepreneurial learning.

Youth unemployment is one of the key global challenges facing the world today. Statistically, the global youth unemployment rate is 13.1%. Youth entrepreneurship is viewed as a possible solution to youth unemployment. Interestingly, the world has adopted entrepreneurship as a strategic approach to facilitate economic participation among the youth. Youth entrepreneurship has gained importance in recent years in many countries, as a way of fostering employment opportunities, boosting economic competitiveness, and promoting local and regional development. Youth involvement in entrepreneurship assists in boosting their confidence, achieving economic independence, and alleviating poverty. Some researchers describe entrepreneurial orientation as innovativeness, pro-activeness, risk taking, and competitive aggressiveness. Other researchers see entrepreneurial orientation as being pushed or pulled into entrepreneurship. In this study, push and pull factors to become entrepreneurs were used to determine the entrepreneurial orientation of the respondents. The objectives of the study were to investigate whether there is a relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and the business performance of youth entrepreneurs in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. A descriptive research design within a quantitative research approach was adopted using online surveys and physical administration of questionnaires. The study used a census method to sample 555 youth entrepreneurs in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. A low response rate was achieved as only 96 respondents fully completed the questionnaires, which were used in the analysis. The collected data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The findings of this study revealed that push factors had a significant influence on the business performance of youth businesses in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality; whereas there was no statistical evidence to suggest that pull factors predicted the business performance of youth businesses in the study area. The research found that entrepreneurship among young individuals is essential to enhancing young people’s economic development. The study discovered that most TMM youths were pulled in to starting their own businesses. The research also suggested that, EO could encourage TMM youth entrepreneurs to continue to become innovative, take- risk, be pro-active and competive aggressive in the businesses. / Business Management / M.A (Business Management)

In this study, crisis management has been studied primarily from the perspective of small business owners and lifestyle entrepreneurs. Over time, a need was also discovered to interview and study the relationship of public support organizationswith small businesses in crisis contexts. This is because in the theoretical research framework we experienced a lack of how private small businesses can act in a crisis. This is how our subject has been developed, and curiosity about practical crisis management versus theoretical crisis management has played a central role. Following the work, the niche of small entrepreneurs became in nature tourism, partly due to the fact that Värmland as a county has many entrepreneurs in this category. It is also inevitable that Värmland and the entrepreneurs here have had a strong international market before COVID-19 and therefore the interest has also been to study and analyze how they have acted and proceeded during the crisis. The question of adjustment is therefore very essential to study for future possible crises. To discern these similarities and differences, the private has been set against the regional and public, but also against each other. It has been conducted thanks to semi-structured interviews that highlight the same themes. The themes then follow a consistent structure for both method, empirical data and analysis, where it relates to the study's purpose and issues. Overall, the study has generated striking similarities and differences, but also a dimension in the exclusion of small business owners. The lastpart of the conclusion shows why it is still important to study the subject, as COVID-19 has affected the tourism industry in a very unique and global way, which has not previously been discernible. It highlights the importance of contributing to and continuing research in the future, where both public actors together with regional and private actors can find a way to deal with future crises together. / I denna studie har krishantering studerats utifrån framförallt småföretagares- och livsstilsföretagares perspektiv. Under tidens gång upptäcktes även ett behov av att intervjua och studera offentliga stödorganisationers förhållande till småföretagare i krissammanhang. Det på grund av att det i de teoretiska forskningsramarna upplevdes en brist för hur privata småföretagare kan agera vid kris. Det är genom den vägen ämnet har arbetats fram, och nyfikenheten kring praktisk krishantering versus teoretisk krishantering har spelat en central roll. Utefter arbetets gång kom nischen av småföretagare att bli inom naturturism, bland annat på grund av att Värmland som län innehar många företagare inom den kategorin. Det går heller inte att undkomma att Värmland och företagarna här har haft en stark internationell marknad innan COVID-19 och därför har intresset likaså varit att studera och analysera hur företagarna har agerat och gått tillväga under krisens gång för att ställa om. Omställningsfrågan är därför essentiell att studera för framtida eventuella kriser. För att skönja dessa likheter och skillnader har det privata ställts emot de regionala och offentliga, men även mot varandra. Det har utförts tack vare semistrukturerade intervjuer som lyft samma teman. Temana följer sedan en genomgående struktur för både metod, empiri och analys, där de förhåller sig till studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Studien har totalt sett genererat påvisande likheter och skillnader, men även en dimension i exkludering av småföretagare. I slutsatsens sista del framkommer det varför det är fortsatt viktigt att studera ämnet, eftersom COVID-19 har påverkat besöksnäringen på ett väldigt unikt och globalt sätt, som tidigare inte har kunnat skönjas. Det belyser vikten av att bidra med samt fortsätta forskning framöver där både offentliga aktörer tillsammans med regionala- och privata aktörer kan hitta ett sätt att tillsammans hantera kommande kriser / <p>C-uppsats </p>

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В данной магистерской диссертации рассмотрены вопросы внедрения маркетингового управления в деятельность предприятий малого бизнеса. Цель диссертационного исследования заключается в научном осмыслении теоретических положений и практических рекомендаций по маркетинговому управлению деловой активностью предприятий, учи-тывающих специфику малого бизнеса и обеспечивающих по¬вышение результативности его маркетинговой деятельности на основе использования Лин-технологий. Основные результаты исследования, представляющие научную новизну: уточнена дефиниция «деловая активность предприятия», выявлены различия понятий «маркетинговое управление» и «управление маркетингом», разработана цепочка создания ценности для клиентов малых предприятий на основе «системы вытягивания» с использованием Лин-технологий. Практические результаты исследования: выделены проблемы развития предпринимательства, сделаны выводы об отношении уральских предпринимателей к маркетинговому управлению, разработан оптимизированный сценарий включения потребителей в процесс создания ценности с помощью инструментария Бережливого производства. / In this master's thesis, problems of introduction of marketing management in activity of the enterprises of small business are considered. The purpose of the dissertation research is the scientific comprehension of theoretical provisions and practical recommendations on marketing management of business activity of enterprises that take into account the specifics of small business and ensure the effectiveness of its marketing activities using Lin technologies. The main results of the research, representing scientific novelty: the definition of "business activity of the enterprise" was clarified, the differences in the concepts of "marketing management" and "marketing management" were revealed, a value chain for small business customers was developed on the basis of a "pull system" using Lin technologies. Practical results of the research: problems of entrepreneurship development are singled out, conclusions about the attitude of the Ural entrepreneurs to marketing management are drawn, an optimized scenario of including consumers in the process of creating value with the help of the Lean Production Toolkit is developed.

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This master's thesis explores the potential for collaboration among diverse actors on the island of Gotland to achieve environmental sustainability. The study employs the concept of biomimicry, utilising selected natural phenomena as a source of inspiration. A theoretical framework and qualitative research methodology are employed to guide the process, with the aim of developing a strategy to enhance the collaborative state for environmental sustainability on Gotland. Drawing on principles derived from nature, the study investigates how biomimicry can provide solutions and inspire collaborative efforts for environmental sustainability. Central to the research is the exploration of trust-building mechanisms among diverse actors. Recognising that trust is a fundamental ingredient for effective collaboration, the study examines strategies that can foster trust within the context of environmental sustainability. By identifying barriers and enablers of trust, the thesis proposes actionable recommendations to enhance the trust-building process on Gotland, thereby fostering a conducive environment for collaboration. The proposed strategy aims to create a collaborative framework that fosters long-term partnerships, harnessing the diverse expertise and resources of each actor to address the multifaceted challenges of environmental sustainability on Gotland. In conclusion, this master's thesis underscores the value of applying biomimicry principles to foster collaboration for environmental sustainability on Gotland.