Thesis deals with product placement in Czech marketing practice in the light of existence of regulations given by EC directive 2007/65/EC. It arbitrates alternatives of product placement regulation ban as it works now or liberalization under restrictive conditions.

Esta tese discute as duas novas regiões brasileiras de fronteira agrícola, Balsas no Maranhão e Barreiras na Bahia, onde se produz soja. A discussão se dá entorno da cultura da soja, agindo como vetor da formação sócio-espacial de novas regiões de produção agrícola. As particularidades desta tese e o novo, estão no fato que a formação dessas duas regiões ocorre no período técnico-científico e informacional, inserindo-as no processo de globalização de forma competitiva. As duas regiões são competitivas, do ponto de vista da produção agrícola, pois tem tido a possibilidade de manter e aumentar sua produção de soja, tanto domesticamente quanto internacionalmente, melhorando cada vez mais sua performance técnica e econômica. Essas hipóteses são provadas, além de se propor um sistema de comparação de competitividade inter-regional, baseado em critérios definidos, que possibilta graduar qual região é mais competitiva que a outra. / This thesis discusses two new Brazilian agricultural frontiers. These frontiers, where soy-bean is produced are: Balsas in Maranhão and Barreiras in Bahia. The discussion takes place around the soy-bean crop, that acts as a vector of the socio-spatial formation of new crop producing regions. The particularities of this thesis and the novelty relay on the fact that the formation of these two regions occurs in the technical-scientific period. These regions are inserted in the globalization process in a competitive way. Both regions are competitive from the point of view of the crop production, as they have had the possibility to keep up with the production and even enhance it. The markets in which the product are sold are domestic and international, with a growing performance in the technical and economical fields. These hypothesis are proved and besides that it is proposed a comparative inter-regional competitiveness system based on defined criteria, which permits define which region is more competitive.

Cette thèse de doctorat désire aborder une problématique nouvelle : celle de l’implantation cléricale dans une société de conquête d’un espace américain périphérique, le Paraguay du XVIe siècle. Cette étude souhaite approfondir les connaissances dans le domaine des études sur le rôle de l’Eglise dans l’Amérique hispanique au XVIe siècle. Cette thèse sera également un apport plus général dans les études sur l’Amérique coloniale, la littérature scientifique autour du Paraguay de la conquête s’avérant presque inexistante. Cette thèse de doctorat tient à explorer plusieurs hypothèses de travail. Tout d’abord, quelles soient franciscaines ou jésuites, les missions s’appuient sur une première expérience : celle de la conquête entre 1537 et 1580. L’action des membres du clergé séculier sur place, qui peuvent être considérés comme des électrons libres, a certainement pu préparer le terrain avant l’arrivée des Jésuites. Asunción qui devient en 1541 à la fois une ville et une capitale provinciale n’abrite pas uniquement des clercs séculiers mais également des réguliers. Cette mixité cléricale apparaît dans la documentation et favorise une perception multiple de la réalité coloniale du Paraguay de la conquête. Le clergé est également envisagé dans son rapport avec la société civile ainsi qu'avec les communautés indigènes. Ainsi, à travers le prisme de l’étude d’un corpus de documents inédits transcrits par nos soins rédigés par des ecclésiastiques, cette étude analyse le rôle et l’influence des membres de l’Eglise dans la première phase de conquête du territoire dirigé depuis Asunción. / This thesis deals with a new problematic : the settlement of the clergy in a marginal society of conquest in America, the Paraguay of the 16th century. This study likes to increase knowledge about the Church's role in Colonial America, few books have been written about the subject. This dissertation will explore several hypothesis. First, Franciscans or Jesuits, the missions lean on a first experience : the conquest of the territory between 1537 and 1580. The action of the members of the clergy, who could have a certain liberty, must have prepared the arrival of the Jesuits. Asunción, which became in 1541 a city and the capital of the region houses also regular clerks. This clerical mix appears clearly in the documents and enables multiple visions of the colonial reality in the 16th century. The clergy is also analysed through its relationship with civil society and indigenous people. Through the study of a corpus of unpublished documents transcribed by us, we analyze the role and the influence of the Church in the first conquest phase of the territory managed from Asunción.

The Spanish colonisation of the Philippines in 1565 opened up trade between China, Latin America and Europe via the Pacific crossing, changing the history of global trade forever. The traditional understanding of the early colonial period in the Philippines suggests that colonial control spread rapidly and peacefully across the islands, ushering in dramatic changes to the social, political and economic environment of the archipelago. This dissertation argues by contrast that the extent of Spanish control has been overstated - partially as a by-product of an over-reliance on religious and secular chronicles that sought to magnify the role and interests of the colonial state. Through extensive archival work examining different sites of colonial authority and power, I demonstrate that Philippine communities contested and limited the nature of colonisation in their archipelago. In making this argument, I challenge prevalent assumptions of indigenous passivity in the face of imperial expansion. By demonstrating the agency of Southeast Asians, particular actors come to the fore in each of the chapters: Chinese labourers, indigenous elites, fugitives and apostates, unpacified mountain communities, native priestesses and Moro slave raiders. The culture and social organisation of these Southeast Asian communities impacted on the nature of Spanish imperialism and the capacity for the Spanish to retain and extend their control. Throughout the seventeenth century, the Spanish presence within the archipelago was always tenuous. A number of communities remained outside of Spanish control for the duration of the century, while still others oscillated between integration and rebellion, by turns participating in and resisting the consolidation of empire. These communities continued to maintain their local and regional economies and customs. Thus, by the end of the seventeenth century, imperial control remained fragmented, partial and incomplete. The dissertation contributes not only to the historiography of the Philippines - which remains under-explored - but also to the historiographies of Colonial Latin America, Southeast Asia and early modern empires. Conceptualising the Philippines as a frontier space helps to overturn the foundations of the myth of a completed conquest. This dissertation thus raises questions about the inevitability of empire by arguing that indigenous communities were active respondents to Spanish colonisation attempts and that indigenous traditions and culture in this region were both resilient and enduring in the face of colonial oppression.

[pt] Declarado oficialmente como país multilíngüe e multicultural, o Brasil conforma em seu território diversas situaçoes de multilingüismo. Dentre as quais se inserem os contextos de fronteira, regiões que, na medida em que colocam frente a frente povos com línguas e culturas diferentes, são, por excelência, propícias para a eclosão do bilingüismo societal. Neste trabalho elaboramos um quadro sociolingüístico da fronteira franco-brasileira ( Oiapoque e Saint Georges ) tomando como base o contato entre povos de línguas distintas e o resultado desse contato na vida cotidiana dos habitantes de um lado e de outro da fronteira, correlacionamos as duas realidades e discutimos questões relativas as políticas lingüísticas presentes ou ausentes naquela região. / [en] Officially declared as a multilingual and multicultural country, Brazil has diverse multi-lingual situations in its territory. Within these we must add the context of the frontier, with regions that in the way they put people face to face with linguistic and cultural differences, are ripe for the exploitation of bilingual societies. In this work we will elaborate on a sociolinguistic portrait of the Franco- Brazilian frontier (Oiapoque and Saint Georges), taking as a base the contact between people with distinct languages and the result of this contact in the daily life of the inhabitants of one side or the other of the frontier, correlating the two realities and discussing questions relative to the linguistic politics present or absent in that region. / [fr] Le Brésil est officiellement un pays multilingue et multiculturel dont plusieurs situations de multilinguisme se présentent dans son territoire et parmi lesquelles se trouvent les situations frontalières. Des régions qu au fur et à mesure que mettent face à face des peuples de langues et cultures différentes, sont, par excellence, propre à l éclosion du multilinguisme. Dans ce travail on élabore un portrait sociolinguistique de la frontière franco- brésilienne (Oiapoque et Saint Georges de l Oyapock) prenant comme base le contact entre deux peuples de langues distinctes et les résultats de ce contact dans la vie quotidienne des habitants de l un et de l autre côté de la frontière, mettant en rapport également les deus réalités et mettant en évidence quelques questions relatives aux politiques linguistiques présentes ou absentes dans la région.

The past decades have seen the state of the art in aerospace system design progress from a scope of simple optimization to one including robustness, with the objective of permitting a single system to perform well even in off-nominal future environments. Integrating flexibility, or the capability to easily modify a system after it has been fielded in response to changing environments, into system design represents a further step forward. One challenge in accomplishing this rests in that the decision-maker must consider not only the present system design decision, but also sequential future design and operation decisions. Despite extensive interest in the topic, the state of the art in designing flexibility into aerospace systems, and particularly space systems, tends to be limited to analyses that are qualitative, deterministic, single-objective, and/or limited to consider a single future time period. To address these gaps, this thesis develops a stochastic, multi-objective, and multi-period framework for integrating flexibility into space system design decisions. Central to the framework are five steps. First, system configuration options are identified and costs of switching from one configuration to another are compiled into a cost transition matrix. Second, probabilities that demand on the system will transition from one mission to another are compiled into a mission demand Markov chain. Third, one performance matrix for each design objective is populated to describe how well the identified system configurations perform in each of the identified mission demand environments. The fourth step employs multi-period decision analysis techniques, including Markov decision processes (MDPs) from the field of operations research, to find efficient paths and policies a decision-maker may follow. The final step examines the implications of these paths and policies for the primary goal of informing initial system selection. Overall, this thesis unifies state-centric concepts of flexibility from economics and engineering literature with sequential decision-making techniques from operations research. The end objective of this thesis' framework and its supporting analytic and computational tools is to enable selection of the next-generation space systems today, tailored to decision-maker budget and performance preferences, that will be best able to adapt and perform in a future of changing environments and requirements. Following extensive theoretical development, the framework and its steps are applied to space system planning problems of (1) DARPA-motivated multiple- or distributed-payload satellite selection and (2) NASA human space exploration architecture selection.

O Brasil tem sido desafiado a enfrentar questões estratégicas e complexas nas atividades de ciência, tecnologia e inovação que demandam a formação de redes de pesquisa e Pós-graduação orientadas à redução das disparidades acadêmicas regionais. Conforme proposto na 4ª Conferência Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação de 2010, há necessidade de desenvolver metodologias adequadas à avaliação de redes de pesquisa e Pós-graduação como a forma mais avançada de produção do conhecimento e formação de pessoal qualificado, sobretudo para desenvolver Programas de Pós-graduação nas áreas estratégicas e nas tecnologias portadoras de futuro. Nesta dissertação, são apresentados resultados e estatística descritiva da consulta endereçada aos coordenadores de projetos para avaliar o progresso do Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica - Novas Fronteiras (2007). A metodologia foi de natureza qualitativa, por meio de questões abertas propostas na consulta, comparando com os pareceres da Comissão Julgadora que julgou a renovação dos projetos. Foram também mapeadas as Instituições com potencial para liderar a formação de redes de pesquisa em áreas estratégicas e tecnologias portadoras de futuro, conforme indicadas no Livro Azul da 4ª CNCTI, mediante verificação de ocorrências no Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (DGP/CNPq) e de cursos recomendados pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), com conceitos iguais ou superiores a cinco, com potencial para liderar redes cooperativas mais amplas. Teve finalidade exploratória para avaliar os resultados parciais do Procad NF Edição 2007 e investigar sobre o potencial de formação de redes de pesquisa e Pós-graduação. Ainda não foi possível avaliar os impactos desta edição do Programa, porque sua implantação é muito recente e não houve tempo suficiente para maturação dos projetos. A fundamentação teórica que serviu de base para a avaliação foi encontrada na produção científica mais recente relacionada às redes de cooperação acadêmica e nos documentos disponíveis na Capes. / Brazil has been challenged to face strategic and complex issues concerning science, technology and innovation which demand the constitution of research and graduate programs networks in order to reduce regional academic inequalities. According to the Fourth National Conference of Science Technology and Innovation (2010) there is a need to develop adequate methodologies to assess research networks to improve the scientific production and formation of qualified researchers specially for strategic fields of knowledge and advanced technologies. In this dissertation the results of an inquiry for project coordinators are presented with the purpose to assess the progress of the National Program of Academic Cooperation - New Frontiers, Edition 2007, because it is not yet possible to assess its impacts considering the short time of its implementation. The results and descriptive statistics of a consult addressed to project coordinators are presented for progress assessment of the National Program of Academic Cooperation - New Frontiers (2007). The methodology for assessment was of qualitative nature, including comparison with de assessments by the Committee of Specialists which recommended the renewal of projects. Institutions were mapped with potential for constitution of cooperative networks with focus on strategic areas and advanced technologies as indicated by the Blue Book from the 4th CNCTI through searches in the Directory of Research Groups (DGP) of National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) matched with the graduate programs recommended by Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (Capes) with grades equal or greater than five with network leadership potential. It was also exploratory on its goals to investigate the potential of formation of research and graduate programs networks. The theoretical basis of the present research was of academic cooperation networks.

O Brasil tem sido desafiado a enfrentar questões estratégicas e complexas nas atividades de ciência, tecnologia e inovação que demandam a formação de redes de pesquisa e Pós-graduação orientadas à redução das disparidades acadêmicas regionais. Conforme proposto na 4ª Conferência Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação de 2010, há necessidade de desenvolver metodologias adequadas à avaliação de redes de pesquisa e Pós-graduação como a forma mais avançada de produção do conhecimento e formação de pessoal qualificado, sobretudo para desenvolver Programas de Pós-graduação nas áreas estratégicas e nas tecnologias portadoras de futuro. Nesta dissertação, são apresentados resultados e estatística descritiva da consulta endereçada aos coordenadores de projetos para avaliar o progresso do Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica - Novas Fronteiras (2007). A metodologia foi de natureza qualitativa, por meio de questões abertas propostas na consulta, comparando com os pareceres da Comissão Julgadora que julgou a renovação dos projetos. Foram também mapeadas as Instituições com potencial para liderar a formação de redes de pesquisa em áreas estratégicas e tecnologias portadoras de futuro, conforme indicadas no Livro Azul da 4ª CNCTI, mediante verificação de ocorrências no Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (DGP/CNPq) e de cursos recomendados pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), com conceitos iguais ou superiores a cinco, com potencial para liderar redes cooperativas mais amplas. Teve finalidade exploratória para avaliar os resultados parciais do Procad NF Edição 2007 e investigar sobre o potencial de formação de redes de pesquisa e Pós-graduação. Ainda não foi possível avaliar os impactos desta edição do Programa, porque sua implantação é muito recente e não houve tempo suficiente para maturação dos projetos. A fundamentação teórica que serviu de base para a avaliação foi encontrada na produção científica mais recente relacionada às redes de cooperação acadêmica e nos documentos disponíveis na Capes. / Brazil has been challenged to face strategic and complex issues concerning science, technology and innovation which demand the constitution of research and graduate programs networks in order to reduce regional academic inequalities. According to the Fourth National Conference of Science Technology and Innovation (2010) there is a need to develop adequate methodologies to assess research networks to improve the scientific production and formation of qualified researchers specially for strategic fields of knowledge and advanced technologies. In this dissertation the results of an inquiry for project coordinators are presented with the purpose to assess the progress of the National Program of Academic Cooperation - New Frontiers, Edition 2007, because it is not yet possible to assess its impacts considering the short time of its implementation. The results and descriptive statistics of a consult addressed to project coordinators are presented for progress assessment of the National Program of Academic Cooperation - New Frontiers (2007). The methodology for assessment was of qualitative nature, including comparison with de assessments by the Committee of Specialists which recommended the renewal of projects. Institutions were mapped with potential for constitution of cooperative networks with focus on strategic areas and advanced technologies as indicated by the Blue Book from the 4th CNCTI through searches in the Directory of Research Groups (DGP) of National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) matched with the graduate programs recommended by Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (Capes) with grades equal or greater than five with network leadership potential. It was also exploratory on its goals to investigate the potential of formation of research and graduate programs networks. The theoretical basis of the present research was of academic cooperation networks.

O Brasil tem sido desafiado a enfrentar questões estratégicas e complexas nas atividades de ciência, tecnologia e inovação que demandam a formação de redes de pesquisa e Pós-graduação orientadas à redução das disparidades acadêmicas regionais. Conforme proposto na 4ª Conferência Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação de 2010, há necessidade de desenvolver metodologias adequadas à avaliação de redes de pesquisa e Pós-graduação como a forma mais avançada de produção do conhecimento e formação de pessoal qualificado, sobretudo para desenvolver Programas de Pós-graduação nas áreas estratégicas e nas tecnologias portadoras de futuro. Nesta dissertação, são apresentados resultados e estatística descritiva da consulta endereçada aos coordenadores de projetos para avaliar o progresso do Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica - Novas Fronteiras (2007). A metodologia foi de natureza qualitativa, por meio de questões abertas propostas na consulta, comparando com os pareceres da Comissão Julgadora que julgou a renovação dos projetos. Foram também mapeadas as Instituições com potencial para liderar a formação de redes de pesquisa em áreas estratégicas e tecnologias portadoras de futuro, conforme indicadas no Livro Azul da 4ª CNCTI, mediante verificação de ocorrências no Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (DGP/CNPq) e de cursos recomendados pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), com conceitos iguais ou superiores a cinco, com potencial para liderar redes cooperativas mais amplas. Teve finalidade exploratória para avaliar os resultados parciais do Procad NF Edição 2007 e investigar sobre o potencial de formação de redes de pesquisa e Pós-graduação. Ainda não foi possível avaliar os impactos desta edição do Programa, porque sua implantação é muito recente e não houve tempo suficiente para maturação dos projetos. A fundamentação teórica que serviu de base para a avaliação foi encontrada na produção científica mais recente relacionada às redes de cooperação acadêmica e nos documentos disponíveis na Capes. / Brazil has been challenged to face strategic and complex issues concerning science, technology and innovation which demand the constitution of research and graduate programs networks in order to reduce regional academic inequalities. According to the Fourth National Conference of Science Technology and Innovation (2010) there is a need to develop adequate methodologies to assess research networks to improve the scientific production and formation of qualified researchers specially for strategic fields of knowledge and advanced technologies. In this dissertation the results of an inquiry for project coordinators are presented with the purpose to assess the progress of the National Program of Academic Cooperation - New Frontiers, Edition 2007, because it is not yet possible to assess its impacts considering the short time of its implementation. The results and descriptive statistics of a consult addressed to project coordinators are presented for progress assessment of the National Program of Academic Cooperation - New Frontiers (2007). The methodology for assessment was of qualitative nature, including comparison with de assessments by the Committee of Specialists which recommended the renewal of projects. Institutions were mapped with potential for constitution of cooperative networks with focus on strategic areas and advanced technologies as indicated by the Blue Book from the 4th CNCTI through searches in the Directory of Research Groups (DGP) of National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) matched with the graduate programs recommended by Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (Capes) with grades equal or greater than five with network leadership potential. It was also exploratory on its goals to investigate the potential of formation of research and graduate programs networks. The theoretical basis of the present research was of academic cooperation networks.

Esta tese discute as duas novas regiões brasileiras de fronteira agrícola, Balsas no Maranhão e Barreiras na Bahia, onde se produz soja. A discussão se dá entorno da cultura da soja, agindo como vetor da formação sócio-espacial de novas regiões de produção agrícola. As particularidades desta tese e o novo, estão no fato que a formação dessas duas regiões ocorre no período técnico-científico e informacional, inserindo-as no processo de globalização de forma competitiva. As duas regiões são competitivas, do ponto de vista da produção agrícola, pois tem tido a possibilidade de manter e aumentar sua produção de soja, tanto domesticamente quanto internacionalmente, melhorando cada vez mais sua performance técnica e econômica. Essas hipóteses são provadas, além de se propor um sistema de comparação de competitividade inter-regional, baseado em critérios definidos, que possibilta graduar qual região é mais competitiva que a outra. / This thesis discusses two new Brazilian agricultural frontiers. These frontiers, where soy-bean is produced are: Balsas in Maranhão and Barreiras in Bahia. The discussion takes place around the soy-bean crop, that acts as a vector of the socio-spatial formation of new crop producing regions. The particularities of this thesis and the novelty relay on the fact that the formation of these two regions occurs in the technical-scientific period. These regions are inserted in the globalization process in a competitive way. Both regions are competitive from the point of view of the crop production, as they have had the possibility to keep up with the production and even enhance it. The markets in which the product are sold are domestic and international, with a growing performance in the technical and economical fields. These hypothesis are proved and besides that it is proposed a comparative inter-regional competitiveness system based on defined criteria, which permits define which region is more competitive.