Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) disproportionally affects ethnic minorities in the United States. The development of T2D involves complex interaction between environmental factors and genetic predisposition. The genetic associations of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TCF7L2 gene with the risk of T2D were evaluated in three high risk minority populations: Cuban Americans, Haitian Americans, and African Americans. For Cuban Americans, four SNPs (rs7901695, rs4506565, rs7903146 and rs11225537) were significantly associated with the risk of T2D after multivariable adjustment (p=0.018, p=0.016, p=0.014, and p=0.0008, respectively). Among controls, risk allele carriers of SNPs rs7901695, rs4506565 and rs7903146 had significantly higher fasting glucose level, compared to non-risk allele carriers. Additionally, a significant interaction between dietary fiber intake and SNP rs7903146 for the risk of T2D (p= 0.044) was found in Cuban Americans. Similarly, for SNP rs7901695, significant interaction was also found for fiber intake (p=0.014) as well as glycemic load (p=0.040). Subgroup analysis revealed that significant associations were only found within higher intake groups of dietary factors for both SNPs. For Haitian Americans, SNPs rs11196205 (p=0.059) and rs7895340 (p=0.069) showed marginal significance for the risk of T2D. After stratification by gender, SNPs with marginal significance from the gender-combined analysis became statistically significant with the same trend for the risk of T2D when analysis were done in males: rs11196205 (p=0.034) and rs7895340 (p=0.024). For African Americans, SNP rs7903146 (p=0.065) showed a marginal significance with the risk of T2D in gender-combined analysis and a statistical significance (p=0.013) in males. Two additional SNPs rs7901695 and rs4506565 were found to be significantly associated with the risk of T2D in males. Risk allele carriers of these two SNPs had significantly higher mean level of the fasting glucose level, compared to non-risk allele carriers in controls. T2D related quantitative trait analysis also demonstrated that in controls, compared to non-minor allele carriers of SNP rs12255372, minor allele carriers had significantly higher means of BMI, diastolic blood pressure, numbers of components of Metabolic Syndrome, significantly lower mean values of HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin. Taken together, our studies demonstrated ethno-specific genetic associations between TCF7L2 gene and the risk of T2D and related phenotypes.

Compte tenu de la structuration de l'ordre global et de l'affaiblissement des États des nations pauvres, les dynamiques de construction d'un modèle de développement intégrateur doivent nécessairement se mettre en place au niveau local. Toutefois, vu que ce dernier ne constitue pas le lieu naturel du processus de transformation socio-économique méliorative, les acteurs locaux sont alors amenés à produire un ordre local de mouvement social susceptible de les réunir, de les associer, de les encadrer et de les orienter dans leur quête de développement. Il est néanmoins évident que cet ordre local de mouvement social, outre la simple association des individus concernés, suppose une autre condition. Celle-ci n'est autre que la mise en œuvre d'un dispositif d'apprentissage organisationnel, c'est-à-dire un mécanisme de fabrication collective de savoirs, de savoir-faire et de savoir être au sein d'une structure organisée. Ainsi, ce processus d'apprentissage collectif s'effectuant dans l'organisation locale, en tant qu'instrument d'identification, de définition, de coordination et de régulation des préférences collectives et de mobilisation des stratégies économique, socio-culturelle et politique innovantes des acteurs locaux, constitue la condition de possibilité principale pour la dynamique de construction du développement local ou d'un nouvel ordre territorial. Cette thèse montre donc pourquoi et comment des paysans d'une localité haïtienne, Belle-Fontaine, s'organisent, mettent en place, avec l'appui de certaines organisations non gouvernementales, un dispositif d'apprentissage collectif et participent à la construction d'un modèle spécifique de développement territorial. Fritz DORVILIER, né aux Gonaïves, Haïti, a obtenu un Certificat de fin d'études en Droit (École de Droit et des Sciences économiques des Gonaïves, 1999). Il est licencié en Sociologie (Université d'État d'Haïti, Faculté des Sciences Humaines, 2000). Il est détenteur d'un Diplôme Post-Gradué en Population et Développement (Université d'État d'Haïti/Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Population, 2001). Il est titulaire d'un Diplôme d'Études Approfondies en Études du Développement (Développement, Environnement et Sociétés) de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, 2003. Il est professeur à l'Université d'État d'Haïti depuis 2003. / In view of the world order, the weakening of poorer States, the dynamics of integrated development must be activated locally. However as this latter is not the place par excellence for socio-economic betterment, local actors must produce locally a social movement able to associate and organize them in view of their development. This localized social movement supposes more than mere regrouping: it requires organizational apprenticeship, i.e. the collective production of local knowledge, know how and simply being within an organization. This process taking place within a local structure fostering identity, coordination and selection of common options, mobilization of economic, socio-cultural and political innovations, presents itself as the primordial condition making for fresh local territorial ordering of things relevant to development. This thesis shows how the rural population of Belle Fontaine in Haiti, with help from NGOs, have built up a collective and participatory framework for apprenticeship aimed at locally rooted development. Fritz DORVILIER, born in Gonaïves, Haiti, obtained a diploma in Law from the School of Law and Economic sciences of Gonaïves in 1999 and a BA in sociology at the State University of Haiti in 2000. In 2001 he obtained the Postgraduate Diploma in Population and Development (financed by the UNFPA) at the same University and in 2003 a DEA in advanced development studies at the University of Louvain. Since then he is professor at the State University of Haiti. Resumen Teniendo en cuenta la estructuración del orden global y el debilitamiento de los estados de las naciones pobres, las dinámicas de construcción de un modelo de desarrollo integral deben implementarse, necesariamente, en el nivel local. No obstante, éste último no es por naturaleza el lugar del proceso de una transformación socio-económica progresiva; por ello, los actores locales son animados a producir un orden local de movimiento social, capaz de reunirlos y asociarlos, de facilitarles un marco y una orientación en su búsqueda del desarrollo. Sin embargo, es evidente que este orden local del movimiento social, además de la simple asociación de los individuos interesados, implica otra condición: la constitución de un dispositivo de aprendizaje organizativo, es decir, un mecanismo de fabricación de saber colectivo, de prácticas y sentidos en el seno de una organización. En tanto que instrumento de identificación, definición, coordinación y regulación de las preferencias colectivas y de movilización de las innovadoras estrategias económicas, socio-culturales y políticas de los actores locales, este proceso de aprendizaje colectivo desarrollado en la organización local constituye la condición de posibilidad principal para la dinámica de construcción del desarrollo local o de un nuevo orden territorial. Esta tesis muestra porque y como los campesinos de una localidad haitiana, Belle-Fontaine, se organizan y ponen en práctica, con el apoyo de ciertas organizaciones no gubernamentales, un dispositivo de aprendizaje colectivo y participan en la construcción de un modelo específico de desarrollo territorial. Fritz DORVILIER, nació en Gonaïves, Haití, obtuvo un Certificado de fin de estudios en Derecho (Escuela de Derecho y Ciencias Económicas de Gonaïves, 1999). Es licenciado en Sociología (Universidad del Estado de Haití, Facultad de Humanidades, 2000). Posee un diploma de Estudios de Postgrado en Población y Desarrollo (Universidad del Estado de Haití/Fondo de Naciones Unidas para la Población, 2000). Obtuvo un Diploma de Estudios Aprofundidad en Estudios del Desarrollo (Desarrollo, Medio ambiente y Sociedades) en la Universidad Católica de Lovaina, 2003. Es profesor en la Universidad del Estado de Haití desde 2003.

Drawing on recent attempts to reconcile the divergent nations of Hispaniola, I will examine the ways in which fiction by U.S. immigrant writers Danticat and Rosario looks back to the traumatic history of race relations on Hispaniola and the 1937 massacre as a means of approaching reconciliation and healing amongst the inhabitants of Hispaniola. As invested outsiders to their homelands, Danticat and Rosario may work, as Chancy suggests, in the capacity of actors for Hispaniola. Both Danticat and Rosario graciously admit that their writing is largely contingent on the relative freedom from censure that their American citizenship affords them. In this capacity, these immigrant writers are uniquely able to revisit a traumatic cultural past to give voice to its widely arrayed victims and to provide an interrogation of the makings of horrific brutality. Despite the largely U.S. American readership, these authors foster a form of reconciliation through their works by forcing the audience to move past dichotomous thinking about the massacre, but also about the boundaries between the two nations. “…in traumatic times like ours, when reality itself is so distorted as to have become impossible and abnormal, it is the function of all culture, partaking of this abnormality, to be aware of its own sickness. To be aware of the unreality or inauthenticity of the so-called real, is to reinterpret this reality. To reinterpret this reality is to commit oneself to a constant revolutionary assault against it.” (―We Must Learn to Sit Down and Talk about a Little Culture,‖ Sylvia Wynter 31)

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Throughout the history of western academia, there have been scholars who have interpreted and examined various aspects of human history. Within their “objectivity,” European historians and other Eurocentric scholars make it a point to universalize their own interpretations of different people’s histories and cultures. This type of scholarship tends to ignore or omit the contributions and historical realities of Afrikan people. This case is especially true of the scholars who have interpreted the historiography around the Afrikan revolution in Ayiti (Haiti/Hayti). The purpose of this study is to provide an Afrocentric re-examination and interpretation around the historiography of the Afrikan Revolution in Ayiti. As a result, this study seeks to highlight several essential Afrikan aspects and their overall impact on the Afrikan revolutionary war's totality in Ayiti. How can Ayisyen Vodou/Vodun and the more extensive system of Afrikan spirituality help better shape the interpretation and the historiography around the Afrikan revolution in Ayiti? Secondly, how have Eurocentric historiographies about different Afrikan histories been used to minimize Afrikan agency? Specifically, how did Afrikan people's dislocation caused by the European plantation play into the minimization of Afrikan agency in Ayiti during and after the revolution? Other relevant questions posed include: what is the relevance of utilizing Afrocentric historiography to teach young black children the stories and victories of Afrikan people in Ayiti? Furthermore, how can Afrocentric historiography be used as an analytical tool to discuss the theoretical issue of agency reduction formation and cognitive hiatus in Ayiti? These are the major research questions this study will attempt to answer, with the hope that this work may potentially raise the consciousness of young Afrikan people in Ayiti and abroad. / African American Studies

Les systèmes éducatifs dans les pays en développement ont subi de véritables transformations depuis les années 1990. Différentes réformes ont été entreprises dans le but d’améliorer leur efficacité face aux divers changements provoqués par les effets de la mondialisation. Suite aux deux grands rassemblements internationaux, à Jomtien en 1990 et à Dakar en 2000 sur l'état de l'éducation dans le monde, ce secteur est placé au centre des préoccupations mondiales. Ainsi, sous l'impulsion des grands défis lancés par les organismes de financement international lors de ces grands rassemblements, les pays en développement se sont-ils engagés à entreprendre des réformes globales dans leur système éducatif.Cependant, en raison de leur philosophie, des contraintes liées aux particularités des contextes d’appropriation ainsi qu’à la pression exercée par des organismes de financement international qui exigent des résultats rapides, ces réformes doivent faire face à des difficultés d’applicabilité considérables.Cette thèse analyse le début de la réforme par les compétences entreprise en Haïti et au Burkina Faso en 2007. Elle renforce l’idée de la nécessité d’une stratégie nationale, dans la redéfinition des objectifs en fonction des réalités et des aspirations des populations, dans la gestion des ressources humaines et matérielles nécessaires pour réformer réellement et efficacement au risque d'affaiblir davantage ces systèmes éducatifs déjà trop précaires. / Education systems in developing countries have undergone real transformations since the 1990s. Different reforms have been undertaken to improve their effectiveness in the face of the various changes brought about by the effects of globalization. Following the two major international meetings in Jomtien in 1990 and in Dakar in 2000 devoted to the state of education in the world, this sector is at the center of global concerns. Thus, under the impetus of the major challenges launched by international funding agencies at large gatherings, developing countries are committed to undertake comprehensive reforms in their education systems.However, due to their philosophy, constraints linked to the particularities of the contexts of appropriation and the pressure exerted by donors who demand rapid results, these reforms face enormous difficulties of applicability.This dissertation analyzes the beginning of the skills reform undertaken in Haiti and Burkina Faso in 2007. It reinforces the idea of the need for a national strategy, in redefining objectives according to the realities and aspirations of the populations, in managing the human and material resources needed to effectively reform against the risk of further weakening these already precarious educational systems.

Esta dissertação analisa o processo de formação do estereótipo dos imigrantes haitianos no município de Lajeado, buscando descrever o papel do imigrante como um sujeito estrangeiro nas relações sociais, sendo aquele indivíduo na qual exerce funções importantes em um determinado contexto ao mesmo tempo em que é mal visto pela população local. Para compreender isso, apresenta-se as teorias migratórias para analisar a diáspora haitiana e como a partir de seu processo histórico, os haitianos buscaram na imigração, formas de identificação e ascensão social. Posteriormente demonstra-se como o Brasil tornou-se uma porta de entrada para esses imigrantes, qual foi o contexto para isso ocorrer. Adentrando então, na sua chegada ao Brasil, especificando o caso de Lajeado. Os dilemas que foram apresentados pela população local, como os acordos dos empresários e a contratação dos haitianos para a região sul do país, evento esse que ocasionou no estranhamento da população estabelecida com a chegada de um grupo estrangeiro indesejado que surge repentinamente na cidade. Esta dissertação aborda as condições que ocorrem para que grupos étnicos sejam racializados e dominados por grupos dominantes. Demonstrando como o caso dos imigrantes haitianos em ratifica que nos diversos contextos em que imigraram eles tornaram-se um grupo étnico estigmatizado e racializado. A dissertação visa enfatizar como a formação do estereótipo do imigrante haitiano na cidade ocorre a partir de dois vieses, o primeiro é que os haitianos foram racializados e o segundo foi a sua estigmatização por parte da população local estabelecida de Lajeado em suas relações sociais cotidianas. Em um primeiro momento a população local utilizou-se de categorias raciais já existentes sobre a imagem que elas têm do brasileiro negro para com os haitianos, mas a mesma foi ressignificada posteriormente através de um processo de categorização de um novo estereótipo para com esses imigrantes. Constatando que através de uma rede de fofocas de informações falsas e exageradas sobre os imigrantes haitianos foram transmitidas pela população estabelecida da cidade. Estas características dos haitianos que corroboraram para a formação do seu estereótipo na região. / This thesis analyzes the process of stereotyping of haitian immigrants in the city of Lajeado, seeking to describe the role of the immigrant as a stranger subject in social relations, being an individual in which performs important functions for a certain context at the same time that it’s bad seen by the local population. To understand this, this thesis presents migratory theories to understand the Haitian Diaspora and how from their historical process, the Haitians sought in immigration, forms of identification and social ascension. Later shown how Brazil has become a gateway for these immigrants, what was the context for this to occur. Entering then, upon their arrival in Brazil, specifying Lajeado’s case. The dilemmas presented by the local population, such as the agreements of the businessmen and the contracting of the Haitians immigrants to the southern region of the country, which caused the estrangement of the established population with the arrival of an unwanted stranger group that suddenly appears in the city. This thesis addresses the conditions that occur for ethnic groups were racialized and dominated by dominant groups. Demonstrating how the case of Haitian immigrants in Lajeado ratifies that in various contexts in which they immigrated they have been a stigmatized and racialized ethnic group. The thesis aims to emphasize how the formation of the stereotype of the Haitian immigrant in the city occurs from two biases, the first is that the Haitians were racialized and the second was their stigmatization by the established local population of Lajeado in their everyday social relations. At first, the local population used existing racial categories about the image they have of the Brazilian black people towards the Haitians, but it was late re-signified through a process of categorization of a new stereotype towards these immigrants. Noting that through a network of gossip of false and exaggerated information about Haitian immigrants were transmitted by the established population of the city. These characteristics of Haitians who corroborated to the formation of their stereotype in the region.

Embora a migração internacional tenha ganhado espaço e protagonismo na agenda política internacional e nacional, a atuação do governo brasileiro quanto ao tema ainda é restrito. Nas últimas décadas, milhões de pessoas, de distintas origens, raças, etnias e gêneros, têm encontrado no deslocamento a alternativa para libertarem-se de contextos de vulnerabilidades, caminho que tem sido facilitado por um cenário global de avanços tecnológicos. Assim como o perfil migratório se diversificou diante da intensificação da globalização, os fluxos e direções também se alteraram, não respondendo mais a um padrão de deslocamento Sul-Norte. Nos últimos anos, países do Sul do globo, como o Brasil, adquiriram notoriedade, também, como destino migratório. Essa posição se fez preponderante, sobretudo, a partir do crescente fluxo de migrantes haitianos para o país em 2010, impulsionados pelo terremoto que atingiu o Haiti naquele ano e atraídos pela fase de prosperidade e crescimento econômico que o Brasil atravessava na época. No entanto, apesar do protagonismo que o tema da migração já vinha adquirindo na agenda política, essa questão ainda permanecia – e permanece – precária no Brasil. Além de uma política migratória historicamente seletiva, centrada na segurança nacional, o país foi construído sob uma estrutura étnica, cultural e racial hierárquica, em que o negro e o migrante têm ocupado um papel social marginal. Portanto, esse fluxo migratório tem despertado desconfortos entre a população brasileira, dada as diferenças que se reafirmam nessa interação, gerando um cenário de resistência à integração desses imigrantes. Essas barreiras se intensificam quando se intersecciona à raça e à cultura a questão do gênero, tendo em vista que a migração de mulheres haitianas para o Brasil tem sido significativa e a relação entre homens e mulheres no país é extremamente desigual. Nesse sentido, considerando as marginalizações às quais essas mulheres estão sujeitas, esta pesquisa centra sua reflexão na realidade migratória por elas experenciada. Isso porque, mesmo suscetíveis a conjunturas múltiplas de opressão, não há, no Brasil, uma agenda nacional que estabeleça diretrizes de políticas públicas especificamente voltadas à população migrante e, tampouco, às mulheres migrantes. Desse modo, a atuação de atores sociais e de indivíduos tem sido imprescindível para driblar contextos de vulnerabilidade fomentados pela fraca atuação do poder público e para pressionar a ação estatal quanto ao tema da migração. Assim, com a finalidade de perceber como se dá a articulação desses atores e, mais do que isso, identificar quais são as associações que têm transformado essas realidades migratórias, essa pesquisa etnográfica interrelaciona o campo das Políticas Públicas à perspectiva da Antropologia e da Sociologia das Associações. Imersa no cotidiano das imigrantes haitianas que vivem na Esperança Cordeiro, em Porto Alegre, essa pesquisa buscou rastrear as associações entre atores que se estabelecem nessa interação e pude perceber que muitos mediadores estão ocultos desse processo, por não serem visivelmente institucionalizados e políticos. / Although the international migration has acquired space and prominence in the international and national political agenda, the performance of Brazilian government regarding this issue is still restricted. In the last decades, millions of people, from different origins, races, ethnicities and genders, have found in the displacement the alternative to free themselves from contexts of vulnerability, a path that has been facilitated by a global scenario of technological advances. As well as the migratory profile has diversified due to the intensification of globalization, the flows and directions also changed, no longer responding to a pattern of South-North displacement. In recent years, countries from the South of the globe, such as Brazil, acquired prominence also as a migratory destination. This position was mainly due to the increasing flow of Haitian migrants to the country in 2010, driven by the earthquake that hit Haiti that year and attracted by the phase of prosperity and economic growth that Brazil was experiencing at that time. However, despite the prominence that the issue of migration was already acquiring in the political agenda, this question remained – and still remains – precarious in Brazil. In addition to a historically selective migration policy, focused on national security, the country was built on an ethnic, cultural and racial hierarchical structure in which black people and migrants have occupied a marginal social role. Therefore, this migratory flow has aroused discomfort among the Brazilian population, bearing in mind the differences that are reaffirmed in this interaction, generating a scenario of resistance to the integration of these immigrants. These barriers are intensified when we intersect to race and culture the question of gender, given that the migration of Haitian women to Brazil has been significant and the relationship between men and women in the country is extremely uneven. In this sense, considering the marginalization to which these women are subject, this research focuses their reflection on the migratory reality experienced by them. This is because, even if they are susceptible to multiple situations of oppression, there is no national agenda in Brazil that establishes public policy guidelines specifically targeted to the migrant population and, neither, to the migrant women. Thus, the performance of social actors and individuals has been essential to overcome contexts of vulnerability fostered by the weak performance of the public authority and to pressure the state action on the issue of migration. In this way, in order to understand how the articulation of these actors occurs and, more than that, identify which associations have transformed these migratory realities, this ethnographic research interrelates the field of Public Policies to the perspective of Anthropology and Sociology of Associations. Immersed in the daily lives of Haitian immigrants living in Esperança Cordeiro, in Porto Alegre, this research sought to trace the associations between actors that are established in this interaction and I could realize that many mediators are hidden in this process, because they are not noticeably institutionalized and political.

Esta dissertação analisa o processo de formação do estereótipo dos imigrantes haitianos no município de Lajeado, buscando descrever o papel do imigrante como um sujeito estrangeiro nas relações sociais, sendo aquele indivíduo na qual exerce funções importantes em um determinado contexto ao mesmo tempo em que é mal visto pela população local. Para compreender isso, apresenta-se as teorias migratórias para analisar a diáspora haitiana e como a partir de seu processo histórico, os haitianos buscaram na imigração, formas de identificação e ascensão social. Posteriormente demonstra-se como o Brasil tornou-se uma porta de entrada para esses imigrantes, qual foi o contexto para isso ocorrer. Adentrando então, na sua chegada ao Brasil, especificando o caso de Lajeado. Os dilemas que foram apresentados pela população local, como os acordos dos empresários e a contratação dos haitianos para a região sul do país, evento esse que ocasionou no estranhamento da população estabelecida com a chegada de um grupo estrangeiro indesejado que surge repentinamente na cidade. Esta dissertação aborda as condições que ocorrem para que grupos étnicos sejam racializados e dominados por grupos dominantes. Demonstrando como o caso dos imigrantes haitianos em ratifica que nos diversos contextos em que imigraram eles tornaram-se um grupo étnico estigmatizado e racializado. A dissertação visa enfatizar como a formação do estereótipo do imigrante haitiano na cidade ocorre a partir de dois vieses, o primeiro é que os haitianos foram racializados e o segundo foi a sua estigmatização por parte da população local estabelecida de Lajeado em suas relações sociais cotidianas. Em um primeiro momento a população local utilizou-se de categorias raciais já existentes sobre a imagem que elas têm do brasileiro negro para com os haitianos, mas a mesma foi ressignificada posteriormente através de um processo de categorização de um novo estereótipo para com esses imigrantes. Constatando que através de uma rede de fofocas de informações falsas e exageradas sobre os imigrantes haitianos foram transmitidas pela população estabelecida da cidade. Estas características dos haitianos que corroboraram para a formação do seu estereótipo na região. / This thesis analyzes the process of stereotyping of haitian immigrants in the city of Lajeado, seeking to describe the role of the immigrant as a stranger subject in social relations, being an individual in which performs important functions for a certain context at the same time that it’s bad seen by the local population. To understand this, this thesis presents migratory theories to understand the Haitian Diaspora and how from their historical process, the Haitians sought in immigration, forms of identification and social ascension. Later shown how Brazil has become a gateway for these immigrants, what was the context for this to occur. Entering then, upon their arrival in Brazil, specifying Lajeado’s case. The dilemmas presented by the local population, such as the agreements of the businessmen and the contracting of the Haitians immigrants to the southern region of the country, which caused the estrangement of the established population with the arrival of an unwanted stranger group that suddenly appears in the city. This thesis addresses the conditions that occur for ethnic groups were racialized and dominated by dominant groups. Demonstrating how the case of Haitian immigrants in Lajeado ratifies that in various contexts in which they immigrated they have been a stigmatized and racialized ethnic group. The thesis aims to emphasize how the formation of the stereotype of the Haitian immigrant in the city occurs from two biases, the first is that the Haitians were racialized and the second was their stigmatization by the established local population of Lajeado in their everyday social relations. At first, the local population used existing racial categories about the image they have of the Brazilian black people towards the Haitians, but it was late re-signified through a process of categorization of a new stereotype towards these immigrants. Noting that through a network of gossip of false and exaggerated information about Haitian immigrants were transmitted by the established population of the city. These characteristics of Haitians who corroborated to the formation of their stereotype in the region.