Le but de cette thèse est de mieux connaître les effets des activités anthropiques sur l'état de conservation des habitats côtiers importants (forêts de Cystoseira et trottoirs à Vermets) dans une région peu connue de la Méditerranée : la côte Libanaise. Plusieurs approches sont appliquées pour la première fois le long de la côte Levantine, tel que l'indice CARLIT (cartographie des communautés benthiques du littoral rocheux), un outil conçu pour évaluer l’Etat Ecologique (EE) dans le cadre de la Directive des Eaux (DCE 2000/60/UE). La description générale du littoral Libanais, résumant les principales caractéristiques environnementales et les activités anthropiques influençant les communautés benthiques, a souligné que la côte Libanaise a été (et est actuellement) soumis à plusieurs pressions de plusieurs origines. L'application du CARLIT, basé sur les communautés de macroalgues a fourni des idées importantes sur l’EE actuel de la côte rocheuse Libanaise en relation avec les impacts humains et a permis d’établir une cartographie détaillée de la répartition et de l'abondance des communautés côtiers, en particulier des forêts de Cystoseira et de Sargassum). L'étude de certains trottoirs à Vermets Libanais a permis d’évaluer leur état actuel en fonction des différentes pressions humaines et confirmer qu’ils sont très affectés et que peu sont encore vivants. Dans une perspective future et avec la découverte de pétrole et du gaz dans les eaux Libanaises, les écosystèmes marins Libanais seront soumis à plusieurs nouveaux menaces ; les recherches de cette thèse présentent une base de référence de l’EE de ces écosystèmes, permettant de les conserver et suivre leur évolution. / The aim of this study was to provide further knowledge of the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the conservation status of important shallow habitats (vermetid reefs, Cystoseira forests) in a relatively poorly known region of the Mediterranean Sea: the Lebanese coast. Multiple approaches were applied for the first time along the Levantine Sea, such as the CARLIT (CARtography of rocky-shore LITtoral communities) index, a tool conceived to quantify the Ecological Status (ES) in the framework of the Water Directive (WFD 2000/60/EU). A general description of the Lebanese coastline, summarizing the major environmental features and anthropogenic activities influencing benthic communities, highlighted that Lebanon has been (and is at present) subject to multiple stressors. The application of the CARLIT, based on macroalgal, gives important insights on the ES of Lebanese ecosystems in relation to human impacts and provides a detailed cartography on the distribution and abundance of shallow communities, and in particular Cystoseira and Sargassum forests. The survey of some Lebanese vermetid reefs allowed the evaluation of their current status according to different human pressures and highlighted that they are highly affected by human pressures and only few of them are still alive. In a view of the upcoming oil and gas discovery offshore Lebanon, Lebanese marine ecosystems are under multiple and massive threats; the data provided in the research performed provide a baseline of the distribution and conservation status of key habitats along Lebanese coasts, in order to follow their evolution and to have a management tool in case of catastrophic oil spills.

This study aims to investigate ethnic identity in relation to faith and traditions among second-generation Maronite Christians living in Sweden. Qualitative semi-structured interviews have been conducted with seven second-generation Lebanese Maronites living in Sweden. In the interviews, the participants explained their experiences and perceptions of their ethnic identity, faith, and traditions. The findings reveal that the majority of the participants in this study do not practice religion and attend church. However, this tendency does not mean that the Lebanese Maronite’s have abandoned their religion as a whole, merely that they have more freedom to create an individual approach to religious faith and traditions. Furthermore, the study shows that the participants have adapted their faith and traditions and individualized it. Finally, the findings show that the majority of the participants consider themselves a part of both the Swedish ethnicity and the Lebanese Christian ethnicity, however, not based upon Maronite faith and traditions, but on the Catholic faith and its traditions.

La France est un pays laïc. Son système successoral aussi est d'identité laïque. La loi successorale s'applique à tous les français sans distinction de sexe et de religion. En revanche, le Liban est un pays multiconfessionnel. En matière des statuts personnels dont la succession fait partie, il est soumis aux règles religieuses et civiles. Pour les musulmans libanais, ces règles sont issues du Coran. En revanche, les chrétiens et les juifs libanais appliquent une loi laïque inspirée de l'ancien Code civil français. Face à cette situation, le principe de l'égalité de tous devant la loi- garantie par la constitution libanaise- est loin d'être respecté. Depuis longtemps, le droit français est une source d'inspiration du droit libanais. Tel est le cas du Code des contrats et des obligations libanais qui fut le fruit du travail du doyen JOSSERAND, ce Code étant toujours en vigueur au Liban. Dès lors, comment le législateur libanais peut-il moderniser et réformer les lois religieuses pour qu'elles soient en harmonie avec les autres lois du pays ? L'élaboration d'une loi successorale unique à la lumière du droit français serait-elle possible et souhaitable? / France is a lay country. Thus its laws governing system of estates upon death are ruled by the principle of identity. Such laws apply to all French nationals irrespective of sex and religion. On the contrary, Lebanon is a multi-religious country. As regards matters relating to transmission of property upon death, the lebanese are governed by their religious and civil laws. For a Lebanese Moslem such rules are comprised in the Koran. Christian and Jewish Lebanese are subject to a lay legal system which sprang from French civil code. As a result, the principle of equality- of all before the law- warranted by the Lebanese constitution-is far from respected. For a long while now, French law has been a source of inspiration for Lebanese law. For exemple, the Lebanese contracts and debts code which resulted from the work of Dean JOSSERAND, the said code being still law in Lebanon. This being so, how can the Lebanese law maker modernise and reform the religious laws to bring them in line with the other laws of the country ? Would the elaboration of a unified Lebanese law of transmission of property upon death in the light of French law be feasible ?

In the Arabic-speaking world, sociopolitical upheaval, extended conflict and population displacement have triggered extensive contact between mutually intelligible varieties of the language. Notwithstanding these developments, Arabic sociolinguistic research on dialect contact settings remains limited to certain well-documented areas (e.g., Al-Wer 2020), with markedly less research targeting other locales believed to be highly propitious to convergent change, such as the long-term contact situation in Lebanon involving Lebanese and Palestinian Arabic (Fityan 1981; Hennessey 2011). Furthermore, few studies are embedded in a (comparative) variationist sociolinguistic framework (Owens 2013), and even fewer studies are articulated from a socio-historical perspective incorporating diachronic data sources with which to better understand the process of language change in Arabic (Owens 2013). Much previous research on Arabic dialects is also based on investigations of phonological variation (Al-Wer and de Jong 2018), with correspondingly less attention paid to (morpho-)syntactic variation (Choueiri 2019). The present study aims to address existing lacunae in the research literature by investigating the outcomes of dialect contact in Beirut between Palestinian Arabic (PA), the minority variety, and Lebanese Arabic (LA), the majority variety. Drawing on the framework of comparative variationist sociolinguistics (Poplack and Tagliamonte 2001) as well as research on dialect contact (Britain and Trudgill 2005), this study combines synchronic and diachronic data sources to compare three variables in LA and PA: a phonological variable, involving the word-medial raising of /a:/ to [e:] (e.g., [ka:n] alternating with [ke:n] 'he/it was'); and two morpho-syntactic variables: verbal negation and future temporal reference. The overarching aim of the research is to examine the extent to which PA shows evidence, as gauged from linguistic constraints on variant selection and variant repertoires, of becoming more structurally similar to LA in different linguistic components (Cheshire, Kerswill, and Williams 2005). The synchronic data come from 45 hours of spontaneous speech recorded in Beirut from 39 Palestinian and 27 Lebanese speakers stratified by age, sex, and level of education, generating 7,671 tokens representing the three targeted variables. A further 15,381 tokens of these three variables come from two diachronic datasets. The first is a sub-set of speech recordings from the Palestinian Oral History Archive, an online compendium of interviews with first-generation (older) Palestinians in Lebanon, recorded between the 1990s and early 2000s. The second diachronic dataset is the Lebanese Popular Theatre Corpus (LPTC), based on 34 televised plays dating from the 1960s and performed in colloquial LA. Results reveal that the [e:] variant, a stereotypical feature of LA, but not emblematic of PA spoken in Beirut (Hennessey 2011), is virtually absent from the speech of the older Palestinian generation in the synchronic and diachronic datasets, but it increases significantly in the speech of young (third-generation) Palestinian speakers, who replicate the linguistic conditioning of variant selection in LA. These results bolster the inference of contact-induced change in PA due to the influence of LA. With respect to verbal negation, the findings show that there is convergent change in terms of overall variant rates in this variable system in PA. Evidence suggests that this variable system is undergoing dialect levelling as a result of contact, with socially marked minority variants diminishing over time in the speech of educated Palestinians. The future temporal reference system, however, seems to be less amenable to contact-induced change, despite similarities in surface forms between LA and PA. Results indicate that this variable system is undergoing an internal change in PA independent of contact with LA, which is led by young, educated speakers, in line with what has been observed in PA spoken outside Lebanon (AbuAmsha 2016). Viewed in the aggregate, the results show that even though it is claimed that (morpho-) syntactic variables may be less susceptible to convergent change than phonological variables (Cheshire et al. 2005; Hinskens et al. 2005), we do not find a neat division between phonology and morpho-syntax. Word-medial imala is overtly commented on and explicitly identified by the targeted Palestinian speech community as a marker of Lebanese speech. Its iconic association with Lebanese speech patterns renders it particularly susceptible to long-term dialect accommodation for some Palestinians. Verbal negation is also subject to social evaluation, as gauged from explicit speaker meta-commentary, and socially marked exponents appear vulnerable to attrition over time. By contrast, the expression of the future temporal reference appears less socially indexical than the other variables and is not subject to normative commentary or overt correction. These differences implicate the social salience of the targeted variables as a key factor influencing their susceptibility to convergence. Situating the results in a wider perspective, the findings highlight the utility of the comparative variationist framework in elucidating the process of language change in spoken Arabic, especially in PA as spoken in Beirut, as well as in distinguishing contact-induced change from internally-motivated change. The results of this study indicate that the effects of dialect contact, and critically, the existence of contact-induced change cannot be fully understood without using a multi-faceted comparative approach incorporating horizontal and vertical comparisons. The results converge in demonstrating that an empirically accountable quantitative approach based on actual speech data is capable of transcending the limitations of alternative frameworks of analysis that have been used to investigate change in dialect contact scenarios in the Arabic-speaking world.

Les fichiers qui accompagnent mon document ont été réalisés avec les logiciels : STATA, SPSS et EXCEL. / Ce mémoire de maitrise porte sur l’étude de la relation entre les croyances religieuses, le développement économique et l’identité socioculturelle des libanais. Ce sujet est suscité par deux approches : une approche conceptuelle relatant le lien entre la religion et le développement économique, et une approche révélant le rapport entre les trois éléments du sujet et imposant une observation rigoureuse des libanais du Liban et des libanais de Montréal. Deux types d’études empiriques sont envisageables afin d’expliquer le rapprochement entre les trois éléments du sujet : des études visant à tester le lien entre la religion et le développement au Liban et à Montréal et des études traitant la problématique identitaire. Les analyses historiques, sociologiques et empiriques invoquées dans notre projet démontrent qu’en général il existe une corrélation entre la religion et le développement. Nos enquêtes soulignent que cette corrélation est tout de même vérifié chez les libanais. Les points de vue culturel et religieux attestent que la religion et la famille constituent deux éléments indissociables de l’identité socioculturelle des libanais. La religion est une valeur qui peut influencer le choix du consommateur libanais. En effet, une relation de réciprocité est établie entre ces deux éléments. Les études, menées au Liban et à Montréal, soulignent aussi que le degré de religiosité peut déterminer certains comportements sociaux; ceci crée un enchainement entre le comportement social d’un libanais, ses appartenances religieuses qui reflètent son identité, et le développement économique. Ainsi, Les croyances religieuses endoctrinent le développement économique au plan macroéconomique et au plan microéconomique. Une relation s’installe entre le spirituel et la science économique. / This thesis focuses on the study of the relationship between religious beliefs, economic development and socio-cultural identity of Lebanon. This topic is generated by two approaches: a conceptual approach to describing the relationship between religion and economic development, and an approach to revealing the relationship between the three elements of the subject and requiring strict adherence to the Lebanese in Lebanon and the Lebanese in Montreal. Two types of empirical studies are possible to explain the relation between the three elements of the subject: studies to test the link between religion and development in Lebanon and Montreal and studies dealing with the issue of identity. Historical, sociological and empirical analyses show that there is in general a correlation between religion and development. Our investigations point out that this correlation is still checked in Lebanon. The cultural and religious views show that religion and family are two inseparable elements of the socio-cultural identity of Lebanese. Religion is a value that can influence consumer choice Lebanese. Indeed, a reciprocal relationship is established between the two. Studies conducted in Lebanon and Montreal also highlight that the degree of religiosity may determine some social behaviors; this creates a chain between the social behavior of a Lebanese, his religious affiliations that reflect his identity, and economic development. Thus, religious beliefs indoctrinate economic development at the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels.

La tesi cerca di rispondere alla domanda: 'La libanese intifadha al-Iqtad poteva essere prevista?'. la tesi prima definisce l'evento politico, e. Successivamente esamina le condizioni epistemologiche in base alle quali una predizione del futuro possa essere considerata scientifica. In terzo luogo, propone uno schema di previsione organizzato in funzione del coinvolgimento degli agenti nella creazione della storia umana. Infine, analizza la intifadha al-Iqtad in base allo schema analitico proposto. / The thesis aims to answer the question 'could the Lebanese Intifadha al-Iqtad have been predicted?' In order to do so, it first of all tries to define the political event, in terms of features, dynamic, and outcome. Secondly, it outlines the epistemological assumptions on which a scientific prediction of the future could be based. Thirdly, it puts forward a framework for foreseeing the future organised on different levels and divided into macro-categories. Finally, it analyses the Lebanese Intifadha al-Iqtad according to the proposed framework.

Ce mémoire de maitrise porte sur l’étude de la relation entre les croyances religieuses, le développement économique et l’identité socioculturelle des libanais. Ce sujet est suscité par deux approches : une approche conceptuelle relatant le lien entre la religion et le développement économique, et une approche révélant le rapport entre les trois éléments du sujet et imposant une observation rigoureuse des libanais du Liban et des libanais de Montréal. Deux types d’études empiriques sont envisageables afin d’expliquer le rapprochement entre les trois éléments du sujet : des études visant à tester le lien entre la religion et le développement au Liban et à Montréal et des études traitant la problématique identitaire. Les analyses historiques, sociologiques et empiriques invoquées dans notre projet démontrent qu’en général il existe une corrélation entre la religion et le développement. Nos enquêtes soulignent que cette corrélation est tout de même vérifié chez les libanais. Les points de vue culturel et religieux attestent que la religion et la famille constituent deux éléments indissociables de l’identité socioculturelle des libanais. La religion est une valeur qui peut influencer le choix du consommateur libanais. En effet, une relation de réciprocité est établie entre ces deux éléments. Les études, menées au Liban et à Montréal, soulignent aussi que le degré de religiosité peut déterminer certains comportements sociaux; ceci crée un enchainement entre le comportement social d’un libanais, ses appartenances religieuses qui reflètent son identité, et le développement économique. Ainsi, Les croyances religieuses endoctrinent le développement économique au plan macroéconomique et au plan microéconomique. Une relation s’installe entre le spirituel et la science économique. / This thesis focuses on the study of the relationship between religious beliefs, economic development and socio-cultural identity of Lebanon. This topic is generated by two approaches: a conceptual approach to describing the relationship between religion and economic development, and an approach to revealing the relationship between the three elements of the subject and requiring strict adherence to the Lebanese in Lebanon and the Lebanese in Montreal. Two types of empirical studies are possible to explain the relation between the three elements of the subject: studies to test the link between religion and development in Lebanon and Montreal and studies dealing with the issue of identity. Historical, sociological and empirical analyses show that there is in general a correlation between religion and development. Our investigations point out that this correlation is still checked in Lebanon. The cultural and religious views show that religion and family are two inseparable elements of the socio-cultural identity of Lebanese. Religion is a value that can influence consumer choice Lebanese. Indeed, a reciprocal relationship is established between the two. Studies conducted in Lebanon and Montreal also highlight that the degree of religiosity may determine some social behaviors; this creates a chain between the social behavior of a Lebanese, his religious affiliations that reflect his identity, and economic development. Thus, religious beliefs indoctrinate economic development at the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. / Les fichiers qui accompagnent mon document ont été réalisés avec les logiciels : STATA, SPSS et EXCEL.

This study reflects the belief systems of a nation living their lives as though in exile. It is also an 'echo' of their spiritual journey, stretching from the dawn of humanity until the time of Jesus Christ. It is the testimony of the people who lived in Phoenicia, Antioch, and the holy mountains and valleys of Lebanon. From the time of early Christianity they structured their beliefs according to the general admonition and teaching of the Scripture, and looked forward to the imminent 'return' of Christ. They lived in an atmosphere of preparation for the ready welcome of the 'heavenly Bridegroom'. The background to and the reasoning supporting this study and exposition, is that of understanding the history, spirituality, and the ritual deriving from the beliefs and thought systems of the Christians of the Maronite Catholic Church, and their understanding of the hereafter. It is an attempt to relate the many factors which comprise the 'life' and ritual, the biblical foundation, and the theological and eschatological views of the Maronite Church and its members. / Christin Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (with specialisation in Christian Spirituality)

Ce mémoire traite du droit de l’adoption dans une perspective comparative entre régimes arabo-musulman, français et québécois. Dans un premier temps est abordée la place de l’enfant dans l’Islam : de sa conception au sein de la famille musulmane à l’ensemble de ses droits selon le droit religieux. Ce tour d’horizon permet d’aborder l’épineux problème de l’interdiction de l’adoption par le Coran et les alternatives qui ont été développées pour y remédier, plus particulièrement la kafala. La kafala sera expliquée et située dans l’ordre public international, puis examinée au regard de quatre législations arabes : le Maroc, la Tunisie, l’Algérie et le Liban. Dans un deuxième temps, la question sera examinée d’un point de vue occidental. Il y sera analysé la possibilité et les difficultés entourant l’application des règles musulmanes de statut personnel en France et au Québec. Finalement sera abordé l’accueil que ces deux sociétés ont réservé à la kafala dans leur système respectif. / This thesis examines adoption law in comparative perspectives between Arab-Muslim, French and Quebec legal systems. First is reviewed the position of children within Islamic law: from a child’s legal status within the traditional Muslim family, to its aggregate statutory rights within Shari’a law. This overview subsequently allows for a discourse on the ban to adopt in the Qu’ran, and the alternatives developed around this thorny issue, notably the idea of “guardianship” or “kafala”. Specifically, the Kafala is reviewed with regards to international public policy and vis-à-vis four different legislative contexts: Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Lebanon. Secondly, the issue is then judged from a Western perspective; discussing hitherto the problems surrounding the application of Muslim law on personal statutory rights in France, and on personal statutory rights in Quebec. Finally, this thesis considers how the latter two societies have welcomed the concept of Kafala within their respective legal systems.

L’industrie libanaise du raisin et de la viniculture acquit dans les quelques années passées une renommée internationale du fait de la bonne qualité du vin produit. Il a été démontré que les constituants suspectés d’être responsable des caractéristiques biologiques du raisin sont les composés phénoliques. Ces derniers sont des métabolites secondaires des plantes, impliquées dans la protection vis-à-vis des conditions extrêmes environnementales et dans la défense contre les parasites. Ces composés contribuent aussi au goût, à l’astringence et à la couleur des produits issus du raisin. De plus, ils exhibent un pouvoir antioxydant, de ce fait un large spectre d’effets pharmacologiques leur sont attribués i.e. des propriétés anti-inflammatoire, anti-carcinogène et antiallergique. Ils peuvent aussi réduire le risque des maladies cardio-vasculaires. La production des composés phénoliques dans les fruits peut être affectée par le microclimat et les caractéristiques du terroir.En premier lieu, nous avons optimisé l’extraction des composés phénoliques totaux et des anthocyanes du raisin cultivé au Liban. Un modèle statistique basé sur la méthodologie de la surface de réponses a été utilisé pour étudier les effets de paramètres tels que le temps, la température, le choix et ratio du solvant organique dans le mélange sur la procédure d’extraction et la determination des conditions optimales. La Chromatographie Liquide à Haute Performance ou HPLC a aussi été utilisée pour suivre l’évolution de quelques composés phénoliques en fonction de la modification des paramètres d’extraction.En second lieu, afin d’étudier l’impact des composés phénoliques sur la santé humaine, l’effet de l’extrait de raisin obtenu à paritir du cépage Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis Vinifera L. Cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) sur les cellules d’adénocarcinome colorectal – HT-29 a été déterminé.La viabilité, la prolifération, l’apoptose et le cycle cellulaire ainsi que le potentiel de membrane mitochondrial en présence de l’extrait de raisin, ont été mesurés à l’aide des techniques de microscopie, de cytométrie en flux et d’histochimie.La technologie des puces à ADN a été utilisée pour détecter des changements au niveau de l’expression des gènes dans les cellules HT-29 et pour révéler les voies de signalisation impliquées dans la réponse cellulaire aux composés phénoliques. Cette étude couvre différents aspects de la biochimie des composés phénoliques et aide à mieux comprendre leur impact sur la santé humaine, surtout au niveau cellulaire. De plus, ce projet de thèse ajoute à la valeur de l’industrie libanaise du raisin et de ses produits en proposant des conditions optimales pour extraire, analyser les composés phénoliques et montrer leurs qualités à l’échelle cellulaire. / Due to wine high quality, the Lebanese grape industry and wineries became in the past few years a business of worldwide trust. The components proved to be responsible of the grapes biological characteristics are the phenolic compounds. These are secondary plant metabolites especially implicated in plant protection against environmental extremes and defense against parasites. They as well contribute to flavor, astringency and color characteristics of grape products. Moreover, they are powerful antioxidants and exhibit a wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-allergic properties. They can also reduce the risk of coronary heart diseases. The phenolic compounds production in fruits may be affected by microclimate and soil characteristics.Our study aimed first of all to optimize the extraction of total phenolic compounds and antocyanins from Lebanese planted grapes.Statistical experimental design based on the response surface methodology was employed to investigate the effects of parameters like time, temperature, organic solvent / water ratio on the extraction procedure, and the determination of optimum conditions.HPLC (High Performance Liquid chromatography) was also used to monitor the evolution of some phenolic compounds when modifying the extraction parameters.Second of all, to study the impact of phenolic compounds on human health, the effect of the extract obtained from Cabernet Sauvigon (Vitis vinifera L. Cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) grapes was determined on a colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line; HT-29. Cell viability/proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential in presence of the extracts, were measured using microscopy, flow cytometry and fluorescent staining.The DNA chips technology was used to detect changes at the gene expression level of the cell line used in this study after incubation with grape extracts, and to reveal certain pathways implicated in cellular response to phenolic compounds.This study covers different aspects in the biochemistry of phenolic compounds and helps in a better comprehension of their impact on human health at the cellular level. This also provides a better value to the Lebanese grape industry and products by proposing optimal conditions to extract, monitor the phenolic compounds and by showing their roles on the cellular level