Abstract Attractiveness may be defined by a variety of factors but you should see it in the public planning as it is to have a positive population growth and economic growth, through working with communications, service, housing, to name a few. This is done primarily through direct projects both within the municipality and through various partnerships between local and regional level. The progress we have seen in recent years has gone more towards a clear shell level, particularly a regional level where these have had a much greater freedom with clear geographical boundaries in between each other. Within these regions there are also clear regional groupings that have common interests and competing between each other. In my thesis, we have been distinguished including three levels of scale levels. At the local level Osby municipality, together with the other municipalities in Skåne Nordost working Sound region and at regional level, Region Skåne after that will the national level and global level. Osby has for several years worked with attractiveness both within its own municipality, and through collaborations with both north-east Skåne, Region Skåne and a number of other formal and informal collaborations. Efforts to increase its attractiveness has been assumed to have a stable population and a positive economic growth. This work has been made concrete by using the outline above, and that through various projects, such as this can Pågatågen and Boda like to mention. Both projects are designed to increase the attractiveness of just Osby. Through working with these projects and to always show up, so will these projects lead to Osby will have a positive population growth and economic growth. Osby municipality has a good location for the future, especially their geographical position, especially in view of the main line gives them an edge against other municipalities located in the periphery of a strong growth region. Another reason that makes Osby has a good location that they went through a restructuring during the high economic climate and with it so has it been able to adapt its business is now located at a high national level.

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<p>This dissertation has the intention to discuss access to clean and safe water from an aspect of human rights. The aim is to investigate how access to clean and safe water is seen upon as a human right, and if the water situation would be influenced and perhaps improved if it was declared as an independent human right. The issue is mainly discussed from an overriding international perspective, but with focus on the situation in developing countries. This because it is often in these countries that the greatest deficiency of drinking water is occurring, and where the regimes do not ensure their population sufficient access to drinking water. The study also aims to describe the current discussion about whether to make clean and safe water an independent human right or not and to give an account of the arguments held by representatives of the different standpoints.</p><p>A sort of inductive method is used in the dissertation and the analysis mainly is built upon the Indian economist Amartya Sens theories about entitlements and development. The study principally is based on literature, documents and reports on human rights and access to and legislation of clean and safe water. However, the study also includes some phone interviews and analyses in a Geographic Information System and the statistical program SPSS.</p>

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad elever har för uppfattningar om förhållandena mellan jorden, månen och solen. De områden somhar undersökts har gällt storlek, avstånd och rörelse. Denna studie har också undersökt hur elever uppfattar att månens faser uppkommer. Försök har också gjorts att utröna var deras uppfattningar härrör från. Undersökningen är baserad på 20 intervjuer med elever där deras egna teckningar av de undersökta fenomenen har utgjort grunden. Genom en kvalitativ fenomenografisk analys av intervjuerna har jag kategoriserat elevernas uppfattningar. </p><p>Resultatet visar att elevernas uppfattningar ofta skiljer sig från den vedertagna vetenskapliga och att deras uppfattningar grundar sig på bilder eller modeller från TV och böcker, där förhållandena mellan objekten aldrig är de riktiga. Även om elever har haft undervisning i skolan så har de kvar sina egna föreställningar. Det visar sig också att det finns ett klart samband mellan elevernas intresse och deras resultat.</p> / <p>The main purpose with this study was to explore students conceptions about the relations between the earth, the sun and the moon. The fields that have been investigated are size, distance and movement. This study has also investigated how students interpret the origin of the phases of the moon. Attempts have been made to find out where the students conceptions originate from. The study is based on 20 interviews with students where their own pictures about the investigated phenomena are the base. By doing a qualitative phenomenographical analysis of these interviews I’ve done categories of the students conceptions. </p><p>The result shows that students conceptions often differs from the accepted scientific and that their conceptions are a result of pictures and models from TV and books, where the relations between the objects never are the real. Even if the students have had education they still keep on to their own conceptions. It also shows that there are a distinct connection between the students interest and their result. </p>

<p> </p><h2>Abstract</h2><p>Attractiveness may be defined by a variety of factors but you should see it in the public planning as it is to have a positive population growth and economic growth, through working with communications, service, housing, to name a few. This is done primarily through direct projects both within the municipality and through various partnerships between local and regional level. The progress we have seen in recent years has gone more towards a clear shell level, particularly a regional level where these have had a much greater freedom with clear geographical boundaries in between each other. Within these regions there are also clear regional groupings that have common interests and competing between each other. In my thesis, we have been distinguished including three levels of scale levels. At the local level Osby municipality, together with the other municipalities in Skåne Nordost working Sound region and at regional level, Region Skåne after that will the national level and global level.</p><p>Osby has for several years worked with attractiveness both within its own municipality, and through collaborations with both north-east Skåne, Region Skåne and a number of other formal and informal collaborations. Efforts to increase its attractiveness has been assumed to have a stable population and a positive economic growth. This work has been made concrete by using the outline above, and that through various projects, such as this can Pågatågen and Boda like to mention. Both projects are designed to increase the attractiveness of just Osby. Through working with these projects and to always show up, so will these projects lead to Osby will have a positive population growth and economic growth.</p><p>Osby municipality has a good location for the future, especially their geographical position, especially in view of the main line gives them an edge against other municipalities located in the periphery of a strong growth region. Another reason that makes Osby has a good location that they went through a restructuring during the high economic climate and with it so has it been able to adapt its business is now located at a high national level.</p><p> </p>

<p>Bakom uppsatsen finns ett genuint intresse för kartmedier samt funderingen om kartan genomgår en evolution till att bli ett digitalt och interaktivt medium. I aktuella styrdokument för gymnasiegeografin framgår att såväl kartor som GIS skall finnas med i undervisningen, motiveringen är dock bristfällig. I syftet väcktes därför frågor om vilka belägg som fanns för digitala undervisningsmetoder inom geografi? Syftet kondenserades till frågeställningarna: Vad skrivs i litteraturen om digitalt lärande i geografi i allmänhet? Vad skrivs i litteraturen om att använda digitala kartor och programmet Google Earth i undervisningen i synnerhet? Hur svenska geografilärare ser på samt i vilken omfattning de använder digitala kartmedier? För att besvara frågorna genomfördes en litteraturstudie samt en enkätundersökning. Litteraturstudieresultatet visade främst två saker. För det första att valet av digitala eller analoga undervisningsmetoder har liten betydelse för inlärning av grundläggande kunskaper. För det andra ifrågasattes användandet av alltför avancerade digitala kartmedier. Enkätundersökningen visade att väggkartan är det kartmedium som används mest bland respondenterna. Slutsatsen var att resultatet inte gett något svar om vilken metod som är bäst för inlärningen men att enklare digitala applikationer, såsom Google Earth, kan bidra till en förbättrad undervisning om de används på ett ändamålsenligt sätt.</p>

The term socken – comparable to the English term parish – refers to a historical geographical entity found in rural areas of Scandinavia. This entity presents a multi-layered understanding of the local rural area and is in this essay conceptualized as a place. The concept of place is central to geographic work but it is also a contested term – discourses within the field of geography present different perspectives on place as a geographical concept and our understanding of it. The history of parishes goes centuries back. The parish has throughout this period of time become an essential part of the local rural geography, in the 20th century however, the parish – as an autonomous rural entity – has been abandoned for larger administrative areas resulting in changes in the local geography in rural spaces. The concept of the parish is however not easily made rid of: it is still viewed as a relevant part of the conceptualization of the local and the man-land relationship. The understanding of what makes out the local area and its significance is a relevant inquiry. This essay explores the parish as a geographical place considering the multi-layered aspects of the concept and the different understandings of place represented by diverse geographical discourses. A field study carried out in the rural municipality of Ydre in east Sweden explores the construction of the local area by understanding the parish as place.

This is a tale about energy and power. It describes the geographer Halford Mackinder’s geopolitical theories and compares them with current views outlined by Zbigniew Brzezinski and Michael T Klare, among others. With a critical approach it also provides a historical account of a Europe that stands in front of an energy struggle so severe that the current world order seems destined to fall. Oil and natural gas, has since the beginning of the 20th century, been used as a geopolitical tool in order to create dependence, control and even sometimes overthrow empires. USA has for example dominated the “protectorates” Europe and Japan by controlling the flow of oil in the Middle East. But this seems to change. It can’t be ruled out that the cities of Europe in the long run will be shrouded in darkness. The background is that Europe’s own deposits of fossil energy are decreasing at such vast speed that almost the entire demand will have to be imported by the year 2020. Awareness of this forecast, and the undertaking to reduce the carbon emissions in accordance with the Kyoto treaty, led to a grand proclamation in March 2007 to reduce the need for fossil fuels. This commitment seems however to be insufficient if independence towards other regions shall be maintained. Only a small part of the demand can be met by domestically produced fuels. Neither will the proposed energy reducing measures increase the energy security. The conclusion is that there is no time to develop new technology in order to save Europe from its difficult situation. The dependence on Russia will instead grow stronger. The current geopolitical order, where the United States has acted as a military protector and guarantor of the energy security, looks like it is going to fall. The US is bogged down in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars at the same time as Europe’s dependence on energy from the East grows. The US also has economic troubles and their own energy security dilemma. Russia has on the other hand acted with greater self confidence and purposefully built alliances with China, the Middle East and its former republics in Central Asia. Russia may soon dictate the future of Europe with its energy trump card. If Europe keeps its alliance with US and tries to challenge or subjugate Russia into its “unipolar” order it will deepen the risk for conflict. In such a conflict, Moscow has the power to darken and cool down the European room. Since every country is dependent on the dwindling energy resources for their survival, it may escalate into a full blown war. But the new order may be short. Within two decades there will probably be no surplus of energy to export for Russia, or any other nation for that matter. Europe will by then be without it’s own energy resources and simultaneously lose the option to import. / Det här är en berättelse om energi och makt. Den beskriver geografen Halford Mackinders geopolitiska teorier från början av 1900-talet och jämför dem med moderna uppfattningar från bland annat Zbigniew Brzezinski och Michael T Klare. Med en kritisk utgångspunkt ges även en historia om ett Europa som står inför en så svår energiutmaning att den nuvarande ordningen ser ut att falla. Sedan oljan och senare naturgasen började nyttjas har energin använts som ett geopolitiskt verktyg för att skapa beroenden, kontroll och även för att störta imperier i sank. USA har exempelvis dominerat sina ”protektorat” Europa och Japan genom att kontrollera oljeflödet från Mellanöstern. Men detta ser ut att förändras. I förlängningen går det inte utesluta att mörkret permanent lägger sig över Europas städer. Bakgrunden är att de egna lagren av fossil energi minskar i en sådan takt att i stort sett hela behovet måste importeras inom 20 år. Medvetenheten om detta, samt åtagandet att minska koldioxidutsläppen i enlighet med Kyotoavtalet, gjorde att EU i mars 2007 proklamerade att en stor satsning skulle vidtas för att reducera behovet av fossila bränslen. Denna satsning visar sig dock vara otillräcklig för att upprätthålla ett oberoende från andra regioner. Endast en mindre del av behovet kan tillgodoses med inhemskt producerade bränslen. Inte heller de energisparande åtgärderna kan dramatiskt höja energisäkerheten. Tiden är alltför knapp för att ny fantastisk teknik ska kunna rädda Europa ur sin besvärliga situation. Istället blir beroendet av Ryssland allt större. Detta leder till att den rådande geopolitiska ordningen, där USA både har agerat som Europas militära beskyddare och garant av energisäkerheten, riskerar att falla ihop. Samtidigt som Europa blir mer beroende av energin från öst går USA:s krig i Irak och Afghanistan allt sämre. USA har även ekonomiska bekymmer och ett eget energisäkerhetsproblem. Ryssland har i sin tur agerat med allt större självaktning och målmedvetet byggt allianser med Kina, Mellanöstern och sina forna delrepubliker i Centralasien. Med energin som trumfkort kan Ryssland komma att diktera EU:s framtid. Om EU bibehåller sin allians med USA och försöker utmana eller inlemma Ryssland i sin ”unipolära” ordning ökar risken för en allvarlig konflikt. Moskva har i ett sådant läge makt att både mörklägga och kyla ner det europeiska rummet. Eftersom alla behöver energin för sin överlevnad finns en risk att en marsch inleds mot ett fullskaligt krig. Den nya ordningen kan dock bli kort. Inom två decennier kan troligtvis inte längre Ryssland – eller någon annan region – exportera ett överskott. Europa kommer då att sakna både egna energiresurser samt importmöjligheter för att driva sina energisystem. Vad som då händer med det gamla Europa återstår att se.

Syftet med denna undersökning var att genom aktionsforskning undersöka hur elever i en geografiklass lärde sig om hållbar utveckling genom att arbeta med projektet "Hållbar stad". Jag använde mig av sociokulturell teori då jag planerade projektet och analyserade resultaten. Jag ville undersöka och analysera hur effektiva artefakterna och arbetssätten var. Genom självreflektion och samtal med min lokala lärarutbildare, LLU, kunde jag även analysera min egen insats och skapa en förståelse som kan hjälpa mig som lärare. Metoden jag använde mig av var aktionsforskning som realiserades med följande faser: planering, aktion, observation och reflektion som följde varandra. Aktionsfasen bestod av sex lektionstillfällen som genomfördes i en gymnasieklass i ämnet geografi. Observation och reflektion skedde från tre olika synpunkter: min egen, min handledares och eleverna som utvärderade momentet. Resultatet från aktionsstudien visade att eleverna fick fördjupade kunskaper om hållbar utveckling genom att arbeta med projektet och att de förstod sambanden mellan deras konstruerade stad och städer i verkligheten. Resultaten visade också att elevernas intresse och engagemang väcktes när de rent praktiskt fick arbeta med projektet. Slutsatsen man kunde dra av resultaten var att eleverna uppskattade praktiskt arbete och undersökande arbetsmetoder där de fick möjlighet att utmana sig själva och ta hjälp av varandra i grupp för att nå kunskap.

Denna uppsats redovisar en beskrivande fallstudie som gjordes på en svensk högstadieskola och som gick ut på att undersöka vilken plats Wikipedia har på högstadiet idag. För att ta reda på det gjordes enkätundersökningar bland elever och lärare och textanalyser av elevuppsatser. Geografiämnet användes som exempel på skolans undervisning. De huvudsakliga källorna som studien utgick ifrån var olika granskningar av uppslagsverkets kvalitet, likande undersökningar av Wikipedia i undervisningen och Skolverkets rapporter. Studien visar att det finns olika attityder bland både lärare och elever som belyser olika fördelar och nackdelar. Eleverna tycker att Wikipedia är bra samtidigt som de misstror informationen som potentiellt kan redigeras fritt av vem som helst. Lärarna tolererar Wikipedia men vill att eleverna jobbar med den källkritiskt. Majoriteten av elever redovisar inte Wikipedia som källa i inlämningsarbeten. Bättre undervisning i hur man använder hemsidor av Wikipedias slag behövs på skolan. / This thesis presents a descriptive case study of a Swedish secondary school that sought out to investigate what status Wikipedia has at secondary schools today. In order to do that surveys answered by teachers and students were used and student essays were analysed. Geography was used to illustrate the school’s education. The mainly used sources were examinations of the encyclopaedia’s quality, similar studies of Wikipedia in education and reports from the Swedish National Agency for Education. The study shows that there are different attitudes toward Wikipedia both among teachers and among students that focus on different advantages and disadvantages. Students consider Wikipedia to be good while they also distrust the information that could potentially have been edited by anyone. Teachers tolerate Wikipedia but emphasise that students must use source criticism while using the information. A majority of the students do not disclose Wikipedia as a utilized source in essays. Better education in using websites of Wikipedia’s kind is needed in schools.