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Kvinnor i IT-branschen, Könsteori, Kvinnor inom Informationsteknologi, Inkludering, Underrepresentation av kvinnor inom IT Sammanfattning (kopiera från uppsats) *: IT-branschen har traditionellt varit mansdominerad under lång tid överallt i världen och behöver fler anställda som är kvinnor. Även om samhället är medvetet om detta faktum är det mindre klart hur verksamheter ska arbeta för att få in och behålla kvinnor inom IT-branschen. För att möjliggöra att fler kvinnor vill ge sig in och stanna kvar inom branschen är det viktigt att förstå de utmaningar kvinnor möter inom branschen och vad som motiverar dem till att arbeta inom IT. Denna förstudie syftar till att undersöka vilka utmaningar kvinnor inom den svenska IT-branschen möter. Det finns forskning inom området kring vilka motgångar kvinnor inom IT-branschen möter men det har identifierats ett gap i den svenska kontexten: vad kvinnor i Sverige möter för motgångar inom IT-branschen. Förstudien syftar även till att genom dessa utmaningar ta reda på vad kvinnor motiveras av för att förstå hur fler kvinnor kan vilja ta sig in i branschen i Sverige. Förstudien är av kvalitativt slag där det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex stycken kvinnor från varierande verksamheter och har olika roller inom IT-branschen. Utöver den empiriska förstudien har även en litteraturstudie genomförts för att identifiera eventuella luckor eller motsägelser i tidigare forskning inom området. Resultatet visar att det är skillnader på vad män och kvinnor motiveras av inom IT-branschen. Fler män än kvinnor har valt branschen vilket i sin tur lett till underrepresentation av kvinnor och negativ inverkan på IT-innovationer. Resultatet visar på utmaningar som är djupt förankrade i stereotyper, samhällets förväntningar, den mansdominerade miljön och brist på förebilder. Trots de många utmaningarna som kvinnor möter finns det mycket som motiverar dem till att arbeta inom IT-branschen. Motivation som att utveckla tekniska färdigheter inom olika områden, flexibiliteten som ger möjligheten till att lägga upp sin arbetsvecka och distansarbete samt att branschen är så pass bred att det finns något för alla. Resultatet av den empiriska förstudien och litteraturstudien är förstudiens bidrag till vidare forskning som visar på vilka utmaningar kvinnor kan möta och den motivation de kan ha inom att vilja arbeta inom IT-branschen. Förstudien kan användas som utgångspunkt för vidare forskning inom området. För att möjliggöra att få in fler kvinnor och få kvinnor att stanna kvar inom IT-branschen har förstudiens resultat påvisat att företag och organisationer bör lägga större vikt på att inkludera fler perspektiv. Resultatet av förstudien visar att kvinnor som arbetar på en mer inkluderande arbetsplats där mångfald på arbetsplatsen är centralt trivs bättre än på en arbetsplats som är mansdominerad inom alla nivåer. / The IT industry has traditionally been male-dominated for a long time worldwide and needs more female employees. Although society is aware of this fact it is less clear how companies can attract more women and want them to stay in the IT industry. To increase the possibility of bringing more women into the field it is important to understand the challenges women face in the industry and what motivates them to work with IT. This preliminary study aims to investigate the challenges faced by women in the Swedish IT industry. While there is existing research in this area there is a gap in the Swedish context regarding the obstacles and motivations specific to women in Sweden within the IT industry. The preliminary study also aims to identify what motivates women and understand how more women will be inclined to enter the industry based on this. The preliminary study is of a qualitative nature where empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with six different women from various organizations and with different roles within the IT sector. In addition to the empirical preliminary study a literature review has been conducted to identify any gaps or contradictions in previous research in this area. The results show that there are differences in what motivates men and women in the IT industry. More men than women have chosen the industry which has led to female underrepresentation and a negative impact on IT innovations. The results highlight challenges which are deeply rooted in stereotypes, societal expectations, professional culture and lack of role models. Despite the many challenges women face there are many factors that motivate them to work in the IT industry. Motivations include developing technical skills in various areas, the flexibility that allows for planning your work, remote work and the broadness of the industry that offers something for everyone. The contribution of the preliminary study lies in identifying the challenges women can face and the motivation they may have in order to attract more women to the IT industry. To enable the inclusion and retention of more women in the IT industry, the preliminary study's results indicate that companies and organizations should place greater emphasis on including diverse perspectives. The preliminary study's findings have shown that women working in a more inclusive workplace where diversity is central at all levels thrive better than in a male-dominated workplace. The language of the essay will be Swedish.

In the early 1990s, a series of gruesome murders of young women in Ciudad Juárez, a city located in the U.S.-Mexico border, shook the political landscape of Mexico. A decade later, the strange and violent murders, known as the feminicides or feminicidios of Juárez, reached international infamy across hemispheres and continents. During this time, the city and the cases became the subjects of an extensive body of scholarship and of any imaginable artistic medium (narrative, poetry, theater, performance, music, and so on). Eventually, the complexity and overexposure of the cases and the sociopolitical conditions of Ciudad Juárez placed them at the center of a paradoxical debate: on one hand, the work of activists, feminists, and scholars of social sciences (like anthropologists and sociologists) studied the murders as a localized example of a larger phenomenon of mysoginistic violence; on the other, journalistic and media investigations of Juárez understood the murders as the products of specific agents (serial killers, murderers, drug cartels, amongst others) and the fractures within the Mexican Nation-State. And yet, despite the expansion and overlapping of these discourses, fictional representations of Juárez remained tangential to this intricate debate. Thus, this research explores the different ways in which writers, artists, and filmmakers deployed and negotiated existent perspectives on the feminicides within fictional environments. As a result of the vast amount of published work available on Ciudad Juárez, I narrowed the objects of my research through a transnational scope. The resulting sample of texts transverses borders (Mexico and the U.S.), continents (Latin America and Europe), genres (fiction and nonfiction), and mediums (literature and film). The first chapter explores the connections of Sergio González Rodríguez’s Huesos en el desierto and Roberto Bolaño’s 2666 through the theoretical framework of the possible worlds of fiction. The second chapter moves to issues of representation, gender, and race through the analysis of two novels written by Chicana scholars: Alicia Gaspar de Alba’s Desert Blood: The Juárez Murders and Stella Pope Duarte’s If I Die in Juárez. Finally, the third chapter focuses on film representations of Juárez and the feminicides in the form of Gregory Nava’s Bordertown and Carlos Carrera’s Backyard/El Traspatio. / text

Syftet med studien är att bilda kunskap om genuspedagogikens innehåll och arbetssätt med utgångspunkt tagen i genuspedagogernas erfarenhet. Målet är att kunna generera ny kunskap om hur jämställdhetsarbetet i gymnasieskolan ska kunna fungera och att elever i gymnasieskolan ska kunna bemötas på ett jämställt sätt, oberoende av kön. Bakgrunden till studien är det påtalade problemet att elever i ungdomsskolan inte bemöts likvärdigt. Studier visar ett deras kön påverkar hur lärare förhåller sig till dem och vilka betyg eleverna får. Studien undersöker hur genuspedagoger erfar att det genom ett genuspedagogiskt arbetssätt går att förändra de genusnormer och strukturer som lever i gymnasieskolan. Det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer med sex genuspedagoger som är verksamma i gymnasieskolan. Intervjuerna tolkas genom hermeneutisk metod för att nå en förståelse av hur genuspedagogerna upplever och an-vänder genuspedagogiken i sitt arbete i gymnasieskolan. Metoden är inter-vjuer gjorda genom digital teknik: @ography, som innebär intervjuer genomförda via e-post. Resultatet visar att genuspedagoger erfar att det är möjligt att föra in genuspedagogiska arbetssätt i gymnasieskolan, men att det kommer att ta tid då motståndet mot arbetssättet från både lärare, skolledningar och kommuner är stort. Det mest effektiva sättet att förändra arbetssättet på gymnasieskolan är att lärare handleds i arbetslag för att ändra attityder, förhållningssätt och invanda normer. / The aim with the study is to form knowledge about the content of gender pedagogy with starting point in the experiences of gender pedagogues. The objective is to generate new knowledge about how the equality work in the upper secondary school can function and that students in the upper secondary school can to be treated in a more equal way, independently of sexes. The background to the study is the attention of the problem that students are not treated equally. Studies show that the students sexes influences how teachers relate to them and it also influences what grades the students receive. The study examines how gender pedagogues experience a gender pedagogical approach to change norms and structures in the upper secondary school. The empirical materials are interviews with six gender pedagogues who are active in the upper secondary school. The interviews are interpreted through a hermeneutical method in order to reach an understanding of how gender pedagogues' experiences and uses gender pedagogy in their work in the upper secondary school. The method is in-terviews done through digital technology: @ography, which are interviews via e-mail. The result shows that gender pedagogues experiences that it is possible to pursue a gender pedagogical approach in the upper secondary school, but that it will take time when the resistance against the approach from teachers, school managements and municipalities are immense. The most effective way to change the approach on the upper secondary school is if teachers are supervised in teams in order to change attitudes and subconscious standards.

The thesis deals with the picture of woman in the Croatian prose and its transformations from realism to present times. The main aim of the thesis is to map out characteristics of the female subject primarily within discourses of feminist critique in the context of social aspects of the Croatian milieu. Thesis focuses on analysis of female characters that firstly embodies the social hierarchy, secondly represents the mythological concept of femininity and thirdly works towards confrontation of feminine identity with the patriachal phallogocentric discourse. It also focuses on the analysis of femininity, sensibility and sexuality. The main part of the thesis comprises the analyses of nine selected texts written by Croatian authors, namely Goldsmith's gold by August Šenoa, In the Registrar's Office by Antun Kovačić, Diary by Dragojla Jarnević, Melita by J. E. Tomić, The Last of the Stipančićs by Vjenceslav Novak, The Return of Philip Latinowicz by Miroslav Krleža, Marina; or, About Biography by Irena Vrkljan, Divine Hunger by Slavenka Drakulić and Ministry of Pain by Dubravka Ugrešić. The thesis shows the transformation of female characters by the influence of intellectual concepts and specific cultural situation in patriarchal society. Texts are chosen for typological diversity, which aims to cover...

Studien har som ambition att studera hur tjejer skapar femininitet och således tar plats på en ungdomsgård belägen i en multietnisk stadsdel i Stockholm. Studiens metod består av deltagande observation av en grupp på åtta tjejer som besökte ungdomsgården dagligen. Resultatet indelas i tre teman, Systerskap, Ungdomsgården är hemma och Femininitetskapande som beskriver tjejernas relationer till varandra, andra ungdomar på- och utanför ungdomsgården samt bostadsområdet, men även förhållandet till svenskhet. Resultatet analyserades med teorier rörande genus, etnicitet, postkolonial feminism och praktikgemenskap. Det framkom att tjejerna formade en gemenskap som de upprätthöll med outtalade regler rörande femininitet, etnicitet och sexualitet. Studiens slutsatser är att ungdomsgården framställdes som en betydelsefull plats då den utgjorde en fristad för tjejerna, där de försökte undkomma de olika regler som omfattade dem och deras liv.

Economic abuse does not always appear in the context of domestic abuse,there are other forms of abuse that are more mentioned in politics and inmedia, for example physical and psychological abuse. Previous researchshows that economic violence is often linked to psychological and physicalviolence and that it is mainly women who are overrepresented in terms ofvulnerability to violence. The consequences of economic violence have provento be many and big, in some terms even life-long for the women who havebeen exposed to the violence.The purpose of the study is to gain an increased understanding of socialworkers' experiences in working with women who have been exposed toeconomic violence by men they have a relationship with, as well as the socialand economic consequences the exposed women are left with. The theoriesused in the study are Yvonne Hirdman's theory of gender, as well as Goffman'stheory of stigmatization and social exclusion.Eight interviews of social workers have been conducted to get a picture ofwhat consequences women who are exposed to economic violence have andwhat obstacles and opportunities the social workers see in their work withwomen exposed to violence. The results show that men's economic violenceagainst women has major consequences for women's lives. The results alsoshow that social workers see both obstacles and opportunities in their work tohelp women exposed to economic violence.

The current paper is a study of the male characters Simon and Jace from Cassandra Clare's City of Bones (2010), and the characters Tamlin and Rhysand from Sarah J. Maas’ A Court of Thorns and Roses (2015). The main aim is to examine whether the characters in these fantasy novels for young adults have traits and functions that previously have been used to describe and portray female characters. The study discovered among other things that vulnerability and sensitivity could be found in all the characters, especially when danger was upon them or their loved ones. Simon was also the only character that was not portrayed with skills in combat, which was mocked by the other male characters but not by the female protagonist. The two male characters in A Court of Thorns and Roses were also portraited as sexual objects in the novel, and Rhysand was exposed to sexual abuse by the novel’s antagonist, which can be seen as stereotypical female trait. The male character’s function in the novels was to have a folie function to each other, and be a love interest, a confidant, and a choir to the female protagonist. The male characters in the novels were also the ones who needed to be rescued by the female characters, and thereby found themselves in a female position.