This thesis aimed to analyze how men and masculinity were portrayed in The Hunger Games. I intended to investigate the most salient masculine characters. I also wanted to analyse the one-on-one interactions between men as well as their group interactions. I sought to investigate if one could see any power relations between the male characters and if they were traditionally masculine or not in this interaction, and also if this book could be used for discussions in the work with the core values of the Swedish national curriculum. The questions used in the thesis were: ”How are the men portrayed, and how do they act, compared against a traditional masculinity norm?”, ”What happens in the homosocial interaction between the men?”, and ”How do the men treat Katniss, seen from a masculinity perspective?” The theories used in the analysis were found within the field of masculinity studies. Hegemonic masculinity theory was the first one, and the second theory was the theoretical framework of traditional masculinity ideologies by Mahalik et al., specifically the measurement tool of CMNI – Conformity to Masculinity Norm Inventory. The method used to collect the data for the analysis was Close Reading. In the analysis I compared the men to a set of masculinity norms. The measurement tool was the norm inventory of CMNI. The results of the analysis found that at all the men in the study lived in accordance with at least some of the traditional masculinity norms. Out of the four men analysed, three of them had a gender equal relationship with the female lead character. Some men in the book were shown to act based on a patriarchal power structure. It was found that the men who acted in accordance with this structure were conforming more to the traditional masculity norms in their interaction with other men than in their interaction with women.

Denna studie fokuserar på mediers framställning av män och kvinnor i sportjournalistiken. Utifrån ett genusperspektiv analyserar vi Aftonbladets nyhetskrönikor av de Olympiska Spelen sommaren 2016. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur kvinnliga atleter framställs gentemot manliga atleter inom sportjournalistiken. Vi undersöker även om det råder en hegemonisk maskulinitet i rapporteringen. I utförandet av studien har vi använt oss av kritisk diskursanalys (CDA) som både metod och teori. Som komplement till CDA som teori, utgår vår analys från genusteori, hegemonisk maskulinitet och stereotyper. Studien grundar sig i fem olika analysverktyg hämtade ur Carvalhos (2008) steg-för-steg modell för kritisk diskursanalys. Modellen gör det möjligt för en kritisk analys av textens innehåll samt skildringar av manliga och kvinnliga atleter. Resultaten visar att det i jämförelse med tidigare studier råder en ändring i diskursen. De kvinnliga atleterna i studien skildras inte av negativa stereotyper. Fokus ligger inte på kvinnornas sociala roll, utan de beskrivs istället utifrån sina bedrifter som atleter. Det råder en jämställd skildring av kvinnliga och manliga atleter utifrån ett genusperspektiv och den hegemoniska maskuliniteten stöds inte i vår studie. / The focus of this study lies on medias representation of male and female athletes in sports journalism. The research has been conducted on one of Sweden’s biggest newspaper, Aftonbladet. This study has, from a gender perspective, critically analysed Aftonbladets news coverage of the summer Olympic games of 2016. The purpose of this study is to examine how female athletes is portrayed in sports journalism in comparison with male athletes, and to see if a hegemony masculinity shows in the news coverage. To carry this study into effect we chose to use critical discourse analysis as both method and theory. To complement CDA as a theory we also base our analysis in the theory of gender, stereotypes and hegemony masculinity theory. This study is based on five analytic tools that was recovered from Carvalhos step-by-step model for a critical discourse analysis. This makes it possible for a critical qualitative analysis of the text and the depiction of male and female athletes. The model makes it possible to examine the chronicles use of linguistic, as the content of the text is broken down thoroughly and deeply analysed. In comparison to earlier studies, our results shows that there is a change in the discourse. The female athletes in the study are not described by negative stereotypes. The focus of the female athletes does not lie on them as social actors, instead they are described by their actions as athletes. From a gender perspective the female and male athletes are represented equally. There is no showing of a hegemony masculinity in the news reporting.

This thesis aims at identifying, through Will Wright methods of narrative analysis, how the different masculinities are represented in the first season of the TV-series True Detective via the protagonists Rust Cohle and Marty Hart. Theories about hegemonic masculinity and Will Wright's theories for narrative analysis are further applied to see how these similarities and differences are formed by what Wright calls “the professional plot". Through 32 chosen scenes from the first season, this study examines the narrative of True Detective and the relationship between the main characters Rust Cohle and Marty Hart from a point of view that will highlight their hierarchic positions in the hegemonic masculinity, using Raewyn Connell’s studies as a theory. We have found that there are two separate hegemonic spheres, one within the relationship between the main characters, and one within the society as a whole. In the latter, Marty Hart is displayed as a member of the hegemonic masculinity up to the point where he loses his family while Rust Cohle constantly belongs to the subordinate masculinity. This is due to him being in constant clash with the traditional cultural values of Louisiana where the series takes place. Regarding the hegemony within their relationship, Rust Cohle goes through a hegemonic transformation, from the subordinate masculinity to the hegemonic while Marty Hart makes the journey from occupying the hegemonic masculinity to serve as the participating dito.

Studiens syfte var att öka förståelsen för hur maskuliniteter och femininiteter kan iscensättas inom gruppen män. Detta gjordes under hashtagen pappaledig på det sociala nätverket Instagram. Variationer och mönster undersöktes i relation till könsstereotypa normer. En semiotisk bild- och textanalys användes för att kunna besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Begreppen maskuliniteter och femininiteter användes som en integrerad analysenhet i syfte att frångå könsdikotomi.  Studiens huvudresultat visade att majoriteten av männens bilder kunde tolkas maskulina medan texterna uppvisade en mer feminin eller mixad karaktär. I relation till Connells teori om hegemonisk maskulinitet tycks de hegemoniska idealen reproduceras i de hårdare och mindre uttrycksfulla bilderna medan en mjukare och mer emotionell karaktär kunde ses i bildtexterna. Texternas mer omhändertagande prägel kunde relateras till ett modernt faderskap. / The aim of the study was to increase understanding of how masculinities and femininities exhibit within a group of men. This was done in the hashtag #pappaledig on the social network Instagram. Variations and patterns were examined in relation to gender stereotyped norms. A semiotic image- and text analysis was used to answer the study's purpose and questions. The terms masculinities and femininities were used as an integrated analysis unit for the purpose of departing from sex dichotomy. The main results of the study showed that the majority of men's images could be interpreted masculine while the texts showed a more feminine or mixed character. In relation to Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity, the hegemonic ideals appear to be reproduced in the tougher and less expressive images while a softer and more emotional character could be seen in the captions. The more disposal character of the texts could be related to modern paternity.

This study aims to investigate how history teachers relate to whiteness and the whiteness norms in their teaching. The material mainly consists of qualitative interviews with history teachers who are active in lower secondary schools in Jönköping County. The questions are based on how the teachers reason regarding the whiteness norms, how they work with these in their teaching and how the teachers appraise that these norms affect their pupils' identity creation and history consciousness. The results show that a large part of the respondents show an uncertainty when they talk about the whiteness norm, this stems from a lack of understanding for the meaning of the concepts. It also appears that some respondents have reflected on the whiteness norms in their teaching before, however, a difference can be seen in the respondents’ answers depending on how or if they have reflected on the subject of whiteness norms or not. The respondents handle the uncertainty in different ways, among other things by being or not being a killjoy (a person who decides whether they should bring down the mood in the room through confrontation or not). In the conversation with the respondents, they describe how their view of the students' identity and that it can vary depending on whether the pupil belong or does not belong to the whiteness norm.

The gender balance in Swedish preschool and elementary schoolteachers is highly uneven. Male preschool and elementary schoolteachers consist of only 4% and 25% respectively. The study’s motivation is found here. The aim is to get knowledge of the way male students at university who are studying to become preschool or elementary schoolteachers use and take benefit of existing male discourses and if they make opposition on these discourses. By the use of qualitative interviews, the material in this study is based on subjective views and experiences of male students doing gender in the context of a female-dominated space of study and anticipated future career. Within a broader social constructive approach, the empirical material is analyzed by the use of Connell’s theory on gender and hegemonic masculinity. Other theoretical concept that have been used in this study to display and analyze the way the students are doing gender are such as “male discourses” and “masculinity”. The result of this study suggest that male students are not giving up their use of male discourses, instead they are constructing a new role in relation to their future profession and existing discourses. They construct their profession roles in relation with their use of existing male discourses as well as opposition towards them, as well as the use of female discourses. The result of this study suggest that male students are in some cases using existing male discourses in relation to their profession, but that they are also using active resistance towards these discourses with the use of female discourses. These results go mostly in line with results presented by earlier studies in the field. The students are negotiating with the hegemonic masculinity in the way they are constructing their professional role as teachers and role models.

In this essay, Hanya Yanagihara’s main characters from the novel A Little Life (2015) are analyzed, with the basis of gender stereotypes and with the help of Raewyn Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity. It argues that the characters in question challenge the typical gender roles in the way that they are lacking in comparison to Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity and are portrayed with feminine attributes. Yanagihara’s portrayal of masculinity creates a depth to the characters in questions and a more complex view of masculinity. / I denna uppsatsen analyseras Hanya Yanagiharas fyra huvudkaraktärer i boken Ett Litet Liv (2015) utifrån könsstereotyper samt med hjälp av Raewyn Connells teori om hegemonisk maskulinitet. Den argumenterar för att karaktärerna utmanar de typiska könsrollerna genom att de inte når upp till den hegemoniska maskuliniteten och visas med feminina attribut. Sättet Yanagihara visar upp maskulinitet skapar ett djup om karaktärerna och en mer komplex syn på maskulinitet.

Pappors andel av antalet uttagna föräldrapenningdagar har sedan föräldraförsäkringen infördes i Sverige 1974 ökat stadigt från 0,5 procent av det totala antalet dagar till cirka 28 procent 2018. Trots att pappor tar ut en allt större del av föräldraledigheten finns det än idag stora skillnader i ledighetsuttag mellan kvinnor och män. Utvecklingen går emellertid mot att pappor tar ut allt fler föräldrapenningdagar. Trenden i mäns uttag pekar samtidigt på en polarisering i användandet av försäkringen, mellan en relativt konstant grupp pappor som använder ingen eller mycket liten föräldrapenning och en växande grupp pappor som använder tämligen många föräldrapenningdagar. Tidigare analyser har visat att det finns ett samband mellan mäns uttag av föräldraledighet och individfaktorer som exempelvis pappans utbildningsnivå. Högre utbildning kopplas ofta till mer egalitära och progressiva attityder till könsroller och föräldraskap. Även den inbördes relationen mellan mammans och pappans individuella socioekonomiska status har visat sig vara av betydelse för pappans uttag av föräldraledighet. Studien ämnar belysa skillnader i föräldraledighetsuttag mellan grupper av män genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som är avgörande för mäns uttag av föräldraledighet med hjälp av data från Levnadsnivåundersökningen (LNU) 2010. Resultatet visar inte på något signifikant samband mellan pappans utbildningsnivå och uttag av föräldraledighet. Tanken på att högre utbildningsnivå leder till mer egalitära attityder och därigenom till ett ökat uttag av föräldraledighet stämmer inte överens med resultatet i den här studien. När det gäller mammans och pappans resurser och individfaktorer i relation till varandra framträder inget entydigt samband. Resultatet tyder snarare på att skillnader i resurser mellan föräldrapar är av större betydelse för mäns uttag av föräldraledighet än skillnader i resurser inom föräldraparet.

In this interview study we have investigated how masculinity is created in young, heterosexual males, and how the relationship between their sexuality and identity is perceived. We have studied this in relation to the use of the social media Instagram. Through a thematic analysis we have found that (1) the informants view being emotional and considerate as more desirable attributes, and distance themselves from traditionally masculine attributes, which becomes the foundation for creating a new form of masculinity. (2) There’s a discrepancy between the attributes that informants find desirable and the practices that they take part in, as they aren’t able to completely avoid masculine norms. (3) The same awareness about the gender regime results in different approaches, as some informants take part in sexual content on social media in an effort to approve women’s sexuality, whereas some informants actively abstain from sexual content to not sexualise women. Both of these approaches result in sustaining the gender hierarchies, where the informants are positioned at the top. (4) The awareness about their privileges as heterosexual men becomes a form of masculinity creation in itself, as it gives them the ability to distance themselves from other men. (5) The informant has previously not reflected on the relation between sexuality and identity, as their identities are in accordance with social norms. Our conclusion is that issues concerning gender equality and upheaving the patriarchal system are not solved by focusing on individuals. While awareness of gender regimes might improve men's attitudes towards feminist ideology, it also becomes part of reinforcing the system of hegemonic masculinity, and thus consolidating the patriarchal system. The aim should rather be to focus on structural solutions, to reconstruct societal views on gender, which in the long run would benefit both men and women as equals.

<p>This is a qualitative study about how young men in the age of 16-18 years can construct their masculinity. How do these young men describe a “real man”? What are their thoughts about themselves as adults? The purpose of this study includes a gender perspective in surroundings that cope with the sport football. To answer this study, six young men in the age of 16-18 years, whom are active football players in different levels, have been interviewed. The findings showed that the young men seemed to construct their masculinity in cooperation with the surroundings and the nearest family members seemed to have a very strong influence of the boy’s development to become a man. The results even indicated that the young men construct their masculinity by distancing themselves from what seems not to be masculine, for example male homosexuals.</p>