Background: Obesity is one of the most common causes of illness among children and adolescents. School nurses work includes health examination and health interviews including growth follow-up, prevention of illness and health framing. In health interviews the school nurse have possibility to support student to a more helthy lifestyle.                       Purpose: To study school nurses experiences of how they can affect overweight students to more healthy lifestyle.   Method: The study has been conducted with a qualitative method. School nurses have been interviewed by semi structured questions. The data from the interviews were analyzed by a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach.   Results: In health interviews, the school nurse needs to establish a relationship that is built with a respectful approach in which recurring health interviews, the school nurse needs to establish a relationship that is built up by a respectful approach where autonomy is well preserved. Through encouragement and confirmation, the student can be motivated to reduce overweight if the family is involved too.   Conclusion: It is important to involve the whole family in health-framing nursing. School nurses experiences shows that it is important to focus on living habits instead of obesity.

Different tracing techniques of the subperiosteal and endosteal contours (manual, automatic, semi-automatic) or their combinations taken along femoral length in adult individuals can produce different values of cross-sectional geometric (CSG) parameters. Various tracing techniques are widely used in CSG studies of non-adult individuals as well, however, the accuracy of CSG parameters estimated along femoral diaphysis is not yet known for non-adult individuals. In this study, we investigate whether the manual tracing of the subperiosteal and endosteal contours taken at 80% of the femoral diaphyseal length in non-adult individuals can be replaced by another type of tracing in relation to CSG parameters estimation. We examine the effect of anatomical localization on accuracy of the CSG parameters estimated in non-adult individuals femora. We digitized the subperiosteal and endosteal contours in the micro-CT scans from femoral diaphyseal cross-sections in Early Medieval sample of non-adult individuals (N = 46). The digitization and computation of CSG parameters were made in Fiji software with EPJMacro implementation. The assessment of estimates' accuracy was expressed by percentage prediction error (%PE) and limits of agreement. Five percent of CSG parameter obtained from manually traced contours was...

I denna studie undersöks hur kost och träning gestaltas i magasinen Aftonbladet Söndag och Expressen Söndag. I studien genomförs en kritisk diskursanalys utifrån Norman Faircloughs tredimensionella modell och kopplas till forskning och teorier om det senmoderna samhället.  Det globala och moderna samhället kännetecknas av föränderlighet och valmöjligheter, vilket har skapat en individ vars självidentitet har blivit ett så kallat självreflexivt projekt. Genom att analysera tidningsartiklarna med verktygen modalitet och värdering framkommer fyra övergripande teman som är Kost och träning som självidentitet; Självmedvetenhet och eget ansvar; Planering är a och o och Förändring och förbättring. Individen representeras som ensam ansvarig för att uppnå det som artikuleras som eftersträvansvärt eller nödvändigt och som någon som ständigt söker svar på nya metoder för att förverkliga eller uppdatera självet.  Samtliga artiklar har en hög grad av interdiskursivitet och de olika diskurserna korsar varandra vilket skapar otydliga gränser. De diskurser som främst finns representerade är reklamdiskursen, expertdiskursen, självhjälpsdiskursen och konsumtionsdiskursen. Diskurserna talar till självets reflexivitet, att följa en viss diet eller träningsform har blivit en del av individens självidentitet och är en form av rutinisering som främjar känslan av ontologisk trygghet. Genom att skapa material som får individen att tro att den vill ägna sig åt självförbättring och självförverkligande med koppling till kost och träning stärks även den rådande hegemonin.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur förskollärare och barnskötare ser på fysisk hälsa, kost och rörelse för 1-2 åringar i förskolan. Åtta pedagoger intervjuades kring dessa ämnen genom semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes som analysmetod. Studien utgår från det sociokulturella perspektivet. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna ansåg att fysisk hälsa är detsamma som rörelse och att de ansåg att planerad rörelse skulle finnas en gång i veckan i förskolan. Husmanskost var det som pedagogerna föredrog när det gäller kost i förskolan och de ansåg att socker till maträtter var okej. Enligt pedagogerna får barn äta så lite som de vill på förskolan men hur mycket de får äta beror på om de har övervikt eller ej. En slutsats som kommit fram från resultatet är att det nästan inte sker någon planerad rörelse alls på de här förskolorna. / The purpose of this study was to examine preschool teachers and nannies views on physical health, diet and activity among 1-2 year olds in preschool. Eight educators was interviewed on these subjects by semi-structured qualitative interviews. Qualitative content analysis was used as the analytic method. This study is based on the socio-cultural perspective. The result shows that the educators concluded that physical activity is the same as activity and that they thought planned activities should occur once a week in preschool. Traditional Swedish home cooking was what the educators prefered when it came to diet in the preschool and they thought that sugar was okay to meals. According to the educators the children could eat as little as they wanted whilst at preschool but there is a limit for how much they wish to eat depending on if they are overweight or not. A conclusion that has come out of the results of this study is that there is almost no planned activities at all on these preschools.

This diploma thesis deals with stress-strain analysis of inferious limb fixator type Poldi VII and tibia, whereupon is applied. In work is discribed creation of a geometry model of fixator and tibia, her discretization, loading and solving. Tibia was load by torsional moment and his magnitude was 10Nm. Then was perform a numerical solution in FEM system ANSYS Workbench 11.0. Further was effect biomechanical study about osification of broken part. Tibia was load by force, which evokes upright standing on both limbs.

This work is focused on a solving of problems regarding a total hip replacement with a fractured femur. The fracture is located in the distal end of the total joint replacement stem and the fracture is spreading in the proximal direction on the boundary of the bone and cement. A proximal part of femur is reinforced by fixing tape. There is also briefly described how computer models were carried out. Furthermore a stress - strain analysis of solved system has been performed in this work. The solution was realized using the finite element method in computational program ANSYS Workbench. Different variants with change of a fracture range and number of fixing tapes were considered during the solving. Stress - strain analysis shows that due a application of fourth fixing tape occurs lowering of main stresses values in the femur in fracture region. Simultaneously occurs a reduction of Equivalent stress values on a distal part of stem.

This master´s thesis consists of three relief objects composed from femur bones. The first relief object is geodetic structure applied to the shape of a sphere. The following two are deformed by softening the material from which they are cast. The second relief object also works with geometry (a square at the base) and systematic folding bones according to a clear order. The third relief can directly interfere with the viewer - the individual femurs contain every two magnets and therefore can move freely with them after the metal plate.

This theses explores muscle activity during bow draw. The goal of his study is to evaluate whether muscle activity corresponds with increase in mechanical robusticity of the left humerus found in mezolithic osteological material. Muscle activity is measured by the means of surface electromyography. We measure activity of arm and back muscles. Activity was measured on m. deltoideus, m. infraspinatus, m. biceps brachii, m. triceps brachii and m. latissimus dorsi. Muscle activity was measured on 20 male archers, during bow draw of three wooden long-bows. Results of this study support the idea that change in robusticity of the left humerus could be caused by frequent bow use in post-glacial Europe.

The mechanical loading affects the long bone cross-section geometry (CSG). The aim of this thesis was to examine experimentally the relationship between the locomotory parameters and cross-sectional properties of long bones, and to test some partial knowledge of the bone mechanical adaptation. Two groups of B6CBA mice were examined: (a) Lurcher type (model of olivocerebellar degeneration; n = 10) and (b) control (normal mice; n = 10). We analyzed the motor characteristics and the bone cross-sectional geometric properties. The motor tests included the test of spontaneous motor activity (Open field), strength properties (horizontal bar) and motor coordination (rotarod). Cross-sections were taken in 50 % of the left tibia biomechanical length and further processed for fluorescence confocal microscopy. We analyzed the biomechanical properties of cortical bone cross-sections (software ImageJ). There were nonsignificant differences in CSG parameters (TA, CA, Imax, Imin, J, Imax/Imin) between Lurcher and control mice. The results did not support our assumption about the effect of motor disorder on CSG properties. We did not demonstrate the effect of local factors on the bone biomechanical adaptation. The results of this thesis may be useful to find new testing possibilities of cortical bone in...

Bakgrund Sverige har efter lång samhällsutveckling fått lagkrav på grundskolemåltider som ska vara gratis och näringsrik. Offentlig måltidsservice utvecklar de måltiderna med införande av vegetarisk kost utifrån riktlinjer från politik och myndigheter. Det finns utmaningar med införandet och olika kommuners skolbarn har olika acceptansgrad. Att undersöka beslutsfattares erfarenheter och upplevelser kan ge ökad kunskap om olika strategier för förändringsarbete. Syfte Att undersöka upplevelser och erfarenheter vid införandet av vegetarisk kost i skolmåltiden hos personer i beslutsfattande ställning inom måltidsverksamheter i grundskolan. Metod Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes på distans med 17 deltagare från olika kommuner inom Sverige. Intervjuerna spelades in via digitala datorappar och telefon, transkriberades och genomgick kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Resultat Implementering av vegetarisk kost mötte varierat motstånd beroende av hur implementeringen skett. I majoriteten av fallen infördes vegetarisk kost för att minska klimat- och miljöpåverkan hos kommunerna och oftast infördes lakto-ovo vegetarisk kost. I allmänhet upplevde deltagarna att införandet av vegetarisk kost uppmuntrades från politiskt håll. När vegetarisk infördes i form av en helvegetarisk dag i veckan var det mer kritik än när implementeringen var i form av ett dagligt vegetariskt alternativ. Informanterna upplevde att elever och föräldrar haft en negativ reaktion till ordet “vegetarisk” i samband med skolmat. Slutsats Erfarenheterna och upplevelserna hos personerna i beslutsfattande ställning såg olika ut. Det varierade från näst intill inga problem till stora och allvarliga problem. Det var kopplat till hur implementeringen gått till, där de som hade stora problem hade implementerat för mycket för snabbt. I kontrast var det färre problem för de som implementerade vegetariskt kost långsammare. / Background Sweden has after a long municipality development gained legal requirement that elementary school food must be cost-free and nutritional. Public food service develops those meals by implementation of vegetarian diets from the guidelines of politics & authorities. There are challenges with implementation and different municipalities schoolchildren has more different stages of acceptance. To research decisionmakers experiences can give increased understanding about different strategies for work of change. Objective To investigate experiences within people in decision-making positions in public food service in elementary school with the implementation of vegeterian diets in the school meal. Method Qualitative semi-structured interviews were completed on distance with 17 participants from different municipalities in Sweden. The interviews were recorded by digital computer applications and telephone. Recorded interviews were transcribed and underwent analysed qualitative content analysis. Results The results show that implementation of a vegetarian diet that happen faster and in larger scale receives more criticism. In most cases, the implementation of vegetarian diet was due to climate and environmental improvement reasons in the municipality. In general, the experience of implementing vegetarian diet were encouraged by the local politics. If the first implementation were in the form of exclusive vegetarian diet once a week, more criticism was received than if implementation were in the form of a daily vegetarian alternative. Lacto-ovo were implemented in the overwhelming majority by participants. Conclusion The study reflections could develop understanding of implementation. The most distinct findings were the community profit and the criticism that resided from rushed implementation as well with lack of staff competence. The shortcomings were related to insufficient guidelines from the authorities for different municipalities needs. The most appropriate method of implementation according to the participants were slow, cautiously with daily vegetarian alternative. Further Swedish research is needed within this subject and of its affected demographical groups.