[pt] O depoimento especial, no Brasil, tem sido tema de muitos debates há quase duas décadas, principalmente, entre profissionais de Serviço Social, Psicologia e Direito que atuam no campo da proteção de direitos de crianças e adolescentes. A presente dissertação teve por finalidade identificar e analisar elementos indicativos de tensionamentos entre o princípio da proteção integral e violação de direitos presentes nas práticas dos agentes atuantes em depoimento especial. Para tanto, foram abordados aspectos relativos à infância e à adolescência; à tutela do Estado realizada pelo Sistema de Justiça; à proteção integral de crianças e adolescentes; às violações de direitos a que são submetidos, especialmente a violência sexual; ao campo jurídico do tribunal; e às relações estabelecidas neste campo entre agentes institucionais, vítimas e acusados. Para construção do corpus da pesquisa foram selecionados processos judiciais oriundos de varas criminais da Comarca da Capital, que continham depoimentos de crianças ou adolescentes vítimas. Para sistematização e análise do material selecionado, foi empregada a técnica de análise documental em diálogo com contribuições teóricas e metodológicas de Pierre Bourdieu, no que se refere ao habitus, campo e capital, bem como estudos sobre infância, sociedade e sistema de justiça. Os resultados encontrados sistematizaram a presença de oito elementos indicativos de tensionamentos na condução da prática judicial do depoimento especial, demonstrando a existência de um potencial latente de violação tanto dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes, como de garantias dos acusados, mesmo em ações voltadas à proteção, e evidenciando que o habitus sócio-historicamente construído ao longo do processo de formação da sociedade e das instituições incide fortemente nas relações sociais empreendidas no campo analisado. / [en] In Brazil, Special Testimony has been the subject of many debates among professionals who work with Children and Adolescents rights protection, particularly, in the areas of Social Work, Psychology and Law School for almost two decades. The aim of this work is to identify and analyze indicative elements of tension between the Full Protection principle and the violation of rights present in the actions of Special Testimony agents. Therefore, aspects related to childhood and adolescence were addressed; as well as the State tutelage executed by the Justice System; the full protection of children and adolescents; the violations of rights to which they are subjected, especially about sexual violence; the legal field of the Court; and the relations established in this context between the institutional agents, the victims and the defendants. Legal proceedings conducted by Criminal Courts of the Federal District involving the testimony of children or adolescents as victims were selected to build the corpus of the research. The selected data was organized and analyzed using the documentary analysis technique in conjunction with theoretical contributions by Pierre Bourdieu on the habitus, field and capital, as well as studies on childhood, society and the justice system. The results showed the presence of eight indicative elements of tension in the Special Testimony judicial practice which demonstrates a latent potential for violation of the children and adolescents’ rights and the defendants rights, even on protection judicial proceedings; making evident the social-historical habitus built throughout the society and its institutions formation process has a strong impact on the social relations undertaken in the analyzed field.

Une prise en charge inadéquate des personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental par le système de justice pénale a été soulevée il y a plus de 60 ans. Celle-ci est toujours présente aujourd’hui. Effectivement, les personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental sont surreprésentées sur tout le continuum des procédures judiciaires pénales. La littérature révèle plusieurs facteurs associés à divers contacts avec le système de justice. Ceux-ci sont toutefois étudiés, la plupart du temps, distinctement les uns des autres (p. ex. contact avec les services policiers, arrestation, mise en accusation) plutôt que comme faisant partie d’un continuum de progression au sein du système de justice pénale (p. ex., progression d’un contact avec les services policiers à une arrestation). Ce mémoire vise deux objectifs. Premièrement, il vise à cerner les facteurs identifiés dans la littérature qui sont associés à la décision policière d’arrêter un individu atteint d’un trouble mental. Deuxièmement, il vise à identifier les facteurs associés à la progression d’individus atteints d’un trouble mental à travers le système de justice pénale jusqu’à la mise en accusation, soit la progression a) d’aucun contact avec les services policiers à un contact avec les services policiers; b) d’un contact avec les services policiers à une arrestation; et c) d’une arrestation à une mise en accusation. Une revue systématique a été réalisée pour répondre au premier objectif. Un total de 19 études a été identifié parmi quatre bases de données bibliographiques. Le deuxième objectif a été adressé par le biais d’analyses secondaires des données du projet AMONT, un projet sur la stabilité résidentielle de 478 individus faisant une première utilisation significative des services en santé mentale. Les données sociodémographiques, psychosociales et cliniques autorapportées de contacts avec les services policiers, d’arrestations et de mises en accusation au cours des six mois précédant le premier contact avec les services en santé mentale ont été colligées. Des régressions logistiques ont été effectuées pour vérifier la progression des individus à travers les premières étapes du système de justice pénale. Les résultats de ce mémoire suggèrent que chacune des premières étapes de progression dans le système de justice pénale présente des facteurs de risques distincts. Plusieurs des facteurs significativement associés à la progression d’aucun contact avec les services policiers à un contact avec les services policiers pourraient l’être en raison d’une situation de crise. De plus, les résultats soulignent l’importance de la perception des policiers dans la décision de procéder à une arrestation et cela, au-delà de caractéristiques objectives ou autorapportées des personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental. On peut émettre l’hypothèse que, de la même façon que les perceptions des policiers peuvent influencer la décision de procéder à l’arrestation, les perceptions des procureurs pourraient influencer la décision de porter des accusations. Plus de recherche est nécessaire pour vérifier l’impact de la perception des acteurs judiciaires sur la progression dans le système de justice pénale des personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental. Si les perceptions sont aussi importantes que le suggère ce mémoire, il serait important de complémenter les programmes de diversion par des formations pour informer les acteurs du système de justice pénale de l’impact de leurs perceptions sur leurs décisions. / About 60 years ago light was shed on an inadequate processing of persons with mental illness through the criminal justice system. This phenomenon is still of concern nowadays. In fact, persons with mental illness are overrepresented all along the continuum of contacts with the criminal justice system. However, these contacts are mostly studied as discrete events (e.g., contact with police services, arrest, indictment) rather than as being part of a continuum representing a movement through the criminal justice system (e.g., progression from a contact with police services to an arrest). The first objective of this research project is to identify, in the literature, factors associated with the decision of police officers to arrest persons with mental illness. The second objective is to identify, among persons with mental illness, factors associated with proceeding from: 1) no contact with police services to a contact with police services; 2) a contact with police services to an arrest; and 3) an arrest to an indictment. A systematic review was made to pursue the first objective. A total of 19 studies were identified from four databases. To address the second objective, secondary analysis of the baseline data from the AMONT project were made. This project examined residential stability of 478 first-time mental health service users. Sociodemographic, psychosocial, and self-reported data regarding contacts with police services, arrests and indictments in the six months prior to the first interview were collected. Logistic regressions were conducted in order to assess the flow through the different stages of the criminal justice system. Findings of this research project suggest that the movement through each stage presents distinctive risk factors. Several factors significantly associated with the flow from no contact with police services to a contact with police services might be caused by mental health crisis. Moreover, results highlight that perceptions of police officers’ might have a greater impact on the flow from a contact with police services to an arrest than actual or self-reported characteristics of persons with mental illness. Results also enable to suggest that, in the same way police officers’ perception can influence police officers’ decision to arrest, perceptions of prosecutors might influence the flow from an arrest to an indictment. More research should be done on the weight of judicial actors’ perception in trajectories of persons with mental illness through the criminal justice system. If their weight is proven to be substantial, diversion programs would benefit to be supported by judicial actors training on the impact of their perceptions on their decisions.

Varje år är tusentals barn och unga placerade enligt LVU. Bland dessa unga har tidigare studier visat på att ett flertal flickor omhändertas på felaktiga grunder, främst utifrån deras sexuella beteende. Denna studie har genom en granskning av 39 domar sökt efter likheter och olikheter i hur flickor och pojkars eget beteende beskrivs och bedöms utifrån 3 § LVU. Domarna har granskats med hjälp av metoderna textanalys samt kvalitativ innehållsanalys som har visat på att det finns likheter och skillnader i hur flickor och pojkar bedöms. Med hjälp av teorin om genus- och maktstrukturer, med tillhörande begrepp som dikotomin och genuskontrakt, har omhändertaganden enligt 3 § LVU analyserats. Flickors sexualitet nämns i ett flertal domar, dock endast i en pojkes, då utifrån att han riskerar att utsätta andra för sexuella övergrepp. I flickornas domar beskrivs att de blivit utsatta för övergrepp och att det därmed finns en risk för att de i framtiden kan komma att utsättas igen. Utöver detta har studien visat på att flickor bedöms fara mer illa än pojkar trots att de enligt beskrivningarna i domarna har liknande svårigheter. Flickor som använt beroendeframkallande medel bedöms oftare ha ett missbruk än pojkar. Pojkarna däremot beskrivs många gånger som en fara för andra medan flickorna beskrivs som en fara för sig själv. Studiens slutsatser är att genus- och maktstrukturer inverkar på hur flickor och pojkars eget beteende beskrivs och att detta sedan påverkar domsluten i 3 § LVU. Slutsatsen är att domstolens bedömning och domslut många gånger kopplas till vilket kön den unge är av och därmed är inte rättssystemet könsneutrala i sina bedömningar och beslut.

La littérature présente l’accès à la justice comme une question assez controversée, et mentionne plus souvent les coûts financiers que les coûts humains subis par les justiciables, et porte son attention sur les victimes d’actes criminels plutôt que sur les individus qui en commettent. En ce sens, ce mémoire visait à documenter l’expérience (que nous appelons le « vécu ») des coûts des justiciables lors des procédures judiciaires. De plus, en nous basant sur le constat de Gramatikov (2009) selon lequel l’expérience judiciaire est unique à chacun, nous voulions présenter les paramètres modelant les conséquences de ces vécus. En nous attardant sur l’expérience pénale de 19 justiciables, nous avons pu constater l’importance de prendre en considération les paramètres facilitant l’expérience des coûts et la nécessité de certains changements dans le système pénal afin de rendre l’expérience judiciaire moins coûteuse et plus égalitaire. Nous considérons que les paramètres susceptibles d’en réduire les coûts et de faciliter le vécu des justiciables à cet égard sont des ressources indispensables à l’accès à la justice. En prenant conscience de la singularité de l’expérience judiciaire et de l’interdépendance des coûts et des inégalités, nous soulignons néanmoins l’importance de ressources d’accompagnement offertes (membres de la famille ou groupes spécialisés, médias, acteurs judiciaires et leur travail) dans la consolidation et le vécu des coûts. Concrètement, en ce qui concerne les failles du système, nous mettons l’accent sur la nécessité de réduire les délais, l’opacité et la complexité des procédures, en plus de réfléchir aux conditions imposées et aux conséquences collatérales des procédures. Après réflexion et en mettant en évidence les principaux obstacles à l’accès à la justice, qui sont également responsables de l’iniquité judiciaire, il nous a été possible de présenter l’iniquité judiciaire comme un reflet des iniquités sociales. / The literature presents access to justice as a controversial issue and more often mentions the financial costs rather than the human costs suffered by litigants and focuses its attention on the victims of criminal acts rather than on the individuals who commit them. In this sense, this thesis aimed to document the experience of the costs of litigants during legal proceedings. Moreover, based on Gramatikov’s (2009) observation that the judicial experience is unique to everyone, we wanted to present the parameters shaping the impact of these experiences. By focusing on the penal experience of 19 litigants, we were able to observe the importance of taking into consideration the parameters facilitating the experience of costs and the need for certain changes in the criminal justice system to make the judicial experience less costly and more egalitarian. We consider that the parameters that are likely to reduce costs and make it easier for litigants to cope with them are essential resources for access to justice. By becoming aware of the singularity of the legal experience and the interdependence of costs and inequality, we nevertheless stress the importance of the support resources offered (family members or specialized groups, the media, judicial actors and their work) in the consolidation and experience of costs. In concrete terms, with regard to the flaws in the system, we emphasize the need to reduce the delays, the opacity and the complexity of the procedures, in addition to reflecting on the conditions imposed and the collateral consequences of the procedures. After reflection and by highlighting major barriers to access to justice that are also responsible for judicial inequality, it was possible to present judicial inequality as a reflection of social inequalities.

It is common knowledge that owing to their particular vulnerability children worldwide falls prey to physical and/or sexual violence in the home and/or community or witness criminal acts. Consequently children are called upon to testify in a court of law to cruelties or acts of violence. As a result of their developmental shortcomings and immaturity, children find the criminal justice system extremely intimidating and challenging. The importance of realising a justice system that not only affords an accused person the right to a fair trial but also protects and safeguards the rights of the child victims of and witnesses to the crime is thus indisputable. The purpose of this research was therefore to assist the South African criminal justice system in its on-going challenge to find a balance between the right of the accused person to a fair trial and the protection and safeguarding of the rights of child victims and child witnesses. The protection and safeguarding of the rights of child victims and child witnesses in terms of the South African Constitution, applicable domestic law and international instruments relating thereto were extensively discussed and shortcomings identified. Possible solutions to ensure that child witnesses and child victims are adequately protected and supported during the trial stage of the criminal process were advanced. Particular emphasis was placed on the role of an intermediary in assisting child victims and child witnesses during the court process. Comparative research on the protection of child victims and child witnesses in the criminal justice systems of New Zealand and Namibia were also conducted. Conclusions drawn from comparative studies were used to recommend appropriate changes to the current system. It is submitted that the adequate protection and safeguarding of the rights of child victims and child witnesses are dependent not only on sound legal principles but also on governmental and other involved stakeholders’ commitment toward the realisation of these rights. In order to give proper effect to the protection and safeguarding of child victims’ and child witnesses’ rights, it is proposed that the recommendations made throughout this study should be adopted and implemented. In this regard the role of an intermediary is crucial and the use of intermediaries should be promoted. / Private Law / LL.D.

The judicial system is moving away from a retributive justice system to a more rehabilitative, restorative justice system. Diverting youth offenders from the justice system by alternative sentencing options such as diversion programmes is one way of doing this. Jt was found that a need exists for the development of a therapeutic programme for the rehabilitation of youth offenders in South Africa. The purpose of the study was to detennine the content of therapeutic rehabilitation programme and subsequently to develop a provisional therapeutic programme for youth offenders. The first part of the literature study summarized a number of theories used to explain the incidence of youth offence. The second part of the literature study discussed various risk factors that could lead to youth offence. Thirdly, the juvenile justice system in South Africa was discussed. Finally, the characteristics of effective rehabilitation programmes were discussed and a number of international and South African rehabilitation programmes were evaluated in tenns ofthese characteristics. In the literature study certain aspects for inclusion in a rehabilitation programme were identified. A list of topics that should be addressed by a rehabilitation programme was drawn up. A provisional therapeutic programme was compiled using the information gained from the literature study and the needs for a programme as identified by staff members at the facility where the programme was to be conducted. The programme was based on experiential learning. lt included a number of activities that addressed the topics identified by the literature study. The provisional programme was evaluated in tenns of its short-term effectiveness and adjustments to the programme were made. The adjusted programme was conducted at two other facilities and evaluated in tenns of its short-term effectiveness by the researcher, the staff at these facilities and the youth who took part in the programme. Staff at the two facilities where the empirical study took place were asked to complete questionnaires to identify their needs with regards to a rehabilitation programme as well as background questionnaires on the youth who were taking part in the programme. Recommendations for further improvements of the programme were made. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

With the establishment of the Directorate of Special Operations (Scorpions), the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), the Special Investigating Unit (SIU) and the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU), questions were asked as to whether this is a creation of new units of the Police Service. These questions were exaggerated by the fact that the media uses the term "Scorpions" whenever the Scorpions, the AFU, SIU and the DIU perform their functions. South African legislation that governs organised crime does not demarcate activities to be dealt with by the SAPS, AFU, DIU, Scorpions and the SIU. The Constitution of South Africa lays down the objects of the police, but it is silent about the objectives of the Scorpions, AFU, SIU, DIU and other investigative institutions except that it only mentions the creation of a single National Prosecuting Authority (NPA). A literature study was used as the basis for this study. In addition, unstructured interviews and observation were used to gather evidence from the relevant stakeholders. An analysis of the SAPS Detective Service, the Special Investigating Unit (SIU), the Scorpions, the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU) of the Department of Correctional Services and the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), was done in order to establish the overlapping of functions. Indeed, overlapping was discovered between the Scorpions and the SAPS Detective Service, the AFU and the SIU, as well as between the SAPS and the DIU. In order to make a proper finding, an analysis was done of anti-corruption agencies in Botswana, Nigeria, Malawi and Hong Kong. The findings indicate that the better way of fighting corruption, fraud, economic and financial crimes, is through the establishment of a single agency that will work independently from the police, with a proper jurisdiction. / Criminology / D.Litt. et Phil.(Police Science)

In this study focus is placed on the Impact of the Namibian judiciary system on the sexually-abused child witness and recommendations were made to criminal justice professionals. A literature study was undertaken to establish a grounded theoretical perspective. A single case study was done to evaluate how the Gestalt Play Therapy Process can be applied to mitigate some of the negative effects the judicial system has on the child witness. An empirical study was done and a qualitative approach was utilised. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with children, their parents and criminal justice professionals. Major findings of this study are that the Namibian criminal justice system leads to further traumatization of the sexually-abused child witness and that the Gestalt Play Therapy approach can be applied to make the court proceedings less traumatic and even therapeutic for the child witness. Recommendations were formulated for criminal justice professionals / In hierdie verhandeling is gefokus op die impak van die Namibiese regstelsel op die seksueel-misbruikte kindergetuie en daar word aanbevelings gedoen aan professionele persone in die kriminele regstelsel. 'n Literatuurstudie is gedoen om 'n grondige toeretiese perspektief daar te stel. 'n Enkele gevallestudie is uitgevoer om te evalueer hoe die Gestalt Spelterapieproses toegepas kan word om die hofverrigtinge vir die kind minder traumaties te maak. 'n Empiriese studie is gedoen en 'n kwalitatiewe benadering is gebruik. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met kinders, hulle ouers en professionele persone wat met seksueel-misbruikte kindergetuies werk. In die studie is bevind dat die Namibiese regstelsel addisionele trauma veroorsaak vir die kindergetuie en dat die Getaltspelterapiebenadering gebruik kan word om die hofervaring minder traumaties en selfs terapeuties te kan maak vir die kindergetuie. Aanbevelings is gedoen aan professionele persone wat met kindergetuies werk. / Social work / M.Diac. (Play Therapy)

The South African Constitution, with its Bill of Rights, represents a decisive break with the past and a great advance by South Africans in reclaiming their human dignity and fundamental freedoms. Before 1993 punishment of crime was defined by the social order which had been designed under the apartheid government; prisoners were generally subjected to cruel and degrading treatment while criminal suspects could be detained indefinitely and without trial. The penal system was to some extent directed at controlling and regulating the conduct of Blacks. The constitutional dispensation has resulted in a re-look at our penal policy and has placed great emphasis on the rights of prisoners. These rights flow from the rights to equality, dignity and liberty. The Constitution has entrenched certain rights of criminal suspects, including the right to a fair trial. Legislation has been introduced to ensure compliance with the constitutional imperatives. The new dispensation has given rise to debate on many issues, and facilitated a rise of a victims’ movement seeking to promote victim interests. This movement has noted that offenders and alleged offenders enjoy a series of constitutional rights, and that corresponding rights for crime victims need to be introduced. Victims are unlikely to be accorded rights in the literal sense of the word; nevertheless, they need to be accommodated within the criminal justice system. This need has given birth to a charter for crime victims, a document that seeks to empower crime victims. The perception remains, however, that offenders and crime suspects still enjoy too much protection, to the detriment of victim interests. The development of victim rights is hampered by the adversarial nature of the country’s criminal justice system and the perception that victims have no role to play within the criminal process, other than as witnesses. The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the extent to which our Bill of Rights strikes a balance between the interests of alleged offenders and offenders on the one hand, and crime victims on the other. It also seeks to create awareness about the plight of crime victims and to make suggestions on possible solutions. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LLD (Criminal & Procedural Law)

Text in Afrikaans / Alhoewel die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika die bestaande reg op regsverteenwoordiging uitgebrei het tot sy logiese eindpunt, is daar geen vaste inhoud aan hierdie reg gegee nie en sal die howe die omvang daarvan moet ontwikkel. Hierdie reg kan weens die heersende sosiale en ekonomiese omstandighede nie 'n absolute reg wees nie. Indien 'n beskuldigde nie 'n regsverteenwoordiger kan bekostig nie, sal een op staatsonkoste aan horn verskaf word, maar slegs indien <lit andersins tot wesentlike onreg sal lei. In so 'n geval het die beskuldigde nie die reg op 'n regsverteenwoordiger van sy keuse nie. Effektiewe regsverteenwoordiging word ook nie gewaarborg nie. Daar word derhalwe steeds nie aan die sine qua non van 'n volledige strafregplegingstelsel soos <lit oor tyd in die Verenigde State van Amerika ontwikkel het, <lit is die verskaffing van kostelose regsverteenwoordiging aan elke behoeftige persoon beskuldig van 'n emstige misdaad, voldoen nie / Although the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa has extended the existing right to legal representation to its logical conclusion, no definitive substance has been given to this right and the courts will have to develop the purview thereof. This right cannot be an absolute right because of ruling social and economic circumstances. Should an accused not be able to afford a legal representative, one will be supplied to him at state expense, but only if substantial injustice would otherwise result. In such an event the accused is not entitled to a legal representative of his choice. Effective legal representation is also not guaranteed. There is therefore still not compliance with the sine qua non of a comprehensive criminal justice system as has developed over time in the United States of America, that is the provision of free legal representation to every indigent person accused of a serious crime / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Straf en Prosesreg)