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Much computer communications activity is invisible to the user, happening without explicit permission. When system administrators investigate network communications activities, they have difficulty tracing them back to the processes that cause them. The strictly layered TCP/IP networking model that underlies all widely used, general-purpose operating systems makes it impossible to trace a packet seen on the network back to the processes that are responsible for generating and receiving it. The TCP/IP model separates the concerns of network routing and process ownership so that the layers cannot share the information needed to correlate packets to processes. But knowing what processes are responsible for communications activities can be a great help in determining whether that activity is benign or malicious. My solution combines a visualization tool, a kernel-level correlation engine, and middleware that ties the two together. My research enables security personnel to visually correlate packets to the processes they belong to helping users determine whether communications are benign or malicious. I present my discoveries about the system administrator community and relate how I created a new correlation technology. I conducted a series of initial interviews with system administrators to clarify the problem, researched available solutions in the literature, identified what was missing, and worked with users to build it. The users were my co-designers as I built a series of prototypes of increasing fidelity and conducted usability evaluations on them. I hope that my work will demonstrate how well the participatory design approach works. My work has implications for the kernel structure of all operating system kernels with a TCP/IP protocol stack and network model. In light of my research, I hope security personnel will more clearly see sets of communicating processes on a network as basic computational units rather than the individual host computers. If kernel designers incorporate my findings into their work, it will enable much better security monitoring than is possible today making the Internet safer for all. / Ph. D.

Yes / People living with dementia vary in awareness of their abilities. We explored awareness of the condition and diagnosis in people with mild-to-moderate dementia, and how this relates to quality of life, well-being, life satisfaction, and caregiver stress. This study was a cross-sectional exploratory analysis of data from the IDEAL cohort, which recruited people with dementia living at home and available caregivers from 29 research sites in Great Britain. Our study included 917 people with mild-to-moderate dementia and 755 carers. Low and high awareness groups were derived from self-reported responses to a dementia representation measure. Logistic regression was used to explore predictors of awareness of condition and diagnosis using demographic, cognitive, functional and psychological measures, and the relationship with quality of life, well-being and life satisfaction (‘living well’), and caregiver stress. There were 83 people with low awareness of their condition. The remaining 834 people showed some awareness and 103 of these had high awareness of their condition and diagnosis. Psychosocial factors were stronger predictors of awareness than cognitive and functional ability. Those with higher awareness reported lower mood, and lower scores on indices of living well as well as lower optimism, self-efficacy and self-esteem. Low awareness was more likely in those aged 80y and above, and living in more socially deprived areas. No relationship was seen between caregiver stress and awareness. Awareness of the condition and diagnosis varies in people with mild-to-moderate dementia and is relevant to the capability to live well. Awareness should be considered in person-centered clinical care.

Sales are a subject that most people consider to be an art. The truth is that there are several sophisticated methodologies on how to successfully close a deal. However, time goes by, customers get smarter and the markets shifts. As a result sales methods start to fade away and do not necessarily work the way they used to. This thesis was conducted in co-operation with SimCorp A/S and aims to examine the concept of Insight Selling. The concept was developed by analysing top performers and how they manage to sell in an economic downturn. The purpose is to investigate how an organisation can apply the core principles of the new sales strategy on an existing sales process and current customer relationship management system. A qualitative research method was used and interviews were conducted to gather data to gain a deeper understanding on the topic of sales. The result exhibits a situation analysis that was conducted to create a representation of SimCorp’s current sales process. With the key elements of insight selling a proposed model of a future state was presented. Lastly, a requirements analysis of the customer relationship management system currently deployed at the company was designed based on the findings. The result indicated that it was possible to apply the key elements of insight selling on the current sales process. The method might be suitable for some situations but it does not replace or eliminate earlier practices. / Det är vanligt att uppfatta försäljning som en konst. Sanningen är att det finns väl beprövade metodiker för hur man ska lyckas för att sälja. Med tiden har konsumenter blivit smartare och marknaden förändrats. Detta har resulterat i att många säljmetoder blir avlägsna och inte lika användbara och pålitliga som de var innan. Examensarbetet utfördes i samarbete med SimCorp A/S där syftet är att undersöka begreppet insiktsförsäljning. Konceptet utvecklades från en studie där man analyserade de högpresterande säljarna och identifierade hur de lyckades sälja under en ekonomisk lågkonjunktur. Syftet är att undersöka hur en organisation kan applicera de nya strategierna som presenteras inom insiktsförsäljning på en befintlig försäljningsprocess och det nuvarande kundhanteringssystemet. En kvalitativ forskningsmetod applicerades och intervjuer utfördes för att ackumulera data och få en djupare förståelse av ämnet försäljning. I resultatet presenteras en nulägesanalys av SimCorp’s nuvarande försäljnings-process. Vidare presenteras ett förslag på hur en försäljningsprocess med inslag av strategierna från insiktsförsäljning kan se ut. Slutligen utfördes en kravanalys på insiktsförsäljnings metod för att implementeras och testas på det nuvarande kundhanteringssystemet. Resultatet indikerade att det var möjligt att applicera nyckel elementen från insiktsförsäljning på den nuvarande säljprocessen. Metoden är lämplig för att användas i vissa situationer men ersätter inte eller eliminerar tidigare rutiner.

Companies are always trying to increase their sales and revenue, but nowadays due to technology advancement, competence and the fast moving economy this task becomes more difficult as time goes by. This is where innovation walks in, to find new ways to add value to customers, increasing profit and even find new potential markets. As part of implementing innovative practices, many companies have added corporate entrepreneurship to their structure, to look for new business models that reach diverse customers within the same industry. Getting in the mind of customers, trying to decipher unspoken needs and matching problems to new solutions is part of the insighting process that has to be done when attempting idea incubation. This research seeks to provide a methodology to make the insighting process for early idea validation, in a corporate environment, less manual and more mechanical. For this purpose the Stockholm division of Telia Company was used as study case and main source of data recollection, which brings the research results to a practical use and analysis.

Konkurrensen på marknaden blir allt tuffare och i takt med detta blir kundperspektivet en allt viktigare framgångsfaktor. Syftet med denna rapport är därför att undersöka och fördjupa förståelsen för hur företag inom vitvarubranschen använder sig av användarinvolvering i produktutvecklingsprocessens olika faser. Dessutom ska det skapas en förståelse för vad detta ger för effekter för företaget samt hur de använder och sprider kunskap från involveringen av konsumenter. Forskningsfrågorna besvarades genom en djupgående litteraturstudie för sedan att bygga upp en teoretisk referensram och därigenom få en uppfattning av rådande teorier och metoder som används vid kundinvolvering. Detta jämfördes sedan med en semistrukturerad intervjustudie där kundinvolvering inom vitvarubranschen undersökts. Respondenterna som deltog i intervjustudien var anställda hos Electrolux, ett internationellt företag som arbetar med vitvaruprodukter. Studien visar att det finns olika åsikter kring kundinvolvering vad gäller i vilka faser konsumenten ska involveras i processen och i vilken grad involveringen ska ske. Resultatet visade att de metoder som används för att integrera användare i produktutvecklingen huvudsakligen används i informationssyfte för att skapa en förståelse och kunskap om konsumentens användande av produkten, som sedan kan användas av produktutvecklarna. Att involvera konsumenter i arbetet ansågs främst ha positiva effekter, men att det fanns vissa svårigheter som var viktiga att ta hänsyn till för att nå ett önskat och användbart resultat. Dessutom visar studien att tvärfunktionella samarbeten bidrar till enklare kommunikation och informationshantering eftersom flera olika funktioner är med under hela produktutvecklingsprocessen. / The competition in the market is getting far more resilient, hence, the customer perspective becomes an increasingly important success factor. The purpose of this report is, therefore, to investigate and immerse the understanding of how companies in the home appliance industry implement customer involvement in the different phases of the product development process. In addition, an understanding of how customer involvement will affect the company and how they use and spread the knowledge from these implementations will be created. The research questions were answered through an in-depth literature study to create a theoretical framework and therefore gain an understanding of prevailing theories and methods used in customer involvement. This was subsequently compared with a semi-structured interview study in which customer involvement in the home appliances industry was investigated. The respondents who participated in the interview study worked at Electrolux, an international company in the home appliance industry. The study shows that there are different opinions about customer involvement regarding the phases in which the consumer should be involved in the process and to what extent the integration should take place. The results of this research indicate that the methods used to integrate users in the product development process are mainly for informational purposes, to create an understanding and knowledge of the consumer's use of the product. This knowledge could later on can be used by the product developers. Involving consumers in the process was considered to have positive effects, however there were some difficulties that were important to take into account in order to achieve a desired and useful result. The study also shows that cross-functional teams could contribute to easier communication and information management since many different functions are involved throughout the product development process.

In this bachelor’s thesis I have focused on the question why people who live in secular societies use insight or vipassana meditation. The study is based on the rational choice theory developed by Rodney Stark. I have used an inductive qualitative method including e-mail interviews with practitioners of vipassana meditation. The study has shown why some people start the practice and how people’s expectations of vipassana meditation can differ in what they wanted from their practice. The study showed that practitioners and the society that surrounds them influenced each other. The study highlighted the way vipassana meditation was practiced on a secular basis.

Some things we know just by thinking about them: for example, that identity is transitive, that three are more than two, that wantonly torturing innocents is wrong, and other propositions which simply strike us as true when we consider them. But how? This essay articulates and defends a rationalist answer which critically develops a significant analogy between intuition and perception. The central thesis is that intuition and perception, though different, are at a certain level of abstraction the same kind of state, and states of this kind are, by their very nature, poised to play a distinctive epistemic role. Specifically, in the case of intuition, we encounter an intellectual state that is so structured as to provide justified and even knowledgeable belief without requiring justification in turn—something which may, thus, be thought of as given. The essay proceeds in three stages. Stage one advances a fully general and psychologically realistic account of the nature of intuition, namely, as an intellectual presentation of an apparent truth. Stage two provides a modest treatment of the epistemic status of intuition, in particular, how intuition serves as a source of immediate prima facie justification. Stage three outlines a response to Benacerraf-style worries about intuitive knowledge regarding abstract objects (e.g., numbers, sets, and values); the proposal is a constitutive, rather than causal, explanation of the means by which a given intuition connects a thinker to the fact intuited. / text

由於行銷導向的演變，廣告主希望透過消費者研究來瞭解消費者的需求，而最貼近消費者的事實稱之為消費者洞察，在廣告業界一直被廣為運用，但在學界尚未有相關的研究累積。本研究透過文獻，分別針對廣告策略、消費者研究、消費者研究對廣告策略的意義以及消費者洞察進行探討，透過個案研究的研究方法，以深度訪談的方式進行研究。本研究第一階段針對廣告公司行銷研究部門進行深度訪談瞭解其工作現況，以及執行消費者洞察研究的個案。第二階段的個案研究對象為多芬，多芬在進入台灣市場的短短幾年之間成為領導品牌，其證言式廣告也讓消費者印象深刻，本研究瞭解多芬在廣告策略中所運用的消費者研究，以及如何將消費者洞察應用在廣告策略活動中。透過個案以及訪談成果，整理出消費者洞察概念性定義以及消費者洞察研究活動的執行過程，希望能夠對學術界瞭解消費者洞察有所幫助，另外也對實務界進行相關活動提供參考架構。

「消費者洞察(consumer insight)」於廣告操作角度而言，是一種藉由情感反應促進認同的『說服工具』，是將「廣告訊息」轉換為「更有說服效果」的一種策略(how to say)。而從廣告閱聽者角度來說：是以其主觀角度認為「廣告能夠轉換出自己與品牌(產品)之間的互動經驗(認同價值)，且具有啟發性與移情作用，覺得廣告真正”了解我”，會讓自己感動與共鳴」。本研究以學術研究的角度，歸納出「操作型定義」，並建立一個初探性的評量工具：「廣告消費者洞察量表(題庫)」。透過「修正德菲法調查」，藉由廣告界實務專家的檢視與討論，確認相關輔助理論的支持，與量表問項。再以因素分析，歸納出「消費者洞察(consumer insight)」的內涵構面因素，以及因素與研究理論的回應分析。 研究結果顯示：對於以「情感」、「廣告轉換性」、「動機」、「價值觀」、「生活型態」、「自我概念」論點，來輔助定義「廣告消費者洞察」，參與調查的專家群，達一致性同意。而在量表題項方面：依據文獻理論，編列出的基礎題項，經過「修正德菲法」，3回合同意程度調查，建構出本研究初探型之「廣告消費者洞察量表」。 因素分析部分，可歸納出16個因素， 以第一個因素(心聲)為最主要(佔35.27%)，前6個因素可解釋原有變數之變異，達72.24%。主要6個因素，命名為：「心聲」、「好感」、「渴望」、「個性」、「創意」、「驅力」。而主要因素間，以及因素與研究理論間，都得以與相關文獻理論做回應。 歸納文獻論點與本研究結果：「廣告消費者洞察」可說是：「消費者自我經驗(認同價值)」與「創意」的整合；一方面要能與消費者本身經驗(認同價值)能夠結合，建立情感與說服的基礎，另一方面又需要創意性整合溝通，提升注意度。另外，Consumer insight與以往相關廣告理論，是一種「交集」的關係；有如：涉入(involvement)、定位(position)…，這些論點是能協助廣告效果達成的策略外，同時也是探索「消費者洞察」的來源。「消費者洞察」可說是上述相關論點思考後的交集點，是一個除了考量上述論述思維外，還能激起情感反應，感動人的敘事角度(廣告主張)。其操作過程為：在上述論述分析、歸納後，再從中找出一個能激發最大情感反應的主張，能讓廣告人(team members)有共識，也能讓閱聽者認同鼓舞叫好，最後輔以創意的張力(impact)，提升注意度。而問題就在於這個insight點，往往藏於消費者心裏深處，不容易為人知，需要廣告人找出來。而此研究的量表，就要協助檢視我們找出的insight，是不是也真的獲得消費者(廣告閱聽者)的認同。 關鍵詞：消費者洞察(consumer insight)、量表( scale)、情感反應(affectivity)、轉換性(transformation) / From the adman’s point of view,「Consumer insight」is the strategy to persuade consumers with the move power (affectivity). On the other hand,「Consumer insight」from the consumers angle is a advertising can transform his(her) experiences or values of the product (brand) and lets he(she) to feels the ad is understand me so much and arouses affectivity. The purpose of this article is to construct the scale to measurement consumer insight, through the Modified Delphi Method, moreover, to analysis the consumer insight inside factors through Factor Analysis. The results showed that: (1) all the specialists agreed that through the theories: Affectivity, Transformation, Motivation, Values, Life-style, and Self-concept to support consumer insight definition. (2) The consumer insight scale was constructed to establish the research foundation in this field for the future. (3) Factor Analysis shows that the main factors of consumer insight are “heartfelt wishes”, “favorable impression”, “aspirations”, “creativity”, “personality”, “motivate”. In conclusion, almost the marketing and advertising theories can help us to find the consumer insight, moreover, consumer insight is the converge point of those strategically thinking (for advertising) and what’s more it can arouses the affective, and to make persuasion easily. Moreover, the consumer insight scale of this study can check those “insight” we found whether the consumers to think it are insight too. Key words: consumer insight, scale, affectivity, transformation.