This paper presents an interpretation of an archaeological problem where Viking age treasure hoards on Gotland are discussed in relation to the provision of the morning gift in the medieval Guta law. There are around 700 treasure hoards found on Gotland and many of them contains what can be interpreted as female coded jewelry. In this essay Gender theory and the theory of performativity is used as a method to analyze treasure hoards with female coded jewelry and its purpose is to investigate jewelry in relation to gender. This study will take a closer look on eleven treasure hoards which have been selected based on jewelry identified as typically female. This might indicate that women were the ones who deposited their jewelry in the ground. The Guta law narrates women's political and social situation in the medieval society and it is possible that it can tell us about some social practices in the Viking society. This law is a great source to recount women’s rights and obligations when it comes to marriage and heritage. The law contains a provision about hogsl oc iþ which is interpreted to be the morning gift. The morning gift intended that a husband was to give his new wife a gift in relation to their marriage. The law stated that a woman had the right to her morning gift which could suggest that women could control this property and have ownership over it. This study investigates what the mentioned medieval law dictated in regard to what a morning gift should constitute of and if this have any connection to what can be found in Viking age treasure hoards. This study is performed by analyzing treasure hoards with jewelry identified as typically female, as well as analyzing the Guta Law which allow one interpretation of why there are so many deposited treasures on Gotland. The interpretation which is presented in this study is that women had ownership of their morning gift and they could have deposited it in the ground to protect themselves and their property.

Archaeologists have employed a method to determine individuals’ sex through objects in grave contexts, this method is called archaeological sex determination. However, this method has proven to be misleading in interpretations in correlation with the concepts of gender and sex. This will be highlighted through a comparative study of two case studies: “Birkakrigaren” and “Barumskvinnan”. The concept of gender has grown stronger in the public debate concerning the difference between gender and sex, which has contributed to the concept’s amplification in the archaeological discipline, specifically gender theory. Gender theory will be used to explain and clarify the problems of archaeological sex determination, in addition how it could be used for criticism of a current case study, which is “Birkakrigaren” and why the criticism differed between two case studies: “Birkakrigaren” and “Barumskvinnan”. In order to reach the desired results, different articles and books will be examined, simultaneously with articles and blogs on the subject of the criticism.

Dans ce mémoire nous analysons deux oeuvres littéraires : Mes mauvaises pensées de Nina Bouraoui et Le Parfum des fleurs la nuit de Leïla Slimani. Le but de l’analyse est de savoir comment une double culture franco-maghrébine peut être vécue par des femmes nées dans des familles de mariages mixtes. Ce mémoire analyse ces oeuvres à partir des théories sur les genres littéraires, roman beur et autobiographie, et les lit à travers une perspective genrée pour voir comment nos écrivaines se situent dans les sociétés. Nous avons jugé intéressant de faire la comparaison avec le roman beur, qui évoque les problèmes d’intégration des beurs en France, alors que ces écrivaines ne sont pas des Beurettes puisqu’elles ont vécu au Maghreb et en France et elles traitent des problèmes rencontrés dans les deux endroits. En plus elles ont pu maitriser parfaitement les codes dans les sociétés grâce à leurs parents et il ne devrait pas y avoir de difficultés d’intégration alors qu’elles décrivent leurs rapports avec les deux cultures comme problématiques puisqu’elles se sentent toujours comme des étrangères partout. Le but principal n’est donc pas d’inscrire les récits étudiés ici dans un genre littéraire mais de montrer que beaucoup de problèmes d’intégration sont valables dans les deux cultures et les femmes ont encore plus de problèmes pour se faire respecter si elles ne respectent pas les traditions. Nous pouvons dire que ces écrivaines mettent au défi le roman beur comme elles ne montrent pas uniquement les problèmes d’intégration des Maghrébins en France mais aussi les problèmes pour se faire accepter parmi les Maghrébins pour ceux qui ne vivent pas conformément aux coutumes. Les problèmes liés à la binarité de sexes ont un rôle central. Bouraoui et Slimani donnent dans ces oeuvres la parole aux plus opprimés dans la culture maghrébine, les femmes, les homosexuels et les personnes qui ne suivent pas les traditions en même temps qu’elles traitent les problèmes d’intégration en France. Notre conclusion est que le bagage historique et la culture mixte ont influencé leur choix de métier. Le fait de prendre la parole et d’écrire des oeuvres introspectives les a aidées dans leurs propres analyses de soi. Ces analyses avec les descriptions des milieux aident aussi le lecteur à comprendre la situation dans les sociétés et les messages des écrivaines. / In this paper two literary works are analysed: Mes mauvaises pensées by Nina Bouraoui and Le Parfum des fleurs la nuit by Leïla Slimani. The aim of the analysis is to understand how a dual French and North African culture could be experienced by women in families characterized by mixed marriages. The literary works are analysed from theories based on literary genres, “roman beur” and the notion of biography. The study is based on a gender perspective and I try to understand how the authors are experiencing the societies. Comparing with the “roman beur” is interesting, since they raise the integration issues for second generation North African immigrants in France, but the authors are not likely to be seen as second generation migrants from North Africa since they have been living in the Maghreb region and in France, they are telling stories from both places. In addition, they have perfectly mastered the codes of both societies thanks to their parents and should not experience integration issues but nevertheless they feel like strangers. The main objective is not to classify the literary genres but to create an understanding and raise the issues that both cultures are facing regarding the integration into society, focusing on how women have a hard time trying to be respected when not following traditions. The authors challenge the “roman beur” since they not only reproduce the integration problems of North African immigrants in France but also the problems of being accepted among the North African community for those who do not live according to traditions. Issues related to the binary gender roles in society play a central role. Bouraoui and Slimani give in these works voices to the most oppressed individuals in the North African culture: women, homosexuals and people who do not follow traditions at the same time as they are dealing with the integration problems in France. The conclusion is that the historical background and the mixed culture influence the choice of the authors’ profession. Speaking up and writing in an introspective way helped them in their own self-analysis. These analyses also help the reader to understand the situation in the societies and the messages of the writers.

The legislation should be gender neutral, and should not have a gender bias, but it does happen that the court takes decisions based on gender stereotypes and norms. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if there are any gender constructions in the Care of Young Persons Ac, to highlight these possible differences between how boys and girls get judged according to article 3 in the law and also on what grounds the girls and boys are taken into custody. The thesis is based on 28 judgements from the Administrative court of appeal in Sweden. The first question that is answered in the thesis is how girls and boys are represented or written about in the judgements regarding article 3 in the Care of Young Persons Act. The second question that is answered is on what grounds these children are taken into compulsory care and if these grounds differ on the basis of gender. Gender theory is the theoretical framework in this thesis and is applied on the judgements. The results in this thesis show that there are certain differences between how boys and girls are judged according to article 3 in the Care of Young Persons Act. The analysis of the 28 judgements show that the differences can be that girls are taken into compulsory care based on descriptions of their sexuality. Their mental illnesses and emotions are more highlighted in the judgements. The results found that there are more boys taken into compulsory care and they are more involved in criminality and have violent behaviour and a heavier drug addiction compared to the girls. The gender differences could mostly be seen in statements made by the social welfare board in the judgements and in some statements made by the Administrative court of appeal when they described the “vagabonding” lifestyle of the girls.

Tidigare forskning om våld i nära relation berör främst mäns våld mot kvinnor. Det finns en kunskapslucka om förekomsten av och kunskapen om mäns våldsutsatthet. Majoriteten av studier om våld mot män omfattas av kvantitativa studier. Den här studien syftar till att genom kvalitativa intervjuer, undersöka hur våldet mot män i heterosexuella relationer tar sig uttryck och hur mannens uppbrottsprocesser kan se ut, för att jämföra det med den kunskap som finns tillgänglig om kvinnors våldsutsatthet. Studien syftar även till att undersöka vilken hjälp och stöd som finns att tillgå. De teoretiska utgångspunkter som används innefattar teorier om våld, normaliseringsprocessen, uppbrottsprocessen, norm- och genusteorier. Urvalet innefattar fem våldsutsatta män som tidigare erfarit våld i heterosexuell relation. Studiens resultat tyder på att samtliga former av våld förekommer i de relationer där män utsätts för våld. Deras uppbrottsprocesser överensstämmer väl med teorier om kvinnors uppbrottsprocesser, vilket antyder att männen upplever samma svårigheter att lämna relationen. Ett utmärkande drag för våldsutsatta män kan kopplas till normer och förväntningar på könsroller, samt att det bidrar till ökade skam- och skuldkänslor. Mörkertalet av våldsutsatta män kan därmed förklaras genom att män inte söker hjälp och stöd på grund av skam, lågt förtroende för rättsväsendet eller okunskap om vart de kan vända sig. De konsekvenser som framkommer till följd av våldet överensstämmer väl med forskningen om kvinnor, där konsekvenserna tenderar att bli långvariga. Genom att normalisera mannen som våldsutövare försvåras möjligheten för våldsutsatta män att få rätt hjälp att hantera eller komma ur den destruktiva relationen. / Previous research on intimate partner violence mainly concerns mens violence against women. There is a knowledge gap about the occurrence and knowledge of mens experience violence, the majority of studies are quantitative studies. This study aims to, through qualitative interviews, examine how the violence against men in heterosexual relationships takes form and how the processes of breakup can be compared with the knowledge available about womens violence, and investigate the available support. The theoretical perspectives include theories of violence, the normalization- and breakup processes, norm- and gender theories. The sample includes five mens experience on intimate partner violence in heterosexual relationships. The results indicate that all forms of violence occur to men subjected to intimate partner violence. The processes of breakup resembles the theories of womens processes, which indicates that men experience the same difficulties in leaving the relationship. A distinctive characteristic of men who are victims of intimate partner violence can be linked to the norms and expectations of gender roles and that contributes to increased shame and guilt feelings. The number of men exposed to violence can thus be explained by the fact that men do not seek help and support because of shame, low confidence in the legal system or lack of knowledge about where they can turn to for help. The consequences that result from the abuse are similar to research on women, where the consequences tend to be prolonged. By normalizing the man as the perpetrator, makes it difficult to get the right help and leave the destructive relationship.

This study examines how the Swedish journalists Cissi Wallin and Fredrik Virtanen were framed and reported in the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet during their conflict during the #metoo movement. The actor Alyssa Milano used the words me too in a hashtag to put a light on her sexual assaulter, Harvey Weinstein, and encouraged other women on social media to do the same.  In Sweden Cissi Wallin was one of the first women to use the hashtag and tell her own story of how she was drugged and raped by Fredrik Virtanen in the year of 2006, who at the time was an employee at Aftonbladet. It was the start of a media scandal that would be continued for years after #metoo had its beginning. The ways that the media has been reporting about women in the manner of being a victim, has been shown in earlier studies being very gender stereotypical. The purpose of the study was to use Judith Butler's theory of gender and examine how Cissi Wallin and Fredrik Virtanen are framed based upon gender. By using Jesper Strömbäcks theory of news evaluation the study will look at how Aftonbladet has used both Wallin and Virtanen as opponent themes in their articles and in which ways they are framed. With the use of Adam Shehatas framing theory the study will also take a closer look at how Cissi Wallin and Fredrik Virtanen were framed in these articles. Both each individual and their relationship. The method used to examine the topic of the study was by a critical discourse theory which led to numerous themes showing that Aftonbladet used the power of being a big news source and also the employer of Virtanen to make Wallin the guilty one by the ways she was framed. Among other things the result showed how Aftonbladet used their position to neglect Wallins story by taking sides with Virtanen during the period of the conflict.

No description available.

Dagspressen har en samhällsfunktion som skapar intresse, förargelse, glädje eller avsmak för att lyckas med detta behöver varje journalist, redaktör och läsare bearbeta och fundera över den rapportering som görs. I denna undersökning har tjugo olika artiklar fördelat hälften var i dagstidningarna Svenska Dagbladet och Dagens Nyheter analyserats kring hur de har rapporterat, debatterat eller bara diskuterat våld i nära relation och hustrumisshandel under 1970-talet. Forskningsläget har indikerat att dagspressen har ansvar i vilka frågor och vad som skapar stora samhällsfrågor. Undersökningen har visat att pressen rapporterar om orsaker, konsekvenser och detaljerade scenarion kring våld i nära relation men också att den arbetar med stora frågor i debatterande och diskuterande former. Dagspressen har dessutom förändrat hur rapporteringen ser ut under den undersökta perioden, vad som blivit viktigt att förmedla och hur det har förmedlats. / The daily press has a social function that creates interest, anger, joy, or distaste. To succeed in this, every journalist, editor, and reader needs to process and think about the reporting that is done. In this survey, twenty different articles, divided equally between the daily newspapers Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter, have been analyzed. The analysis has focused on how the articles have reported, debated, or just discussed violence in intimate relationships and wife abuse during the 1970s. Previous research shows that the daily press has responsibility in critical issues in society. The survey has shown that the press reports on causes, consequences and detailed scenarios around violence in close relationships and that it works with major issues in debating and discussions as well. Over the investigated period, the daily press has also changed how the reporting presented, what is seen as important to convey and how.

Utifrån kritisk diskursanalys som metod och tillvägagångssätt har denna studie analyserat hur de rikstäckande nyhetstidningarna Aftonbladet, Expressen, Svenska Dagbladet och Dagens Nyheter porträtterar och beskriver kvinnan respektive mannen som gärningsperson med genusperspektivet som utgångspunkt. Studien har genomförts genom en jämförande analys av nyhetsartiklar utifrån två kända rättsfall, mordet i Arboga med Johanna Möller och Mohammad Rajabi samt styckmordet i Karlskrona med Anatoliy Pettersson och Leonard Höglind som gärningspersoner. För att analysera materialet användes Faircloughs tredimensionella modell för kritisk diskursanalys samt andra teorier som bedömdes som relevanta för sammanhanget och ändamålet där genusteori och feministisk teori är de mest framträdande. Studien visade att det mest centrala i fallet med Johanna Möller är att förklara hennes brottsliga beteende genom hennes barndom, familj och psykiska hälsa. Vidare ges Johanna Möller smeknamnet arbogakvinnan som senare används i media i stället för hennes riktiga namn. Bland annat har dokumentärer släppts om Johanna och hon har blivit till ett slags varumärke där ”arbogakvinnan” är aktuellt med nyhetsrapporteringar än idag. I artiklarna används ofta starkt laddade ord i beskrivningen av Johanna som resulterar i en framväxande identitet där ledorden är aggressivitet, manipulation och okänslighet. Centralt i nyhetsmedias beskrivning av Anatoliy Pettersson och Leonard Höglind är att objektivt förklara brottets planering och händelseförlopp. Det går att se en normalisering av brottet genom den neutrala ton som används i artiklarna. Det finns inga lockande rubriker och inget värdeladdat språk används i beskrivningen. Männen nämns sällan vid namn vilket gör att nyhetsmedias bild av männen hålls neutral, informativ och anonym. / Based on a critical discourse analysis as a theory and method, this study has analyzed how Swedish national newspaper, Aftonbladet, Expressen, Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter portray and describe women and men as perpetrators by a comparative analysis of two known legal cases based on a gender perspective. The cases are the murder in Arboga with Johanna Möller and Mohammad Rajabi as the perpetrators and the murder in Karlskrona with Anatoliy Pettersson and Leonard Höglind. To analyze the material, Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis was used, as well as other theories that were chosen to be relevant to the context and purpose, where gender theory and feminists’ theory are the most prominent. The study showed that the most central thing in the case of Johanna Möller is to explain her criminal behavior by searching for answers in her childhood, family, and mental health. Furthermore, Johanna Möller is given the nickname arbogakvinnan which is later used in media instead of her real name. Podcasts, documentaries, summertalks on Swedish radio station P1 and interviews are released connected to her. A kind of brand is created and the case of arbogakvinnan still occurs in the news today. The articles often use highly charged words in their description of Johanna Möller, which results in an identity emerging where the watchwords are aggressiveness, manipulation and insensivity. Central to the news media’s description of Anatoliy Pettersson and Leonard Höglind is to objectively explain the crimes planning and sequence of events. It is possible to see a normalization of the crime through the neutral tone of the articles as there are no attractive headlines, no strongly value-laden language, words, or statements by others doesn’t appear either. The men are rarely mentioned by their names, which results in news media’s image of the men is kept neutral, informative, and anonymous.

Cette thèse suggère que la figure du vampire est une représentation de la neutralité, et ce, à travers diverses perspectives telles que la neutralité du genre, la neutralité temporelle et la neutralité corporelle. Le vampire a d’abord été considéré comme une créature malsaine avant de devenir plus humanisée au fil du temps. Cependant, je maintiens que le vampire contemporain n’est ni « négatif » ou « positif », mais plutôt neutre, ce que mettent en lumière les concepts de performativité et de corporalité élaborés par Judith Butler. Le vampire, étant à la fois arrêté dans le temps et existant pour toujours, manifeste non seulement la neutralité sexuelle et celle du genre, mais la créature vampirique illustre également l’importance du neutre tant au niveau corporel (tel qu’élaboré par Judith Butler) qu’au niveau temporel (tel que défini par Frank Kermode). Le neutre sera défini à partir des théories de Claude Stéphane Perrin, Maurice Blanchot et Roland Barthes. Étant à la fois présent/absent et à l’intérieur/à l’extérieur de l’expérience humaine, le vampire n’est pas seulement neutre, mais il permet d’étudier les différents aspects inhérents à la neutralité, soient-ils liés à la performativité du genre et de la sexualité, à la corporalité ou à la temporalité. Les aspects théoriques développés dans cette thèse sont analysés à travers les romans vampiriques contemporains suivants : Let the Right One in de John Ajvide Lindqvist (2004), The Vampire Chronicles de Anne Rice, plus précisément The Vampire Lestat (1987) et Queen of the Damned (1989), et The Passage (2010) de Justin Cronin. Le texte de Lindqvist redéfinit, entres autres, la neutralité du phallus à travers la castration, faisant du personnage d’Eli un vampire neutre et genderqueer. De plus, les crocs des vampires permettront une redéfinition neutre du phallus. La prépuberté vampirique dans les romans de Cronin et de Lindqvist sera également pertinente puisqu’un corps arrêté dans le temps et qui demeurera toujours prépubère solidifie le statut neutre du vampire. Les romans de Rice permettront de redéfinir le tabou de l’inceste et, donc, de consolider la neutralité du vampire. Les espaces vampiriques neutres dans les romans de Rice et de Cronin seront également mis de l’avant, et ce, à travers une conceptualisation de la temporalité comme étant neutre. Concrètement, la figure littéraire du vampire tente de déconstruire les normes sociétales du genre, de la sexualité, de la corporalité et de la temporalité en faveur d’une ontologie fluide et libre qui mène au neutre. / The figure of the vampire is a representation of the concept of neutrality, shown through different perspectives ranging from gender neutrality, corporeal neutrality, and temporal neutrality. The vampire has been shown to go from a “negative” representation to a “positive” one over the centuries. My claim is that the contemporary vampire is neither “negative” nor “positive” but neutral. This neutrality will be analyzed through the lens of Judith Butler’s conceptualizations of gender performativity and of corporeality. The vampire, being both time-stopped and existing forever, not only manifests gender and sexual neutrality, but also neutral corporeality (as elaborated by Judith Butler) and neutral temporality (as defined by Frank Kermode). The concept of the neutral will be approached based on the works of Claude Stéphane Perrin, Maurice Blanchot, and Roland Barthes. By being both present/absent and inside/outside the human experience, the vampire manifests different aspects of neutrality, be it performing gender and sexuality, understanding corporeality, or experiencing temporality. The theoretical aspects of this dissertation are analyzed based on the following contemporary vampire-centric narratives: Let the Right One in (2004) by John Ajvide Lindqvist, The Vampire Chronicles by Anne Rice, more specifically The Vampire Lestat (1987) and Queen of the Damned (1989), and The Passage (2010) by Justin Cronin. Lindqvist’s novel redefines, among other things, the neutrality of the phallus through the act of castration, making the character of Eli a neutral and genderqueer vampire. Furthermore, vampire fangs will be of importance as they can be perceived as a manifestation of a neutral phallus. Vampiric prepubescence is also shown to espouse the neutral as it personifies a time-stopped body that will forever exist on the cusp of change. Rice’s novels will allow a resignification of the taboo of incest, further manifesting vampiric neutrality. The concept of vampiric neutral spaces will be tackled in both Rice’s and Cronin’s novels through a neutral conceptualization of temporality. In essence, the figure of the literary vampire attempts to deconstruct societal norms pertaining to gender, sexuality, corporeality, and temporality in favor of a free and fluid ontology which leads to the neutral.