The intention of this study is to examine how music influences the secondlanguage acquisition for secondary student, as well as unfolding how songs asteaching tools can be applied to English as a foreign language (EFL) education.Research indicates that songs help generate motivational and linguistic benefitsto students as it prompts development in all four language skills if songs areapplied accurately. English songs can likewise provide students with an insightin social and cultural aspects appearing in countries where English is spoken.This might be some of many reasons to why the English syllabus for year 7-9 inSweden list songs in education as a developing mean that needs to be addressed.However, the implementation of songs in English education does not comewithout friction as teachers witness the hardship that might occur when usingmusic as teaching tools. The issues derive from teachers not knowing how toselect songs that serve an educational purpose, the overall image where music isseen as s fun activity rather than an educational activity, and that songs are notconsidered to help students reach teaching goals. These components all promptfor a demotivation amongst students to participate in song-centred lectures,creating a negative impact on students’ language development.

Objectif: Explorer les perspectives des fournisseurs de soins sur les besoins des familles migrantes en matière de développement du langage et les stratégies qui sont utilisées ou qui pourraient être utilisées pour promouvoir le développement du langage d'une manière culturellement sécuritaire. Méthodes : L'étude s'est déroulée à La Maison Bleue (LMB), un centre offrant des services sociaux et de périnatalité aux familles vulnérables à Montréal pendant la grossesse et jusqu'à l'âge de cinq ans de l'enfant. Les données ont été recueillies par le biais d'entretiens semi-structurés avec 8 membres du personnel et analysées thématiquement. Résultats: Les problèmes de langage sont une préoccupation à LMB, et les facteurs liés à la migration (l’isolement, la santé mentale, le manque d’accès aux ressources) sont considérés comme pouvant contribuer à ces problèmes. La compréhension qu’ont les parents du développement du langage de l’enfant ajoute parfois à ce contexte difficile. Des interventions ciblées ainsi que des stratégies plus globales axées sur le renforcement de la confiance et de la réceptivité des familles aux soins en général, sont utilisées pour favoriser le développement du langage. Les participants ont recommandé d'accorder plus de temps individuel aux familles pour améliorer leur compréhension du développement de l'enfant et pour favoriser leur implication dans des activités visant à stimuler le développement langagier. Ils ont également suggéré d’avoir accès à des spécialistes sur place et plus de ressources communautaires pour mieux soutenir le développement précoce du langage dans les familles migrantes. Conclusion: À LMB, une approche interdisciplinaire et holistique, qui tient compte du contexte de migration/vulnérabilité, est utilisée pour promouvoir le développement du langage d'une manière culturellement sécuritaire. Une mise en oeuvre plus large de cette approche dans différents contextes de soins primaires pourrait être bénéfique pour aider davantage des familles migrantes ayant besoin d'un soutien au développement précoce du langage. / Objective: To explore care-providers’ perspectives on the needs of migrant families regarding early language development and the strategies that are used, or that could be used, to promote language development in a culturally safe manner among this population. Methods: This was a qualitative descriptive study conducted at La Maison Bleue (LMB). Data were collected via semi-structured interviews from eight LMB care providers and support/administrative staff and thematically analyzed. Results: Language development problems among children in migrant families are of concern at LMB, and factors related to the migration context (isolation, mental health, lack of access to resources) are believed to contribute to these problems. Parents’ understanding about children’s language development sometimes add to this challenging context. Targeted interventions as well as more global strategies that focus on building trust and increasing the family’s overall receptivity to care, are used to promote language development. Participants recommended more individual time with families to enhance understanding of child development, and to further promote parents’ engagement in language stimulating activities. On site access to specialists and more resources in the community were also suggested to further support early language development among migrant families. Conclusion: At LMB, an interdisciplinary, holistic approach, that considers the migration/vulnerability context, is used to promote early-language development in migrant families in a culturally safe manner. Broader application of this approach across different primary care settings may be beneficial for helping more migrant families in need of early-language development support.

Syftet med den här fallstudien är att undersöka i hur hög utsträckning verksamma engelsklärare använder sig av estetiska lärprocesser som metod för att underlätta elevers språkutveckling samt finna en förståelse för vad den mängden beror på för att således kunna analysera hur estetiska lärprocesser kan implementeras på ett effektivt sätt i engelskundervisningen. Källdata samlades in genom en kvalitativ enkätundersökning som metod. Enkäten skickades ut via sociala medier i grupper för den utvalda målgruppen. Källdatan analyserades sedan utifrån en fenomenografisk ansats. Totalt femton lärare besvarade enkäten varav åtta valdes ut genom stratifierat urval för en djupare analys. Resultatet visade att lärare använder estetiska lärprocesser i en väldigt varierad mängd. Förekomsten eller avsaknaden av estetiska lärprocesser i undervisningen berodde främst på lärares personliga intresse och inställning till specifika estetiska uttrycksformer men även kunskap och erfarenhet var stora påverkande faktorer. Oavsett hur stor mängd estetiska lärprocesser som förekom i lärarnas engelskundervisning var samtliga positivt inställda till estetiska lärprocesser som språkutvecklande arbetssätt. För att öka mängden estetiska lärprocesser i språkutvecklande engelskundervisning skulle det behövas större sådana utbildningsinsatser på lärarutbildningen samt möjlighet till samarbete och kompetensutveckling på skolorna för redan verksamma lärare. / The aim of this study is to look into to what extent English teachers use aesthetic learning processes as an approach for pupils’ language development and understand what causes the teachers’ chosen amount to be able to analyse how teachers can implement aesthetic learning processes more effectively. The source data was collected through a qualitative online survey sent through selected Facebook groups and analysed based on the phenomenographic approach. A total of fifteen teachers answered the survey and eight of them were chosen through a stratified selection for a deeper analysis. The results showed that the amount of aesthetic learning processes used varies a lot from teacher to teacher. The teachers’ personal attitudes towards different aesthetic forms of expression were the main reason for its use, but factors like knowledge and experience in the different expressions were also a significant influence. All respondents had a positive attitude towards aesthetic learning processes as a language development approach in their English teaching regardless of their own used amount. To increase aesthetic learning processes as a language learning approach in English teaching, it has to be included and taught within the teacher education and as competence development within schools for already working teachers.

The purpose of this study is to explore the methods and strategies that teachers use to support language and knowledge development among multilingual students in science subjects in grades 4–6. The study also aims to understand how multilingualism can be utilized as an asset in education and to identify the challenges teachers face in their daily work. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five teachers who have experience teaching in multilingual environments. The study is grounded in sociocultural theory, which frames the focus on classroom interactions and learning processes. The results show that teachers employ various methods to address the linguistic needs of multilingual students. However, teachers experience challenges related to the effective integration of these methods into their teaching. In summary, teachers emphasize the need to adapt teaching to the individual needs and linguistic backgrounds of students. They also highlight the importance of improving teachers' skills to effectively support multilingual students. The study demonstrates that with the right support and resources, multilingualism can serve as a strengthening resource in the classroom, contributing to a more inclusive and effective learning environment. / Syftet med denna studie är att utforska de metoder och strategier som lärare använder för att stödja språk- och kunskapsutveckling hos flerspråkiga elever i NO-ämnen i årskurs 4–6. Studien syftar även till att förstå hur flerspråkighet kan användas som en tillgång i utbildningen och identifiera de hinder som lärare möter i sitt dagliga arbete. För att samla in data har semistrukturerade intervjuer använts, där deltagarna bestod av fem lärare med erfarenhet av undervisning i flerspråkiga miljöer. Studien är förankrad i en sociokulturell teori, vilket ramar in fokus på interaktioner och lärandeprocesser i klassrummet. Resultaten visar att lärare använder olika metoder för att möta de språkliga behoven hos flerspråkiga elever. Lärarna upplever dock utmaningar relaterade till effektiv integration av dessa metoder i undervisningen. Sammanfattningsvis betonar lärarna behovet av att anpassa undervisning efter elevernas individuella behov och språkliga bakgrund. De framhåller även vikten av att förbättra lärarnas kompetens för att effektivt stödja flerspråkiga elever. Studien visar att med rätt stöd och resurser kan flerspråkighet fungera som en stärkande resurs i klassrummet som bidrar till en mer inkluderande och effektiv lärmiljö.

The research project takes a hard look into the attitudes or perceptions of speakers of African languages towards the new language policy of South Africa. The question answered in this regard is, `What do people say?' The research project explores the extent of radical shift in African consciousness giving impetus to the resurgence of African languages so that they carry philosophical and scientific discourse to unprecedented heights. Maintaining the primordial language policy that is dominated by English and Afrikaans is like putting new wine into old skins. Thus, the research also seeks to establish strategies that could be implemented in order to ensure the revitalisation and rejuvenation of African languages so that all the languages take their rightful place. In other words, the research explores ways of injecting a new kind of consciousness that integrates language and content in schools so as to replace the primordial "telescopic philanthropy" type of approach existing currently in education and other major domains. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Vanaf geboorte is die ouers en die omgewing wat hulle vir die kind skep van die uiterste belang. Ouers behoort 'n ruimte te skep waar die kind intellektueel gestimuleer kan word, begeleide leerervaringe kan ontvang en waar hy veiligheid en geborgenheid kan beleef Dit is in hierdie voorskoolse jare waar die grondslag gele word vir latere leer. Waar vroee stimulering en bemiddeling ontbreek is dit later baie moeilik om met insette dieselfde positiewe resultate te bereik. Begeleide leerervaringe is 'n essensiele komponent van en voorwaarde vir optimale ontwikkeling. Wanneer die kind aan geletterdheidervaringe blootgestel word in sy voorskoolse jare, kan hy, wanneer hy skool toe gaan, die insette en konsepte as "bekend" ervaar, omdat hy reeds vroeg al daarmee kennisgemaak het. Die ouers kan die kind se voorskoolse jare s6 ontwerp dat die kind se potensiaal optimaal verwesenlik kan word. In die empiriese ondersoek is onderhoude met ouers gevoer sodat hulle hul ervarings met hul kinders wat hulle voorskools gestimuleer het, kon weergee. Volgens die resultate blyk dit dat vroee stimulering waarskynlik 'n belangrike faktor is ten opsigte van latere prestasie. / Parents should create an atmosphere where the child can be stimulated intellectually, can receive mediated learning experiences (MLE) and where he can experience safety and security. It is in the preschool years that the foundation is laid to make learning easier later on. Where early stimulation and mediation is lacking it is very difficult later on to achieve positive results with the same inputs. When the child is exposed to literacy experiences in his pre-school years, he can experience the inputs and concepts as "known" when he attends school, as he was already acquainted with them. The parents can shape the pre-school years of the child in such a manner that the potential of the child can be realised optimally. In the empirical investigation parents were interviewed in order to determine the extent to which they supplied intellectual stimulation to their pre-school children. According to the results it appears that early stimulation is probably an important factor with regard to achievement in later years. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Progress in technology has resulted in new aids in the form of writing tools which make it easier for pupils to revise their texts. This interview study investigates how four teachers view paper-based and screen-based text processing in the younger years of school. It is still paper-based text revision that dominates in schools, and the teachers point out the shortage of digital tools and competence. The choice of processing method is affected by the aim, whether it concerns content or form. The result shows that digital tools can be of help for pupils with difficulties, but the interviewed teachers also emphasize the value of mastering handwriting, and they would like to see screen-based text processing as a complement to traditional paper-based text processing.

Studiens syfte är att analysera hur tre bildlärare på högstadiet bedriver sin bildundervisning av nyanlända elever som ännu inte till fullo behärskar svenska språket. Frågeställningarna innefattar olika strategier i bildundervisningen samt vilka problem och möjligheter lärarna upplever i en undervisning utan gemensamt talat språk. Studien innefattar tre semistrukturerade intervjuer – två muntliga och en skriftlig. Resultatet visar att samtliga lärare hade utarbetat och var i färd att utveckla en mängd olika strategier. Bildämnets multimodala resurser och de nyanlända elevernas flerspråkighet var centrala strategier för att överbrygga språkbarriären och skapa förståelse i ämnet. Främst två av lärarna ville även vidareutveckla undervisningen genom utökat kollegialt samarbete. Problemen lärarna uppfattade handlade till stor del om tidsbrist.  För att främja de nyanlända elevernas lärandesituation behövde exempelvis en av lärarna mer tid tillsammans med dem innan de började i ordinarie bildundervisning. Lärarna nämnde många möjligheter angående bildämnets resurser som medel för förståelse, samt möjligheter med att använda elevernas starkaste språk vid bedömning av teoretiska delar. / The purpose of the study is to analyze how three high school art teachers educate newly arrived pupils who do not fully understand the Swedish language. The issues contain how the teachers work with certain strategies and what kind of problems and possibilities they perceive when teaching without a common spoken language. The study includes three semi structured interviews – two oral and one written. The results illustrate that all of the teachers had developed, and were in the process of developing, a variety of strategies. Central strategies in creating understanding were multimodal resources specific for the art subject, and the newly arrived pupils’ multilingualism. Mainly two of the teachers wanted to develop their education further through expanded collegiate corporation. The problems that the teachers perceived mainly had to do with lack of time. To better support the newly arrived pupils’ learning situation the teachers needed more time together with the pupils, before they entered the ordinary classes. The teachers mentioned several possibilities concerning the art subjects’ resources as tools in understanding each other. They also emphasized the possibilities of using the pupils’ strongest language in the matter of theoretical assessment.

L’étude présente l’élaboration du premier outil d’évaluation normalisée du langage destiné aux enfants francophones d’âge préscolaire des pays africains qui se caractérisent par l’absence de services publics en orthophonie et la méconnaissance des retards de langage. En s’inspirant des techniques psychométriques langagières utilisées en Amérique du nord et en se basant sur les théories d’acquisition du langage, on a construit un outil appelé Batterie de tests de dépistage approfondi (BATEDA) qui compte onze tests répartis en trois sous-batteries évaluant respectivement l’intégrité des modalités de transmission du langage (BATEM), les composantes langagières (BATEL) et la mémoire verbale (TMV). A partir d’un échantillon de 159 enfants camerounais francophones, on a normalisé la batterie suivant la cote z et les rangs en centile. Les tests présentent une fiabilité inter-juge et intra-juge (p<0,05), une cohérence interne globale d’environ 96% (α de Cronbach=0,958) et une validité prédictive de la réussite scolaire des enfants (r=0,700). Les stratégies d’application de la BATEDA visent à favoriser la pratique du dépistage systématique et la prise en charge des retards de langage au Cameroun, en mettant à contribution les enseignants et les parents comme principaux intervenants. Les implications de cette étude sont de trois ordres : (1) une meilleure connaissance des difficultés langagières, la revalorisation des personnes atteintes et une attitude de vigilance sociale; (2) l’instauration de la pratique de dépistage précoce favorable à l’intervention; (3) une potentielle diminution du taux d’exclusion et d’abandon scolaire d’enfants présentant des retards langagiers à travers un enseignement ciblé en leur faveur. / The study aims at the building of the first normalized language assessment test intended for French-speaking preschoolers living in African countries where language delays are ignored and where there is a lack of public services in speech-language therapy. Being inspired by the format of standardized language tests, and based on language acquisition theories, we developed a tool named Batterie de tests de dépistage approfondi (BATEDA) which combine eleven tests organized in three batteries assessing respectively modalities (BATEM), language components (BATEL) and memory (TMV). From a sample of 159 Cameroonian French-speaking four-to-five-years old children, the tool has been normalized using standard scores technique (the z score and the percentile). Tests have an inter-scorer reliability, an internal consistency of 96% (α de Cronbach=0,958) and a predictive validity of the primary school success of children (r=0,700). The application strategies of BATEDA aim at encouraging the screening of language delays in order to take charge of these difficulties in Cameroon by implicating teachers and parents as main participants. Among the implications of this study, we have the better knowledge of difficulties related to language delays, the better consideration of children affected, the establishment of early screening and language assessment on behalf of intervention, and a potential decrease of the rate of school abandon and expulsion of children with language delays.

Ce mémoire porte sur la perception des acteurs multisectoriels de la petite enfance concernant le développement langagier des tout-petits et les interventions qu’ils proposent pour le soutenir. L’origine de cette question vient de l’Enquête sur la maturité scolaire des enfants montréalais. En route pour l'école! (DSPM, 2008a) qui révélait que les tout-petits montréalais étaient plus vulnérables dans les domaines du développement cognitif et langagier et des habiletés de communication et connaissances générales que ceux de l’échantillon normatif canadien, jumelée à la préoccupation des acteurs eux-mêmes relativement à cette problématique. Les objectifs sont de décrire le portrait qu’ont ces acteurs du développement langagier des enfants de leur milieu et analyser ces représentations sur le plan de leur articulation problème – solution. Pour y répondre, un cadre conceptuel écologique mettant en relation quatre niveaux d’influence (enfant, famille, voisinage, environnement général) et cinq axes d’intervention a été conçu. La méthodologie adoptée fut une étude de cas qualitative à base d’analyses documentaires et d’entrevues (n=10) auprès des six secteurs engagés dans l’intervention intersectorielle en petite enfance dans un CSSS montréalais. Les résultats montrent que ces acteurs connaissent les facteurs influençant le développement langagier des tout-petits. Les interventions actuelles ou souhaitées sont cohérentes avec les écrits scientifiques et partiellement stratégiques par rapport aux facteurs de risques identifiés. Des actions doivent toutefois être posées pour soutenir davantage les jeunes familles, dont celles visant à hausser la qualité du voisinage ou encore, l’accès à des services publics de qualité. / This thesis examines perceptions of intersectoral stakeholders in early childhood regarding language development in young children, and the initiatives they suggest to support such development. The question originates from a survey on the school readiness of Montréal children, Enquête sur la maturité scolaire des enfants montréalais. En route pour l'école! (DSP, 2008a), which revealed that, with regard to language development and communication skills, young Montréal children were more vulnerable than the Canadian normative sample. It also stems from stakeholders’ concerns regarding this issue. The goals are to describe the representation of language development held by these stakeholders and to analyse their conceptualisation of the problem and the solution to language development. An ecological conceptual framework was developed, comprising four levels of influence (child, family, neighbourhood, overall environment) and five areas of intervention. The methodology was a qualitative case study based on a literature synthesis and interviews (n=10) carried out in six sectors involved in early childhood intersectoral initiatives in a Montréal Health and Social Services Centre (CSSS). Results show that stakeholders are aware of the factors influencing language development in young children. Current or desired initiatives correspond with the literature and are mostly strategic with respect to identified risk factors. However, actions must be taken to provide more support to young families, including actions designed to improve neighbourhoods and enhance access to quality public services.