The diploma thesis focuses on evaluation of foreign trade between the Czech Republic and Angola during the period from 2002 to the present. I achieved it through data and information acquired from Czech and Angolan institutions concerned with similar issues. In addition to the evaluation also a SWOT analysis was undertaken to illustrate the strengths, weaknesses, shortcomings and opportunities of the Czech companies operating in the Angolan market. Finally, this thesis focuses on the potential solutions, that could improve the business relations between both countries in the near future.

El presente trabajo de investigación titulado “EFECTOS DE LA ASOCIATIVIDAD EN LAS EXPORTACIONES DE CAFÉ ORGÁNICO DE LA SELVA CENTRAL DEL PERÚ EN EL PERIODO 2016-2018”, tiene como objetivo determinar los efectos de las cooperativas y asociaciones de la selva central del Perú en la cantidad exportada de café orgánico en el periodo 2016-2018. Su importancia radica entre los efectos de la asociatividad y su influencia en las cantidades exportadas, en vista que se identificó que, en el periodo analizado, los valores de exportación de café orgánico decrecieron en comparación a los años anteriores; sin embargo, la cantidad exportada del mismo producto incrementó en el mismo periodo, siendo las cooperativas y asociaciones quienes tuvieron mayor crecimiento. En el proceso de la investigación se consultó diversas fuentes secundarias vinculadas a los efectos de la asociatividad en las exportaciones, los beneficios de la asociatividad, los obstáculos de la asociatividad, los programas del estado que incentivan las exportaciones y la situación actual de las exportaciones del café orgánico. Esto permitió constituir el marco teórico, marcando las pautas para desarrollar la investigación. El tipo de investigación es cuantitativa, el diseño de la investigación es explicativa transversal simple y no experimental. Asimismo, el cuestionario se aplicó a 32 organizaciones entre cooperativas y asociaciones cafetaleras de la selva central (Satipo, Chanchamayo y Oxapampa), quienes representaron al tamaño de muestra. Para la validación de la hipótesis planteada se utilizó el método estadístico de Chi-Cuadrado de Pearson, la cual fue complementado con la prueba exacto de Fisher para medir su fiabilidad. Por último, los resultados obtenidos del cuestionario aplicado en el presente estudio se validaron que los efectos de la asociatividad influyen en el crecimiento de la cantidad exportada de café orgánico. / The present research work entitled "EFFECTS OF ASSOCIATIVITY ON EXPORTS OF ORGANIC COFFEE FROM THE CENTRAL JUNGLE OF Perú IN THE PERIOD 2016-2018" aims to determine the effects of cooperatives and associations in the central jungle on the quantity of coffee exported organic in the period 2016-2018. Its importance lies between the effects of associativity and its efficient impact on the quantities exported, given that it was identified that, in the period analyzed, the values ​​of exports grew minimally compared to previous years; however, cooperatives and associations increased their exported produced quantity. In the research process, various secondary sources related to the effects of associativity on exports, the benefits of associativity, the obstacles to associativity, the state programs that encourage exports, and the current situation of organic coffee. This allowed to constitute the theoretical framework, setting the guidelines for developing the research. The type of research is quantitative, the research design is explicative, cross-sectional and non-experimental. Likewise, the questionnaire was applied to 32 organizations between cooperatives and coffee associations in the central jungle (Satipo, Chanchamayo and Oxapampa), who represented the sample size. For the validation of the hypothesis presented, the Pearson's Chi-square statistical method was used, which was complemented with the Fisher exact test to measure its reliability. Finally, the results obtained from the questionnaire applied in the present study validated that the effects of associativity influence the growth of the quantity of organic coffee exported. / Tesis

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar la relación entre la digitalización del proceso aduanero y la operatividad aduanera del puerto del Callao durante el periodo 2016 – 2020. Cabe resaltar, que actualmente existen ciertas deficiencias en sus procesos que no permite un desarrollo idóneo del comercio internacional. Sin embargo, las nuevas tecnologías permiten que se implemente trámites electrónicos que contribuyan a brindar un servicio de calidad. Para analizar el impacto de la digitalización en la operatividad aduanera marítima en el Callao de ese periodo se ha realizado una investigación cuantitativa, para la cual se utilizó la herramienta de la encuesta con el instrumento cuestionario a 50 agencias de aduana que forman parte de las 111 agencias que representan el 80% de las DUAs declaradas en el 2018. De esta forma, se encontró, mediante una metodología cuantitativa, con diseño no experimental de tipo transversal descriptivo y correlacional, que la mejora en las actividades de la operación aduanera: tiempos, personal y cantidad de despachos tienen un alto grado de influencia en el desarrollo de la aduana. Asimismo, se considera necesario realizar mejoras en el ámbito de la digitalización de procesos para mejorar el crecimiento del comercio exterior, tales como la propuesta de la digitalización del canal rojo. / The present investigation has as principal purpose to determinate the relation between the digitization of customs processes and the customs operability in the port of Callao during the period of 2016 - 2020. It is worth noting that the local Custom presents some deficiencies in their processes, which complicates the ideal development of international commerce. However, the new TICs allows the implementation of processes that contribute to offer a better quality of customs service. In order to analyze the impact of the digitization on the customs operability in the port of Callao in the mentioned period, a quantitative research has been done, which uses a questionnaire as a research tool. It was applied to 50 customs brokers that are part of the 111 customs brokers that represents the 80% of the customs clearances in the 2018. In this way, it was found, through a quantitative methodology, with a non-experimental descriptive and correlational type, that the improvement in the activities of the customs operation: operation time, employees and the amount of customs clearance have a high degree of influence on development from customs. Likewise, it is considered necessary to invest in the digitization of processes to improve the growth of foreign trade, such as the proposal to digitize the red channel. / Tesis

La Ruta Exportadora es un programa de gestión que mejora el proceso de exportación a través de herramientas que faciliten su desempeño exportador de las empresas que comercializan envases de bio papel (productos elaborados con insumos biodegradables) en el Perú, cumpliendo con la normativa legal, como la Ley Nro. 30884. Con el transcurrir de los años los consumidores han generado nuevos hábitos lo que ocasiona una alta demanda en el uso del bio papel, tornándose cada vez más exigentes en el mercado internacional, (ISO/ITC, 2010). Sin embargo, las exportaciones entre el 2017 al 2019 obtuvo un resultado inestable en las ventas del comercio exterior, por ello, el Estado Peruano ofrece programas como la Ruta Exportadora para que las empresas promuevan sus productos en mercados internacionales (PROMPERÚ, 2020). El objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer cuáles son los tópicos de la ruta exportadora que tuvieron mayor éxito en las empresas comercializadoras de envases de bio papel de Lima Perú y su desempeño exportador dentro del periodo 2017-2019, para ello se realizó la recopilación de los antecedentes nacionales e internacionales sobre las variables que se investigaron, las cuales tuvieron un enfoque de análisis cualitativo, dividido en dos fases, primero se reunió la información y segundo se realizó el análisis a través del software Atlas.TI de las 14 entrevistas de profundidad realizadas a las empresas que comercializan envases de bio papel, las categorías analizadas fueron: Ruta exportadora y Desempeño exportador. / The Export Route is a management program that improves the export process through tools that facilitate the export performance of companies that market bio paper containers (products made with biodegradable inputs) in Peru, complying with legal regulations, such as Law No. 30884. Over the years, consumers have generated new habits, which causes a high demand in the use of bio paper, becoming more and more demanding in the international market (ISO / ITC, 2010). However, exports between 2017 and 2019 obtained an unstable result in foreign trade sales, therefore, the Peruvian State offers programs such as the Export Route for companies to promote their products in international markets (PROMPERÚ, 2020). The objective of this research is to know which are the topics of the export route that were most successful in the companies that commercialize bio-paper packaging in Lima Peru and their export performance within the period 2017-2019, for which the compilation of the national and international antecedents on the variables that were investigated, which had a qualitative analysis approach, divided into two phases, first the information was gathered and second the analysis was carried out through the Atlas.TI software of the 14 in-depth interviews carried out To companies that market bio paper packaging, the categories analyzed were: Export route and Export performance. / Tesis

El presente trabajo de investigación consiste en analizar el efecto de las medidas sanitarias sobre las exportaciones de langostinos congelados al mercado surcoreano entre los años 2013-2019. En los últimos años, las exportaciones de langostinos congelados han logrado un crecimiento significativo hacia el mercado surcoreano, sin embargo, la aplicación de medidas sanitarias en el intercambio comercial con Corea del Sur se ha incrementado y son más los productos los que están afectos a ellas. El objetivo general del presente trabajo de investigación es determinar si las medidas sanitarias han impactado en las exportaciones de langostinos congelados hacia el país asiático. A través de la metodología de enfoque mixto, se analizó el comportamiento de las variables relacionadas a las medidas sanitarias mediante dos análisis: el primero cualitativo, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a los principales actores y especialistas en el tema, los cuales brindan información del sector pesquero; y el segundo, un análisis cuantitativo, con el uso del Diseño No Experimental Longitudinal con datos obtenidos de diversas fuentes como SUNAT, Trademap, Sistema de gestión de la información MSF, entre otros, en la que se mide el grado de relación entre las variables de cada factor. El resultado principal de ambos análisis concluye que el acuerdo comercial entre Perú y Corea del Sur, ha tenido un impacto positivo en la exportación de langostinos congelados; y, asimismo, la exigencia de medidas sanitarias por parte del mercado asiático, representa una gran oportunidad para ofrecer productos pesqueros peruanos con los más altos estándares de calidad. Sin embargo, la exigencia de medidas sanitarias genera un aumento en los costos de exportación debido a que se requiere un análisis previo del producto en laboratorios nacionales específicos, los cuales cuentan con certificaciones internacionales. / This research work consists of analyzing the effect of sanitary measures on exports of frozen shrimp to the South Korean market between 2013 and 2019. In recent years, exports of frozen shrimp have achieved significant growth to the South Korean market. However, the application of sanitary measures in trade with South Korea has increased and more products are affected by them. The general objective of this research work is to determine if the sanitary measures have impacted the exports of frozen shrimp to the Asian country. Through the methodology of mixed approach, the behavior of the variables related to sanitary measures was analyzed by means of two analyses: the first one was qualitative, through semi-structured interviews carried out to the main actors and specialists in the subject, who provide information of the fishing sector; and the second one was a quantitative analysis, with the use of the Longitudinal Non-Experimental Design with data obtained from diverse sources such as SUNAT, Trademap, System of management of the information, among others, in which the degree of relation between the variables of each factor is measured. The main result of both analyses, concludes that the trade agreement between Peru and South Korea, has had a positive impact on the export of frozen shrimp, and also the demand for sanitary measures by the Asian market, represents a great opportunity to offer Peruvian fisheries products with the highest quality standards. However, the demand for sanitary measures generates an increase in export costs due to the fact that a previous analysis of the product is required in specific national laboratories, which have international certifications. / Tesis

Глобализация охватывает все новые сферы и меняет суть привычных явлений. Характерной чертой современного этапа развития мирового хозяйства является формирование и распространение трансграничных цепочек стоимости (глобальных и региональных). Одной из мало изученных сфер остается вопрос об интеграции национальной экономики в трансграничных цепочках стоимости в условиях глобализации. На сегодняшний день странам со слабой экономикой как Республика Таджикистан важнейшим источником роста конкурентоспособности отраслей является стимулирование участия в глобальных цепочках стоимости на этапе их формирования. Для этого необходима выработка специфических рекомендаций. Объектом исследования является национальная экономика Республики Таджикистан. Предмет исследования – степень включенности и направление развития национальной экономики в глобальной среде трансграничных цепочек добавленной стоимости. Цель данной работы – формирование теоретико-методических основ и разработка рекомендаций по выстраиванию национальной экономики Республики Таджикистан в трансграничные цепочки стоимости. Во введении обоснована актуальность, цель и задачи исследования. В первой главе рассмотрены сущность и понятие среды трансграничных цепочек стоимости. Изучена концепция национальной экономики в условиях глобализации. Во второй главе проведена комплексная оценка место страны в мировой хозяйственной среде на основании международных индексов, была предложена авторская методика. На основании авторской методики было выявлено участие страны в фрагментации цепочки создания стоимости. В третьей главе проведён мониторинг мнения экспертов, SWOT – анализ о присоединение Республики Таджикистан в ЕАЭС, как способ более глубокого интегрирования в воспроизводственных процессах. А также было изучено несколько Государственных Программ Республики Таджикистан. В Заключении авторами было предложено несколько рекомендаций по поводу дальнейшего развития национальной экономики Республики Таджикистан в трансграничные цепочки стоимости. / Globalization covers all new areas and changes the essence of familiar phenomena. A characteristic feature of the current stage of development of the world economy is the formation and distribution of cross-border value chains (global and regional). One of the little studied areas remains the issue of integrating the national economy in cross-border value chains in the context of globalization. To date, countries with a weak economy as the Republic of Tajikistan, the most important source of growth in the competitiveness of industries is the promotion of participation in global value chains at the stage of their formation. It requires the development of specific recommendations. The object of the research is the national economy of the Republic of Tajikistan. The subject of research is the degree of inclusion and direction of development of the national economy in the global environment of cross-border value chains. The purpose of the work is the formation of theoretical and methodological foundations and the development of recommendations for implementing the national economy of the Republic of Tajikistan into cross-border value chains. The introduction substantiates the relevance, purpose and objectives of the research. The first chapter discusses the nature and concept of the environment of cross-border value chains. The concept of the national economy in the context of globalization is studied. In the second chapter, a comprehensive assessment of the country's place in the world economic environment on the basis of international indices is carried out; there proposed the methodology based on the author’s methodology, the country's participation in the fragmentation of the value chain is revealed. The third chapter monitors the opinions of experts, SWOT analyzes on the accession of the Republic of Tajikistan to the EAEU as a way of deeper integration in reproduction processes. And also several State Programs of the Republic of Tajikistan are studied. In conclusion, the authors propose several recommendations regarding the further development of the national economy of the Republic of Tajikistan in cross-border value chains.

The objective of this thesis is to investigate the possibility of using machine learn- ing at Statistics Sweden within the Foreign Trade in Services (FTS) statistic, to predict the likelihood of a unit to conduct foreign trade in services. The FTS survey is a sample survey, for which there is no natural frame to sample from. Therefore, prior to sampling a frame is manually constructed each year, starting with a register of all Swedish companies and agencies and in a rule- based manner narrowing it down to contain only what is classified as units likely to trade in services during the year to come. An automatic procedure that would enable reliable predictions is requested. To this end, three different machine learning methods have been analyzed, two rule- based methods (random forest and extreme gradient boosting) and one distance- based method (k nearest neighbors). The models arising from these methods are trained and tested on historically sampled units, for which it is known whether they did trade or not. The results indicate that the two rule-based methods perform well in classifying likely traders. The random forest model is better at finding traders, while the extreme gradient boosting model is better at finding non-traders. The results also indicate interesting patterns when studying different metrics for the models. The results also indicate that when training the rule-based models, the year in which the training data was sampled needs to be taken into account. This entails that cross-validation with random folds should not be used, but rather grouped cross-validation based on year. By including a feature that mirror the state of the economy, the model can adapt its rules to this, meaning that the rules learned on training data can be extended to years beyond training data. Based on the observed results, the final recommendation is to further develop and investigate the performance of the random forest model.

This paper explores the mechanisms and processes within the German foreign trade Aryanisation project in Sweden from the mid-1930s to 1945. Aryanisation as a concept has, similarly to the Holocaust and National Socialism before it, for the longest time been seen as a uniquely German affair. While that situation has greatly changed when it comes to the Holocaust, Fascism and National Socialism, Aryanisation is still defined as a German affair affecting only Jews in Germany even by the US Holocaust museum’s Holocaust encyclopaedia.1 As a result, research into Aryanisation efforts in Nazi Germany’s foreign trade sector has been relatively sparse. Drawing on the small existing body of research that was sparked by Swedish historian Sven Nordlund, this paper seeks to complete the picture of the German trade Aryanisation campaign in Sweden by examining its inner workings on the German side of affairs. The study is framed within an elastic interpretation of the rationality v ideology binary and further tied to Holocaust research by highlighting characteristic elements of modernity, bureaucracy and artificiality in how NS ideology crept its way into every aspect of life, even trade with a neutral country. Through a thorough analysis of a large body of associated correspondence and official documents, this study uncovers the complex and evolving picture of German perspectives and processes within its project to shape its trade relations to Sweden according to Nazi ideas.

It is universally acknowledged that international trade and cooperation have become key drivers of SMEs. Indeed, the success of SMEs in the sales sector depends upon their capacity to conquer the foreign market and compete with larger companies. Many SMEs today, in particular those in Central and West Africa, are very much aware of this reality. However, because of differences between domestic laws and their maladjustment, many African SMEs still struggle to enter the international market and compete with larger companies. It is therefore obvious that any SMEs that want to succeed in international commerce today will be called upon to confront different regulations, whether domestic, regional or international, which are often shaped according to the realities and expectations of a particular environment. The challenge today is to regulate and harmonise these different legal systems, in order to render the law identical in numerous jurisdictions. This process of unifying the law internationally, in particular the law of sale, started in 1920 and culminated in 1988, with the implementation of the CISG. This Convention, which has become the primary law for international sales contracts, endeavours to deal with this problem of differences in law between states on a global scale, by attempting to achieve a synthesis between different legislations, such as civil law, common law, socialist law, and the law regarding industrialised and Third World countries. Even though the CISG appears to be a compromise between different legal systems, the fact remains that it is not yet applicable in many countries, especially those in Central and West Africa, which are mostly still ruled by domestic and regional law, namely the OHADA. The purpose of this study is to attempt to analyse and compare the OHADA’s Uniform Act Relating to Commercial Law to the CISG, in order to identify similarities and differences between the two, and to determine, with regard to the operating mode and structure of SMEs in West and Central Africa, which one of the two legislations is more appropriate. / Private Law / LL. M.

The needs of the free trade regime and governments' legitimate regulatory aims in the area of public health protection conflict. Government health measures create barriers to free trade and are thus disciplined by the trade regime. This conflict is addressed in the rules of the World Trade Organization, in the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. This Agreement uses science to mediate the conflict. The reason for the reliance on science is the view that it provides a neutral, universally-valid discipline and that thus the results of testing health measures for scientific validity would be acceptable to both parties in a dispute. This uncritical approach towards science is called into question. An analysis of the relevant science-based disciplines of the SPS Agreement and their interpretation in WTO dispute settlement shows the flaws in this system. A re-evaluation of the WTO rules governing health regulation is called for. / Law / LL.M.