What has happened affects our lives as well as our actions; the past is inseparably connected to the present and to the future. Although this relation exists, it is not that simple to bring it up when teaching history. However, if that is never done, the subject might be considered irrelevant. This study aims therefore to research in what way history teachers create a relation between past, present and future in their teaching, and how they look upon this issue. To make these dimensions in time visible in an empiricist analysis, the theory starts from the concept of historical consciousness. Historical consciousness is a mental process within each person, where reflections of the past create an understanding of the contemporary, thus creating conceptions of the future. The empirics have been gathered through semi structural interviews with three teachers at upper secondary school, that all are interested in – as well as working with – historical consciousness. The tools of analysis are Klas-Göran Karlsson’s historical mental operation “historiska tankeoperation” and the critical narrative of Jörn Rüsen’s typology of historical narrations.   The result suggests four different strategies of teaching that can be utilized to create a relation between the three dimensions of time. (1) Future scenarios may be discussed from historical courses of events and lines of development. (2) History may be used to draw conclusions and to learn from. (3) Historical consciousness may be made visible through reflections of how our individual experiences affect our lives today, and how they affect our future actions. (4) Alternative interpretations and narratives about the past may be used to affect, or to change, the students’ conception of something today or/and in the future. / Det förflutna påverkar våra liv och våra handlingar, dåtiden står i en oupplöslig förbindelse med nutiden och framtid. Trots att denna relation existerar så är det inte så enkelt att belysa den i historieundervisning och om detta inte görs så riskerar historieämnet att uppfattas som irrelevant. Denna studie undersöker därmed hur historielärare ser på och skapar en relation mellan dåtid, nutid och framtid i historieundervisningen. För att få syn på dessa tidsdimensioner i en empirisk analys så utgår teorin ifrån begreppet historiemedvetande. Historiemedvetande är en mental process hos varje människa där reflektioner av det förflutna ger en förståelse för den egna samtiden och där igenom skapar uppfattningar om framtiden. Empirin har samlats utifrån semistrukturella intervjuer med tre gymnasielärare som är intresserade av och arbetar med historiemedvetande. Analysverktygen består av Klas-Göran Karlssons historiska tankeoperation och den kritiska berättelsen ifrån Jörn Rüsens berättelsetypologi.    Resultatet visar på fyra undervisningsstrategier som kan användas för att skapa en relation mellan de tre tidsdimensionerna. (1) Framtida scenarion kan diskuteras utifrån historiska skeende och utvecklingslinjer. (2) Historien kan användas för att dra slutsatser och lärdom av. (3) Historiemedvetande kan synliggöras genom reflektioner av hur våra individuella erfarenheter påverkar våra liv idag och våra framtida handlingar. (4) Alternativa tolkningar och berättelser om det förflutna kan användas för att påverka eller förändra elevernas uppfattning om någonting idag och/eller i framtiden.

This paper studied about the ´guarda-mor´ MANOEL FERNANDES PENNA, central role of this work, and his wife FRANCISCA LUIZA DE LIMA, who settled in the central region o Rio Grande do Sul state, between 1806 and 1808. Aspects of geographical, social, economical and political trajectory of the family were reconstructed based on their first generations. It was studied the scenery of this couple and the formation of clans generated by their offspring from the biographical and genealogical inventory of their descendants and spouses. This study is in the area of concentration: History and Cultural Estate, and research line: Documental Heritage. It was aimed the clear out the clans from the reconstitution of parental bonds and the biography data. Once the genealogical matrix was being done, the bibliographical information was being taken. It was used as sources articles, dissertations and books on the local and regional historiography, baptism, wedding and death parish books from of Viamão, Santo Amaro, Cachoeira, Santa Maria, São Martinho and Cruz Alta, parish books which had the registration of lands and post mortem inventories from Cachoeira, Santa Maria, São Martinho, Júlio de Castilhos, Santo Ângelo and Cruz Alta, internet material and by interviewing some key‟ people. It was noticed: a) a fast, embracing, long lasting and intelligent insertion of the family in local and regional societies and a considerable social and economical development; b) a large number of descendants left by the patriarch couple and; c) the insertion of clans in the local and regional society, considering their comprehensiveness, activities and participation in society. Later, will be published the inventory biographical and genealogical of the descendants of the patriarch and the spouses (principal product) and on the scenery of their trajectory as well as the formation of the derived clans. / Esta pesquisa tratou do estudo a respeito do Guarda-mor MANOEL FERNANDES PENNA, figura central do trabalho, e sua esposa FRANCISCA LUIZA DE LIMA, estabelecidos, na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul, entre 1806 e 1808. Reconstruíram-se aspectos das origens e trajetória geográfica, social, econômica, cultural e política da família, pesquisa centrada nas primeiras gerações. Estudou-se o cenário da trajetória do casal e família e a formação dos clãs derivados de sua prole, a partir do inventário biograficogenealógico da descendência e cônjuges. O estudo se insere na área de concentração: História e Patrimônio Cultural e linha de pesquisa: Patrimônio Documental. Buscou-se esclarecer a respeito dos clãs, a partir da reconstituição dos laços parentais e acréscimo de dados biográficos. À medida que se ia elaborando a matriz genealógica, obtinham-se as informações biográficas. Utilizou-se, como fontes, artigos, dissertações e livros da historiografia local e regional, livros de assentos de batismo, casamento e óbito de Viamão, Santo Amaro, Cachoeira, Santa Maria, São Martinho e Cruz Alta, livros paroquiais de registro de terras e inventários post mortem de Cachoeira, Santa Maria, São Martinho, Júlio de Castilhos, Santo Ângelo e Cruz Alta, material da Internet e entrevistas com pessoas-chave. Pôde-se verificar uma: a) rápida, abrangente, duradoura e inteligente inserção da família na sociedade local e regional e um considerável desenvolvimento sócioeconômico; b) larga descendência deixada pelo casal genearca e c) inserção dos clãs na sociedade local e regional, considerando a abrangência, atividades desenvolvidas e participação na sociedade. Tem-se como fim, a publicação do inventário biograficogenealógico da descendência do guarda-mor e cônjuges (produto principal) e sobre o cenário da trajetória do casal genearca e a formação dos clãs derivados.

The Italian immigration, which started in Brazil in 1870, brought deep reflex in the Brazilian society formation. In the special case of Rio Grande do Sul, five years later, was responsible for the formation of colonies on the Mountain and Central Region. In this, the Quarta Colônia, keeps cultivating the characteristics of those immigrants, mainly in habits and preservation of memory, as is the case of the Center for Genealogical Research (CPG), founded by Priest Luiz Sponchiado in Nova Palma - RS. The institution seeks to redeem the history of the region s colonization, through the most various documents, including the photographs. These constitute a rich and varied collection that needs to be preserved, whereas the ideal conditions for preservation as regards the packaging, air-conditioning, sanitation, lighting etc are the source of information and also allow trigger the memory of elderly people who had experienced the first years of colonization in the region. The dissertation, final result of this study, accompanied by a manual of recommendations for conservation and preservation of the photograph s collection shows guidelines that enable the preservation of photographs from the collection of the CPG, to prevent its deterioration and to enable counselors to the information contained on them. / A imigração italiana, iniciada no Brasil em 1870, trouxe reflexos profundos na formação da sociedade brasileira. No caso especial do Rio Grande do Sul, cinco anos mais tarde, foi responsável pela formação das colônias na Serra e Região Central. Nesta, a Quarta Colônia segue cultivando as características daqueles imigrantes, principalmente nos hábitos e na preservação da memória, como é o caso do Centro de Pesquisas Genealógicas (CPG), fundado pelo Padre Luiz Sponchiado em Nova Palma RS. A instituição visa resgatar a história da colonização da região, através dos mais diversos documentos, incluindo as fotografias. Estas constituem um rico e variado acervo que necessita ser preservado, considerando as condições ideais de preservação no que se refere ao acondicionamento, climatização, higienização, iluminação etc. Constituem fonte de informações e também permitem acionar a memória dos mais idosos que vivenciaram os primeiros anos de colonização na região. A dissertação, resultado final deste estudo, acompanhada de um manual de recomendações para conservação e preservação do acervo fotográfico aponta diretrizes que possibilitam a preservação das fotografias do acervo do CPG, de forma a minimizar sua deterioração e possibilitar aos consulentes a informação nelas contidas.

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Showing movies to pupils is hardly a new, innovative teaching method. However, knowledge about how film is used and why, as well as what kind of film is used is scarce. In the present licentiate thesis, eight active teachers have been interviewed on their experiences with and approached to using film as a pedagogic tool in high school history lessons. The purpose of the study is to analyze the respective teachers´ use and understanding of history, based on their opinion of film as a didactic alternative. Why do teachers to use film in class? How do they describe the way in which they work with it in concrete teaching situations? What films do they use and what makes them suitable for classroom viewing? The teachers emphasize five primary ways in which they use movies as teaching tools and the advantages in doing so: to present facts; as an example of multiperspectivism; to promote ethics and empathy; to discuss source criticism; and to arouse interest. The teachers see documentary film as an accurate, reliable form of presenting facts while considering drama more complicated and important to address in class. The study shows that the teachers feel they are left to their own devices to discover film´s potential as creators of meaning but that they rarely have the educational background or time to engage colleagues in didactic reasoning on the subject. The type of films they consider as having the most favorable effect in the classroom generally deal with war and other conflicts from a Western perspective. Most see film as an effective secondary source but a few also see it as a useful primary source. Analyzing their statements as a whole, the informants articulate that while film is widely used in high school history classes, it is done so for very different reasons.

Native nation building is a phenomenon largely neglected by mainstream political science. There are empirical and theoretical gaps in the study of political structures of Native nations. The empirical focus of this dissertation is on the rebuilding process of the White Earth Nation located in northwestern Minnesota. The objective is to investigate the long-term process of White Earth governance in order to get insights into the background of the present state of the White Earth institutional stalemate. I trace external and internal factors that influenced the formation, preservation, and transformation of the White Earth government established as part of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe under the Indian Reorganization Act provisions in 1936. To understand this process, it is necessary to include the historical context of the White Earth constitutionalism from 1913 to the present. I analyze some hitherto unknown archival materials using a flexible theoretical framework which I designed specifically for the purpose of studying the White Earth nation-building process. This case-specific framework eclectically uses a combination of theoretical approaches of Native American studies, genealogy, Vincent Pouliot's practice tracing, and new institutionalism. My findings suggest that the White Earth...

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec la faculté de droit de l'Université d'Orléans en France. / Menée pour la première fois, l’étude des différentes dimensions de la prévention (la précaution, la cessation et la dissuasion) est rendue possible par la découverte des sanctions préventives en droit de la responsabilité civile. Les sanctions préventives sont nombreuses en jurisprudence en vue de prévenir le dommage à différents stades : avant la réalisation du fait dommageable (mesure de prévention et de précaution), au cours de sa réalisation (mesure de cessation), après sa réalisation (dommages et intérêts provisionnels) et après sa reconnaissance juridique (dommages et intérêts punitifs). Concevoir une notion de sanction préventive devient alors essentiel pour comprendre les évolutions contemporaines du droit. Définie comme l’effet de droit résultant d’une interprétation de la norme susceptible d’être violée, la sanction préventive démontre que l’action introduite précocement par le justiciable peut aboutir. Si ces évolutions bouleversent les conditions classiques de la responsabilité, elles s’expliquent en revanche par une représentation de la responsabilité civile à partir de ses effets. Sous l’angle des effets, l’existence des sanctions préventives met en lumière une mise en effet judiciaire des normes dans une finalité préventive. La mise en effet est une opération effectuée en pratique par le juge entre l’interprétation et l’exécution de la norme. Ce temps de la mise en effet est celui durant lequel le juge choisit l’effet de droit apte à résoudre le litige. Or, le choix de la sanction par le juge n’est pas entièrement libre. En effet, les sanctions préventives naissent d’un besoin sécuritaire. Cette effectivité désirée par les justiciables exerce une influence sur la mise en effet de la norme par le juge par l’introduction précoce de l’action en justice. Qualifier les manifestations préventives de la responsabilité civile de sanctions juridiques naissant d’une opération judiciaire de mise en effet des normes permet ainsi de mieux rendre compte de la pratique du droit au sein d’une théorie renouvelée du procès. / The discovery of Preventive Sanction in the Law of civil responsibility is made possible by studying, for the first time, the various aspects of prevention (deterrence, cessation, precaution). To prevent harm at different stages of realization, case law makes a broad use of Preventive Sanction: before harm is done (precautionary and preventive measures), while it is done (stop and cease order), after it is done (temporary damages) and after is has been legally recognized (punitive damages). Crafting a notion of Preventive Sanction becomes then central to the understanding of contemporary legal developments. Preventive Sanction defined as the legal effects arising from the construction of a norm which might be broken, show that early action brought by a plaintiff can be successful. The transformation of traditional requirements for responsibility by these developments can be explained by reframing civil responsibility from its effects. This perspective allows for the preventive goal of judicial effectuation to be brought to light by the existence of Preventive Sanction. In practice, effectuation is performed by the judge and takes place between the construction and implementation of legal norms. The moment of effectuation occurs when the judge selects the legal effects destined to resolve a dispute. However, the judge is not entirely free when choosing a sanction. Preventive sanction originates from a need of security. Through early introduction of legal action, effectivity sought by plaintiffs impacts judicial effectuation of legal norms. The practice of law, within a renewed theory of judicial action, is better accounted for by reframing “preventive expression” of the Law of civil responsibility as “legal sanction” arising from the judicial effectuation of legal norms.

La population canadienne-française a une histoire démographique unique faisant d’elle une population d’intérêt pour l’épidémiologie et la génétique. Cette thèse vise à mettre en valeur les caractéristiques de la population québécoise qui peuvent être utilisées afin d’améliorer la conception et l’analyse d’études d’épidémiologie génétique. Dans un premier temps, nous profitons de la présence d’information généalogique détaillée concernant les Canadiens français pour estimer leur degré d’apparentement et le comparer au degré d’apparentement génétique. L’apparentement génétique calculé à partir du partage génétique identique par ascendance est corrélé à l’apparentement généalogique, ce qui démontre l'utilité de la détection des segments identiques par ascendance pour capturer l’apparentement complexe, impliquant entre autres de la consanguinité. Les conclusions de cette première étude pourront guider l'interprétation des résultats dans d’autres populations ne disposant pas d’information généalogique. Dans un deuxième temps, afin de tirer profit pleinement du potentiel des généalogies canadienne-françaises profondes, bien conservées et quasi complètes, nous présentons le package R GENLIB, développé pour étudier de grands ensembles de données généalogiques. Nous étudions également le partage identique par ascendance à l’aide de simulations et nous mettons en évidence le fait que la structure des populations régionales peut faciliter l'identification de fondateurs importants, qui auraient pu introduire des mutations pathologiques, ce qui ouvre la porte à la prévention et au dépistage de maladies héréditaires liées à certains fondateurs. Finalement, puisque nous savons que les Canadiens français ont accumulé des segments homozygotes, à cause de la présence de consanguinité lointaine, nous estimons la consanguinité chez les individus canadiens-français et nous étudions son impact sur plusieurs traits de santé. Nous montrons comment la dépression endogamique influence des traits complexes tels que la grandeur et des traits hématologiques. Nos résultats ne sont que quelques exemples de ce que nous pouvons apprendre de la population canadienne-française. Ils nous aideront à mieux comprendre les caractéristiques des autres populations de même qu’ils pourront aider la recherche en épidémiologie génétique au sein de la population canadienne-française. / The French Canadian founder population has a demographic history that makes it an important population for epidemiology and genetics. This work aims to explain what features can be used to improve the design and analysis of genetic epidemiological studies in the Quebec population. First we take advantage of the presence of extended genealogical records among French Canadians to estimate relatedness from those records and compare it to the genetic kinship. The kinship based on identical-by-descent sharing correlates well with the genealogical kinship, further demonstrating the usefulness of genomic identical-by-descent detection to capture complex relatedness involving inbreeding and our findings can guide the interpretation of results in other population without genealogical data. Second to optimally exploit the full potential of these well preserved, exhaustive and detailed French Canadian genealogical data we present the GENLIB R package developed to study large genealogies. We also investigate identical-by-descent sharing with simulations and highlight the fact that regional population structure can facilitate the identification of notable founders that could have introduced disease mutations, opening the door to prevention and screening of founder-related diseases. Third, knowing that French Canadians have accumulated segments of homozygous genotypes, as a result of inbreeding due to distant ancestors, we estimate the inbreeding in French Canadian individuals and investigate its impact on multiple health traits. We show how inbreeding depression influences complex traits such as height and blood-related traits. Those results are a few examples of what we can learn from the French Canadian population and will help to gain insight on other populations’ characteristics as well as help the genetic epidemiological research within the French Canadian population.

Le premier secret de famille cité par les personnes interrogées par questionnaire est celui de la filiation. Les personnes nées dans le secret (ou nées sous X) sont destinataires d'un secret imposé par la législation, celui de leurs origines biologiques. Si de surcroît, cette adoption leur a été cachée par leur famille, comme c'est le cas des personnes rencontrées dans le cadre de cette recherche, la conséquence en est une souffrance d'autant plus violente que la révélation aura été tardive. Les loyautés familiales contraignent les membres à répéter événements familiaux et les contraignent à payer les fautes de leurs ancêtres. La famille vit enfermée dans un mythe familial qui prescrit les lois et règles à respecter.Aussi, après la révélation, la personne destinataire du secret va refuser ces lois et règles ; elle va être marginalisée par sa famille et le dialogue, voire toutes relations avec sa famille, seront rompus. Ainsi, elle s'est libérée des lois et règles prescrites par le mythe familial et de toute forme de loyauté vis-à-vis de sa famille. Cette exclusion va lui permettre de se socialiser. En effet, dans notre société, la transparence est le fer de lance et "l'extimité" est prônée. Le secret ne s'y oppose pas mais les complémente et la validation du secret est un soutien à la socialisation pour la personne / The first family secret quoted by the people questioned by questionnaire is that of filiation. The people born in the secret (or born under X*) are recipients of a secret imposed by legislation, that of their biological origins. If in addition, this adoption was hidden from them by their family, as is the case of the people met in the context of this research, the consequence is a all the more violent in terms of suffering as the revelation will have been late. Family loyalty forces members to repeat family events and forces them to pay for the faults of their ancestors. The family lives lockecl up in family myth which prescribes the laws and rules to be respected. And so, after the revelation, the person recipient of the secret will refuse these laws and rules ; he or she will be marginalized by his or her family and dialogue, or even all relations with his or her family, will be broken. Thus, he or she was released from the laws and rules prescribed by family myth and from any form of loyalty with respect to his or her family. This exclusion will enable him or her to become sociable. Indeed, in our society, this transparency is triumphed and "extimity" is applauded. Secrets are not opposed to this but are complimentary and the valid ation of the secret is a support for the socialization of the person