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Os objetivos principais da presente pesquisa são apresentar o romance futurista Il Codice di Perelà, de Aldo Palazzeschi, fazer o cotejo entre os originais da primeira (1911) e da última (1958) edições desta obra, para garantir um ponto de vista privilegiado sobre o romance e sua evolução ao longo do tempo, e propor, em anexo, a versão brasileira do romance publicado em 1911: O Código de Perelá. Palazzeschi é um autor que sempre apresenta novidades, não raro subvertendo a matéria da tendência poética e literária ou do movimento do qual se aproxima, o que conduz a novas formas. Com isso, tornam-se evidentes a independência e as características peculiares do autor, se comparado aos seus contemporâneos. A narrativa do Il Codice di Perelà é realizada predominantemente por meio de breves diálogos conduzidos por várias vozes, com ritmos rápidos e dissonantes, conferindo à obra um caráter teatral. Por outro lado, o protagonista, precisamente por ser bastante diferente do gênero humano, apenas com sua presença imprime ao texto um tom fabular, além de fazer com que a história adquira características épicas. Ademais, a supremacia da síntese, do dinamismo, da compenetração e da velocidade, expressos com palavras essenciais e em liberdade, o uso de onomatopeias, de concisão, de justaposição de estilos, todos esses elementos heterogêneos que ainda assim resultam em um texto harmonioso ao conferir originalidade à estrutura do romance, também o ligam aos valores mais caros ao Futurismo, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao Manifesto técnico da literatura futurista. Por fim, o estudo mostra, também, como este romance coloca em prática, ao longo de sua narrativa, os preceitos do Manifesto palazzeschiano Il controdolore. / The main objectives of this research are to present Aldo Palazzeschis futuristic novel Il Codice di Perelà, make the comparison between the first (1911) and last (1958) original editions of this work to ensure a privileged point of view over the romance and its evolution over time and proposes, attached, the Brazilian version of the novel: O Código de Perelá. Palazzeschi is an author that he always presents news, often subverting the subject of poect and literary trend or of movement to which he approaches, leading to new forms. Hence the independence and the peculiar characteristics of the author become apparent if compared to his contemporaries. The Il Codice di Perelà narrative is accomplished mainly through short dialogues from various voices, with fast and dissonant rhythms, granting the work a theatrical tone. In the other hand, the protagonist, precisely because of his difference among mankind, just his presence adds to the book a fable tone, besides making the story to acquire epic characteristics. Furthermore, the synthesis supremacy, the dynamism, the interpenetration and speed, expressed with essential words and freely, the use of onomatopoeia, the brevity, the juxtaposition of styles, all these heterogeneous elements - which still result in a matching text - imprint originality to the novel structure, also bind it with the most important Futurism values, especially with regard to the technical Manifesto of Futurist literature. Finally, the study also shows how this novel puts into practice throughout its narrative, the precepts of the Manifesto palazzeschiano, Il Controdolore.

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In the course of this thesis, decisive problematizations, in the Foucauldian sense, around Viktor Šklovskij’s early Russian Formalism shall be the object of re-problematizations. More precisely, a careful look will be taken at re-problematizations around theoretical aspects regarding Šklovskij’s paradigmatic reductionist model, primarily as it is introduced in his article Art as device (1917), described most notably by Aage Hansen-Löve and Wolf Schmid in Der Russische Formalismus (1978) and Slavische Erzähltheorie (2010), Elemente der Narratologie (2014) as well as Grundthemen der Literaturwissenschaft: Erzählen (2018) respectively. The thesis will distinguish four main problematizations divided into two parts, taking the Marxist-Leninist debate on Formalism stirred by People’s Commissar Trotsky and the Nietzschean Dionysian-Apollonian dichotomy characteristic of Russian Modernism as its starting points, encompassing the problematizations as a whole. The initial part of the thesis will address re-problematizations around Šklovskij’s formalist polemics with and misinterpretation of Alexandr Potebnja’s Humboldtian theories, as they appear chiefly in the monograph Thought and Language (1862), in order to illustrate how Šklovskij’s frames a continuum with Potebnja descending from the teachings of Wilhelm von Humboldt. The re-problematizations shall be underpinned by Victor Erlich in Russian Formalism. History – Doctrine (1980), Jacqueline Fontaine in La « innere Form » : de Potebnja aux formalistes (2006) and Serge Tchougounnikov in The formal method in Germany and Russia: the beginnings of European psycholinguistics (2018). The second part of the thesis will foreground the (French) (post)structuralist discourse which, according to this thesis, shapes the formation of problematizations around Šklovskij’s immanent reductionism against the backdrop of Boris Tomaševskij’s interpretation of Formalism in Teorija literatury. Poetika (1925) and also the ideological exchange of the 1920s, assuming this backdrop as part of a definitive understanding and materialist critique of Šklovskij’s reductionist terminology, the homogeneity of its outcome, and what Wolf Schmid calls its anti-substantialism particularly in regards to the binary concept fabula and sjužet. The re-problematizations evolve around what is taken as a materialist solution to these problematizations, which annulls the Aristotelian significance of sjužet as energeia by replacing it with ergon. The discussion will take its point of departure in Göran Sonesson’s article Semiotics of art, life, and thought: Three scenarios for (post)modernity (2011) and search the basis for Sonesson’s argument in Roland Barthes’ article Ecrivains et écrivants (1960). By highlighting Šklovskij’s early Formalism as a mode of experiencing Art on its own terms, this thesis aims to revive its aesthetic principle and the question whether it can enlighten modern literary science.

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Thèse en cotutelle / Le genre du manifeste prend son essor dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, notamment dans le contexte des avant-gardes historiques en réaction aux nombreux bouleversements sociopolitiques et esthétiques à l’aube des deux guerres mondiales. Alors que les signataires des manifestes dits « fondateurs » des mouvements futuriste, dadaïste et surréaliste se sont vu arroger le titre de « chef de file » dans la foulée de leur publication, la faible participation des femmes dans leur élaboration est remarquable, se limitant tout au plus à une co-signature (comme dans le cas de Sophie Taeuber et du manifeste Dada-Zurich). Or, nombreuses sont les autrices et les artistes à avoir investi ce genre mêlant création et théorie dans une volonté de négocier avec la pensée dominante d’un mouvement avant-gardiste donné et – cela va sans dire – avec les conventions littéraires et esthétiques institutionnalisées. Observer leurs productions dans une approche à la fois féministe et rhétorique montre que les femmes signataires investissent singulièrement cette écriture marquée par la provocation et la violence verbale. Elles forcent ainsi la redéfinition des trois principes fondateurs du geste manifestaire : l’opposition, l’imposition et le regroupement. En résultent des programmes polémiques en réaction explicite aux manifestes officiels ainsi qu’à d’autres consacrés à la défense et à l’illustration d’une pensée artistique qui se veut plus indépendante des textes signés par des hommes. En se mettant elles-mêmes en scène, les créatrices incarnent des positions de dissociation par rapport à certaines idées, valeurs ou pratiques scripturaires et artistiques défendues plus largement dans l’un ou l’autre des mouvements. Dès lors, le manifeste devient le lieu d’une réelle performance de soi rendant possible l’appropriation par les femmes de ce genre historiquement investi par les hommes pour l’adapter à un discours qui s’inscrit dans une marginalité complète. / The genre of the manifesto is linked to the cultural history of the first half of the 20th century with the historical avant-gardes, in reaction to the numerous socio-political and aesthetic upheavals at the dawn of the two world wars. While the signatories of the so-called « founding » manifestos of the Futurist, Dada and Surrealist movements were given the title of « chef de file » in the wake of their publication, the low level of participation by women in their elaboration is remarkable, limited at most to a co-signature (such as Sophie Taeuber with the Dada-Zurich manifesto). Yet many female authors and artists have taken up this genre, which combines creation and theory, in a desire to negotiate with the dominant thought of a given avant-garde movement and – it goes without saying – with institutionalized literary and aesthetic conventions. Observing their productions from both a feminist and a rhetorical perspective shows that the women signatories are singularly invested in this form of writing marked by provocation and verbal violence. In doing so, they force a redefinition of the three founding principles of the manifesto gesture: opposition, coercion and grouping. The result is polemical programs in explicit reaction to official manifestos, as well as others devoted to the defense and illustration of an artistic thought more independent of texts signed by men. By putting themselves on stage, women creators embody positions of dissociation from certain ideas, values or scriptural and artistic practices defended more broadly in one or other of the movements. From then on, the manifesto becomes the site of a real self-performance, making it possible for women to appropriate a genre historically invested by men and adapt it to a discourse that is completely marginal.

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