The reason for the study is that IT-enabled organizational change processes such as information system implementations have high costs and disappointing results. Studies to identify causes of the mentioned failures are mainly based on a variance approach. This study applies another approach which is not yet performed in this field of research and affects several themes. Based on a process approach data is compared with ideal-process theories to identify the generative mechanisms causing the unfolding of the process. Thus, the study identifies a recipe and not the ingredients.

À partir d’observations personnelles sur l’importance de la technique et des technologies dans la production musicale, le projet de ce mémoire fut élaboré autour de la sociologie de la musique de Weber. En premier lieu, un questionnement du rapport entre musique, technologie et société permet d’établir de nombreuses voies pour la recherche concernant les médiations techniques de la musique. Ces médiations sont maintenant caractérisées par les changements issus de l’implantation de l’informatique dans de nombreuses sociétés et la modification des rapports de pouvoir et des rapports sociaux par les possibilités nouvelles offertes par le médium numérique. Si Internet semble avoir bouleversé l’industrie de la musique, de nouvelles possibilités de dépasser les limitations des technologies traditionnelles de la musique sont toutefois aussi apparues au sein de ce « système sociotechnique ». Ces modifications prennent la forme de philosophies, mais aussi de pratiques sociales qui se répandent, avant tout, auprès de la jeune génération, ce qu’il est possible d’observer par les changements dans les pratiques musicales. À partir des outils conceptuels de Weber, deux idéaltypes seront créés qui représentent autant de modes de diffusion de musique sur Internet. L’accent est mis sur la différence entre les pratiques sociales et musicales de ces modes de diffusions : l’un est basé sur des pratiques traditionnelles et greffé sur la nouvelle plateforme Internet, l’autre emprunte les caractéristiques de la diffusion de l’information en réseau caractéristique de la culture Internet et se caractérise par des pratiques dites réflexives. Ces idéaltypes, ainsi que les cas qui les constituent et qu’ils mettent en lumière, sont mis à profit pour discuter des motifs de l’action chez différents agents au cœur des pratiques de diffusion et, finalement, des modalités variées que prend la rationalisation de la diffusion de la musique à partir du médium numérique. / Starting from personal observations on the place hold by techniques and technologies in the production of music, this thesis project was created around Max Weber’s Sociology of Music. First, the relations between music, technology and society are critically questioned in order to underline the possible ways of further research concerning the technical mediation of music. The latter are now characterized through the changes brought by the implementation of Informatics in many societies and the modification of the social or power relationships by the new possibilities of the digital medium. It seems that the Internet has shaken the music industry. However, in this socio-technical system new ways are being shaped allowing the overcome the traditional limitations of the music technologies. These ways takes the form of philosophies but also of social popular among the younger generations observable through changes in social practices. Using the Weber’s conceptual tools, two ideal types are created—representing as many diffusion modes of music on the Internet. Two dimensions regarding the difference between these social and musical practices are stressed: the perpetuation of traditional diffusion practices integrated on the Internet platform and the reflexives practices characterized by a diffusion mode expressing the network type of information circulation of the Internet culture. These ideal types, and the related cases chosen to construct and describe them, serve to discuss the multiple motives of action of different social agents relevant for the diffusion practices, and, finally, the various modalities of the rationalization of music diffusion through the digital medium.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Man kann die allgemeinen Probleme, denen Weber sich in seinen kulturwissenschaftlichen Studien gewidmet hat, in zwei Hauptprobleme zusammenfassen: das erste liegt im Verhältnis zwischen kulturwissenschaftlichen Allgemeinbegriffen einerseits sowie empirischer Realität d. h. je individuellen historischen Ereignissen und sozialen Handlungen andererseits; das zweite bezieht sich auf die Trennlinie zwischen Werturteilen und wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis beziehungsweise auf die Unterscheidung zwischen dem „Seinsollenden“ und dem „Seienden“. Zur Lösung der ersten Problematik schlägt Weber seinen Ansatz des „idealtypischen Vorgehens“ vor, zur Lösung der zweiten sein Konzept der „Werturteilsfreiheit“ oder „wertfrei“ der Kulturwissenschaften. Wir haben uns in unserer Arbeit vorrangig auf die erste Problematik konzentriert, ohne jedoch deren Zusammenhang mit der zweiten außer Acht zu lassen. Hier kommt die Frage: Inwieweit ist Webers „idealtypische Begriffsbildung“ tauglich als eine rationale Rekonstruktion der empirischen Realität? Im Sinne Weber ist der „Idealtypus“ wohl die einzige Möglichkeit, kulturwissenschaftlich zu forschen. Somit entsteht zwangsläufig das Problem, dass das kulturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisobjekt nur auf eine idealtypische Weise zugänglich ist. So gesehen wäre es unmöglich, die Kulturwissenschaften als Wirklichkeitswissenschaften zu bezeichnen. Daher sollte man auch weiterhin über alternative kulturwissenschaftliche Erklärungsmodelle nachdenken. Zu denken wäre hier etwa an Hempels DN-Erklärung, Drays rationale Erklärung, von Wrights praktischen Syllogismus, Schwemmers rational- rekonstruktive Erklärung sowie verschiedene Modelle weiterer moderner Autoren, die einen wichtigen Anteil an der Diskussion der Frage nach einer gangbaren kulturwissenschaftlichen Methode für die Erklärung von Handlungen hatten. Die Frage selbst wird unseres Erachtens jedoch auch der künftigen Kulturwissenschaft erhalten bleiben und sich mit der Entwicklung der Kulturwissenschaften selbst weiterentwickeln. / The general problems Weber addresses in his cultural studies can be summarised as two main problems. The first one is located in the relationship between cultural general terms on the one hand as well as empirical reality, i. e. based on historical events and social action on the other hand; the second one refers to the parting line between value judgements and scientific knowledge which is to say to the differentiation between “what should be” and “what is”. Weber proposes his approach of the “ideal-typical action” in order to solve the first problem; to solve the second problem he proposes his concept of “freedom from value judgements” or “value-free” cultural studies. In our work we are primarily focusing on the first problem without losing sight of its relationship with the second problem. So here comes the question: to what degree is Weber’s “ideal-typical concept formation” suitable as a rational reconstruction of empirical reality? In Weber’s sense, the “ideal type” is arguably the only possibility of conducting research in a cultural-scientific context. In this way the problem inevitably arises that the scientific object of cultural studies can only be accessed through an ideal-typical approach. If we looked at it that way, it would be impossible to consider cultural studies as real life science. For this reason we should continue thinking about alternative explanatory models concerning cultural studies. Perhaps here Hempel’s D-N explanation comes to mind, Dray’s rational explanation, von Wright’s practical syllogisms, Schwemmer’s rational-reconstructive explanation as well as different models of other authors who played an important role in the discussion of the question of a practicable method in cultural studies concerning the explanation of action. As far as we are concerned the question itself will continue to be explored in future cultural studies and with the further development of cultural studies continue developing itself.

A presente tese de doutorado apresenta um estudo sociológico comparativo de culturas democráticas e do funcionamento judiciário, baseado em tipos ideais, com enfoque nas culturas cívicas, jurídicas e judiciais dos Estados Unidos, do Brasil e da França. O objetivo principal é compreender o funcionamento do Poder Judiciário no Brasil, a partir de sua cultura democrático-constitucional oficial, problematizando-a em face da hipótese da persistência de habitus patrimonialistas subjacentes à forma jurídica. O primeiro capítulo constrói e compara os tipos ideais da cultura democrática (aspectos sociais e políticos) nos Estados Unidos, na França e no Brasil. Os pensamentos e valores marcantes em torno das coisas públicas e privadas são organizados na forma dos tipos comparáveis do individualista liberal, do coletivista social e do patrimonialista pessoal. As elites típicas são esboçadas em torno das noções de um advogado burguês, um nobre de Estado e um burocrata estamental. Por último, o problema dos mitos fundantes das democracias é elaborado através do contraponto dos racionalismos contratualistas (pragmático nos Estados Unidos e utópico na França) com o ranço pré-moderno das raízes culturais brasileiras. O segundo capítulo constrói e compara os arranjos institucionais e o funcionamento do poder judiciário nos três países. Descreve-se e sistematiza-se, para utilização eficaz, a ferramenta conceitual das magistraturas “burocráticas” e “profissionais”, tal como já “pré-concebida” por Garapon, Guarnieri e Pederzoli. O aspecto burocrático bloqué, excessivamente apegado ao Código, da magistratura judicial francesa, é explicado pelo temor do retorno da barbárie e do arbítrio pessoal, que são como memórias reprimidas, do Ancien Régime e da Revolução, no inconsciente cultural francês. A formação da alta magistratura administrativa como uma forma de noblesse d’État é explicada como a modernização, pela legitimação escolar, das reminiscências cortesãs latentes de uma sociedade afeita à distinção social. Por sua vez, o ativismo judicial característico do judiciário americano é explicado pela retumbante interpenetração entre o direito e a política em sua cultura; imbricamento este que explica os métodos de recrutamento que privilegiam a accountability em detrimento da independência judicial; bem como a licenciosidade com que os juízes americanos se imiscuem no universo das ideologias políticas, inclusive as partidárias. Por último, o fato de os magistrados brasileiros pensarem-se como grupo distinto e superior, com ares de nobreza, é explicado através da ideia de “nobreza concursada”, como sendo a feição contemporânea do estamento burocrático. O desembaraço de seu jogo duplo, em ora apresentarem-se como medalhões, que dão carteiraços, ora como técnicos (ou paladinos) da ordem jurídica democrática, é explicado pela ambiguidade essencial da modernização da cultura brasileira: o ethos patrimonialista contemporâneo é interpretado como modernização da cordialidade idílica; o “indivíduo contratualista”, formal e burocrata, e a “pessoa estamental”, favorita do paço, encontram sua síntese perfeita no magistrado-concursado-medalhão contemporâneo. / This PhD dissertation presents a comparative sociological study of the democratic cultures and the judicial functioning, based on ideal types; focusing on the civic, legal, judicial cultures of the United States, Brazil and France. The main goal is to understand the functioning of the Judiciary in Brazil, from its official constitutional democratic culture, rendering it problematic before the hypothesis of a steady habitus of patrimonialism, underlying the legal formalities. The first chapter constructs and compares the ideal types of the democratic culture (social and political features) in the United States, in France and in Brazil. The remarkable thoughts and the values, on public and private issues, are shaped as comparable types, like the “liberal individualist”, the “social collectivist”, the “person of the patrimonialism”. Typical elites are drafted based on the notions of the bourgeois-lawyer, the State noble, and the status-group-bureaucrat. Finally, the issue of the democratic founding myths is constructed by opposing the contractual rationalisms (pragmatic in the US and utopic in France) and the pre-modern rancidity of Brazilian cultural roots. The second chapter constructs and compares the judicial institutional setting and its functioning in the three countries. It effectively describes and systematizes the conceptual tool of “bureaucratic” and “professional” magistracies, first conceived by Garapon, Guarnieri and Pederzoli. The character of bureaucratie bloquée, obsessed by the Code of the French judicial magistracy, is explained by the fear of the French people of facing backlashes of barbarism and tyrannies, reminding the time of the Old Regime and the Revolution, based on unconscious repressed cultural memories. The making of the high administrative magistracy, shaped as a noblesse d’État, is explained as a modernization of courtier reminiscence, by means of scholar legitimization, which are latent in a society with taste for social distinctiveness. In turn, the characteristic judicial activism of the American judiciary is explained by the sounding interpenetration between law and politics in their culture. This imbrication explains the methods of recruitment that privilege accountability rather than judicial independence. This also explains the cultural permissiveness for American judges to meddle with the universe of political, even partisan ideologies. At last, the fact that the Brazilian magistrates think of themselves as a distinct and superior group, with their ways of nobility, is explained by the idea of "examined nobility", meaning the contemporary feature of the bureaucratic status group. They play double-games with resourcefulness, sometimes playing the role of big-wigs, throwing their weights around; other times playing the technicians (or the warriors) of the democratic legal system. This is explained by the essential ambiguity in the modernization of the Brazilian culture: the ethos of a contemporary patrimonialism is interpreted as the modernization of the idyllic cordiality. The contemporary “examined big-wig” is the perfect synthesis of the associative formal-bureaucratic individual and the status-group person, “favorite of the prince”.

This thesis investigated the power of framing practices in the context of Australian refugee policies between 1999 and 2003. The analysis identified legal rationalism as an ideological projection by which the Howard government justified its refugee policies to the electorate. That is, legal rationalism manifested itself as an overriding concern with the rules and procedures of the law, without necessarily having concern for consistency or continuity. In its first form, legal rationalism emerged as a

Language competence is decisively important in international business and could increase efficacy, efficiency, sales and profits. Language is an underresearched area in business studies though language constitutes management and the managers building structures, processes, cultures and personalities being the most vital working tool to get things done and make them understandable. Since 1970 Swedish companies lose market shares globally and in Europe. In an era requiring better foreign language skills there is a declining trend among young Swedish business people and students in other languages than English. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyse the role of language in intercultural business communication between Swedish expatriates and locals in Serbia, The Czech Republic, Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria and indirectly also Russia and Poland. To understand the business culture in these countries the author has learned the local language in these seven countries taking 3687 private language lessons. This improves the researcher’s understanding of the culture and its people giving directness and depth in communication, independence and receptivity. This ethnographically inspired hermeneutic study holds semi-structured interviews with expatriates. Better language skills among expatriates – particularly in the local language - could make them more self-dependent and win contracts and it strengthens closeness to customers, relationship and trust, strategic view and ability and also operational effectiveness and efficiency enabling their companies to gain market shares. Using Weber’s ideal types the cultural significance structures emerge featuring the cultures in these countries showing that expatriates have to strengthen the ability of the locals in the areas of trust, responsibility and initiative, independent thinking, holistic view, win-win thinking and reduce fear while the expatriates’ own abilities in these areas are strengthened if they speak the local language. Language strategies permitting the expatriate to be more communicatively and linguistically self-dependent are having a common company language, using multilingualism or having the expatriate speak or learn to speak the local language where the advantages, disadvantages and characteristics of these and other aspects of the role of language are given in ideal types.

À partir d’observations personnelles sur l’importance de la technique et des technologies dans la production musicale, le projet de ce mémoire fut élaboré autour de la sociologie de la musique de Weber. En premier lieu, un questionnement du rapport entre musique, technologie et société permet d’établir de nombreuses voies pour la recherche concernant les médiations techniques de la musique. Ces médiations sont maintenant caractérisées par les changements issus de l’implantation de l’informatique dans de nombreuses sociétés et la modification des rapports de pouvoir et des rapports sociaux par les possibilités nouvelles offertes par le médium numérique. Si Internet semble avoir bouleversé l’industrie de la musique, de nouvelles possibilités de dépasser les limitations des technologies traditionnelles de la musique sont toutefois aussi apparues au sein de ce « système sociotechnique ». Ces modifications prennent la forme de philosophies, mais aussi de pratiques sociales qui se répandent, avant tout, auprès de la jeune génération, ce qu’il est possible d’observer par les changements dans les pratiques musicales. À partir des outils conceptuels de Weber, deux idéaltypes seront créés qui représentent autant de modes de diffusion de musique sur Internet. L’accent est mis sur la différence entre les pratiques sociales et musicales de ces modes de diffusions : l’un est basé sur des pratiques traditionnelles et greffé sur la nouvelle plateforme Internet, l’autre emprunte les caractéristiques de la diffusion de l’information en réseau caractéristique de la culture Internet et se caractérise par des pratiques dites réflexives. Ces idéaltypes, ainsi que les cas qui les constituent et qu’ils mettent en lumière, sont mis à profit pour discuter des motifs de l’action chez différents agents au cœur des pratiques de diffusion et, finalement, des modalités variées que prend la rationalisation de la diffusion de la musique à partir du médium numérique. / Starting from personal observations on the place hold by techniques and technologies in the production of music, this thesis project was created around Max Weber’s Sociology of Music. First, the relations between music, technology and society are critically questioned in order to underline the possible ways of further research concerning the technical mediation of music. The latter are now characterized through the changes brought by the implementation of Informatics in many societies and the modification of the social or power relationships by the new possibilities of the digital medium. It seems that the Internet has shaken the music industry. However, in this socio-technical system new ways are being shaped allowing the overcome the traditional limitations of the music technologies. These ways takes the form of philosophies but also of social popular among the younger generations observable through changes in social practices. Using the Weber’s conceptual tools, two ideal types are created—representing as many diffusion modes of music on the Internet. Two dimensions regarding the difference between these social and musical practices are stressed: the perpetuation of traditional diffusion practices integrated on the Internet platform and the reflexives practices characterized by a diffusion mode expressing the network type of information circulation of the Internet culture. These ideal types, and the related cases chosen to construct and describe them, serve to discuss the multiple motives of action of different social agents relevant for the diffusion practices, and, finally, the various modalities of the rationalization of music diffusion through the digital medium.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

隨著經濟狀況不景氣，失業率居高不下，社會治安日趨惡化。因此政府不斷進行各種維護治安、掃蕩犯罪組織專案工作，但從各種民意調查資料顯示，民眾對於政府在「治安」、「交通」施政滿意仍然未見上升。警察除了維持治安、疏導交通或處理一般民眾爭端，甚至還需要協助他單位執行公權力。在警力不足的情形下，往往必須犧牲家庭甚至個人身心健康，以貫徹治安使命。繁重的工作、身心健康及家庭生活難以兼顧，但並無相關配套鼓勵措施或者健全的福利制度，使得員警在工作崗位上負擔極大的壓力。部分員警家庭因此破碎，或鋌而走險、甚有自戕及從事違法犯紀之行為，造成警察形象為民眾所詬病的原因。 研究者自警察大學畢業迄今，已從事警察領導職務多年，經常接觸基層執行勤務員警。由於警察任務性質屬於全時及經常處於高度壓力的狀況下，相對地造成員警對於自己所從事的工作，有相當不同的工作意向。尤其警察工作經常於深夜服勤，生活方式日夜顛倒，與家人共處時間短暫，工作上面又臨績效壓力。在此種品質不佳的生活與工作條件下，家庭問題及婚姻生活與工作特性對於員警工作意向影響極大。 為瞭解員警治安意向、職場與家庭意識，本研究採問卷調查法針對治安、職場與家庭三大項目，調查ㄧ三六題次的問題，以確認受試者認為作好哪一項措施，對於治安之維護有重大影響力以及對該項措施的滿意程度。並在進行問卷調查後，再針對所得資料處裡，採取「理想型」之建構模式，進行質化分析。即以多元方法交叉檢視，採取「主─輔設計」方式，以質化的研究為主，以量化方式作為輔助之功能。 本研究發現如下： 壹、治安意向方面：其原因不外為重案緩判，影響治安（本研究發現員警認為法官對於飛車搶案量刑寬鬆，交保容易，再犯率偏高，使警方疲於奔命）；層級偏低，受制於人（警察組織層級偏低未能發揮整體治安決策及協調整合之功能）；升遷無望，難有鬥志（基層員警未能循序晉升至巡官以上職務，因升遷無望，喪失鬥志）；警力不足，裝備破舊（基層警力配置失衡，難以因應民眾需求，警察素質未能有效提升，難以發揮應有效能）；疊床架屋，浪費資源（受理案件表格無法有效整合、簡化。程序繁雜，文書未能有效數位化）；設計不良，品質低落（績效掛帥取向，只管移送不問起訴，案件草草移送，偵辦品質低落）。 貳、職場意識方面：其原因不外為超時工作，休息不足（職務代理制度未能有效落實）；關說干擾，升遷難平（升遷的公平性遭質疑，關說情形的存在，人事主導權遭侵蝕，影響升遷公平）；主管好惡，勞逸不均（往往有工作能力者承辦繁重之業務，資歷較深者承辦功奬多之業務等不公平現象）；工作不滿，投訴無門（大多認為長官會官官相護，將大事化小、小事化無，且對申訴處理人員欠缺信任）。 參、家庭意識方面：其原因不外為工作繁忙，身心俱疲（員警多半因勤務時間過長，休息時間不足）；勤休不定，難得相處（員警認為休假未能正常，不利夫妻溝通，影響家庭和諧）。 本研究建議如下： 其歸結之重點不外為適時修法，速審速決（建議對於該等案件速審速 決，提高交保的條件，從嚴量刑）；提高位階，預算獨立（建議提高 警政署位階，有效整合資源並將預算回歸中央統一編列）；增加警 力，提升裝備（建議增加警力，適當配置至基層單位服務並注重素質 控管）；減少文書、業務，縮短工時（推行E化作業，建構無紙辦公 環境以提高工作效率與效能）；改善評比，檢討績效（減少各項專案， 避免影響正常勤務運作，造成員警彈性疲乏）；升遷公開，勞逸平均 （升遷公開透明，競爭公平，擇優遴選）；建立核心，業務明確（確 立「治安、交通、為民服務」為警察工作核心並致力於主管業務，摒 除協辦業務）；暢通員警申訴管道（定期舉辦員警座談會，傾聽員 警心聲，秉持公平公正，嚴禁秋後算帳）；加強溝通，和樂相處（建 議員警同仁勤餘、休假，多與家人相處，唯有和樂的家庭是專心工作 的基礎）。 / In the advent of economic downturn, in addition to employment rate staying high, maintaining the law and order for the society is getting worse daily. Therefore, the government has been consistently in proceeding to various measures of protecting the law and order as well as conducting projects in fighting back the crime organization. Nevertheless, from various polls indicated that the general populace views on the governmental efforts in “law and order” and “traffic” categories, still remained to be low and needed to be enhanced as result. The police force, no matter whether in maintaining law and order, directing traffic or processing the resolution of disputes for the general public, may need to go out of its way to assist other organizations in executing the authority from the mandate at large. Under the constant lack of police manpower, they must confront the choices of sacrificing the family life, even worse, personal health so as to protect the law and order as demanded. Work loads and personal well-beings in addition to family life are difficult to manage all at the same time. This is a given, still other encouragement measures without proper planning and supports or comprehensive welfare system, these would create tremendous strains on the police forces at work. Portions of the police force member are suffering family breakups, or go-out-on-the-limb, even committing suicides as well as conducting behaviors of breaking the law and order instead, these all are responsible of creating negative images to the general populace. This researcher has been involved with the leadership role at the basic level of police forces since college graduation, with experiences of frequent contact with local law and order enforcement personnel. Since the mission of police force can be attributed as under constant high pressurized situations, relatively speaking, this caused significantly different job orientations for policeman when reviewing the jobs that they occupy. Especially for those police works that require serving throughout night, with upside down lifestyle to say the least, the short and precious moment sharing with the family in addition to facing the job performance stress from work, this is very demanding. As consequence, under conditions of lack of quality in both the lifestyle and work, family problems and marital lives in addition to work characteristics are casting great impacts on policeman in regards to the work preferences. Therefore, to understand the policeman orientation in maintaining law and order, job environment and family consciousness, this research adopted survey query method in regards to law and order, job environment and family as three main items, as well as surveying the 136 questions in the questionnaire, so as to confirm that the recognitions from the persons under survey in regards to which measurement must be carried out as intended, and this measurement does carry great weight in maintaining the law and order in addition to the satisfaction levels for this very specific measurement. Moreover, after the survey is conducted, this research focused on the datum gathered and processed these datum with adopting the constructs of “ideal type” to proceed further qualitative analyses. Then it is inspected and reviewed in crisscross fashion through multi-variable methods, and adopted “Primary-secondary design” approach which is primarily relied upon the qualitative research and supplemented with quantitative approaches as the secondary. The findings of this research are as follow: 1. The aspects of law and order intention: The main causes are more or less centered at the area of slow court process as well as prosecuting the major crimes, which heavily impact the law and order (This research findings indicated that, the policeman acknowledged the judge would sentence the motorcyclist robbing the pedestrians with the least sentencing possible, in addition to easy suspect bailout with crime recommitting rate relatively high. These are all frustrating the policemen in suspect arrests.) Policemen are at the low level status in the organization, and constantly under the constraints imposed by others. (The policeman organization level is rather low in the overall organization chart, and this results with unable to perform the functions of carrying out the law and order policies in addition to coordinating with other departments in integration efforts.) Hopeless in getting promoted, difficult in obtaining the fighting will. (The local policemen can not be promoted through rank and files as high as the patrolling officer. Since it is hopeless in promotion, therefore they all are lack of fighting will as result.); Lack of police manpower, outdated equipments and supplies(The manpower deployment at local level of police force is out of balance, it is difficult to meet the general populace demand, in addition, the police quality can not be effectively enhanced so as to perform as demanded); Overlapping in the sense of organization, waste of resources(Can not effectively integrate, simplify the forms for filing cases. Complex and redundant procedures, the paperwork can not be effectively converted into digital format.); Poor design with low quality demand (Performance driven in a worst sense, only transferring the apprehended and not caring about the prosecution probability. The caseloads are rated as finished when the transferred were processed with low quality in police detection. ) 2. In the aspects of job environment consciousness: And the causes are no exception, like overwork, lack of rest. (The substitute staff system has not been effectively implemented as desired.) Outside interference in human resource decision caused upheavals (The fairness of promotion was questioned, the outside interference still existed. The human resource leadership has been eroded as such which impacted the fairness in promotion); Preferences from the superiors caused unfair assignments. (Often is the case that those with capabilities would have assigned with heavier responsibilities in operation, those with more experience and seniority would be assigned with tasks with more awards and recognitions. These are the phenomenon of unfairness. ); When unsatisfied with the job, there is no channel to vent the frustration of dissatisfaction.(Majority of the superiors would protect themselves which entails with minimizing the effect of not-doing-anything at all. In addition, they do not trust those who processed the petitions.) 3. In the aspect of family consciousness: The causes are almost belonged to heavy work loads, both the mind and body suffer. (The policemen are almost all work too hard with long hours and lack of adequate rest); Irregular work and vacation schedules, it is difficult to get along. (Policemen all acknowledged that, irregular vacation schedule caused husband and wife not be able to communicate, and impacting the harmony of the family.) This research recommends as follow: The summarized focal points can be law and regulation amendments, speedy trials and sentencing.(Recommending the speedy trial and sentencing for these cases, in addition to raise the bailout conditions with heavier sentencing.); Raise the level of status with independent budgeting.(Recommending raise the level of National Police Agency and effectively consolidate the resources in addition to budgeting fallback to central government jurisdiction); Increase police force strength, enhance and upgrade equipments and supplies(Recommending the increase of police force with adequately dispositions down to the local level units in addition to focus on the quality control); Cut down the paperwork, operations with shorter work hours.(Promote ○e operations, construct no-paper work environment so as to elevate work efficiency and effectiveness); Enhance items being criticized and review performance afterwards(Cut down each and every project work load to prevent impact to normal operation which entails with policemen overwork );Bring visibility to promotion and equalize work assignments(Since the promotion has visibility and transparency, the competition would be fair with the best qualified personnel chosen as result);Establish core values with specific operation assignment (Reaffirm “law and order, traffic and serve the people” as the cores for police work in addition to dedication to jurisdiction operations and stopping coordinated operations); Smooth the channels for dissatisfaction petitioning(Conduct scheduled forums for policemen, listen to their concerns with fairness and justice. Absolutely no payback action is allowed.); Enhance communications with pleasant getting-along. (Recommending the policemen spending more time with the family during off hours and vacations. Only the happy and pleasant family life can be the cornerstone for work dedication. )。