<p>De flesta chefer ställs inför frågan hur de bäst motiverar sina medarbetare att prestera väl, men utmaningarna och möjligheterna i motivationsarbetet varierar mellan privata och offentliga organisationer. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och analysera hur mellanchefer i Uppsala kommuns kommunledningskontor och Vasakronan AB:s region Uppsala använder motivationsverktyg samt vad eventuella skillnader mellan organisationerna beror på. Med utgångspunkt i fem väletablerade motivationsteorier – Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori, Maslows behovshierarki, rättviseteorin, förväntansteorin och målsättningsteorin – skapades en modell över sambandet mellan hur chefer kan motivera sina medarbetare, vad som skiljer olika motivationsverktyg åt och vilka särdrag olika organisationer har. Därefter genomfördes djupintervjuer med tre mellanchefer i respektive organisation för att undersöka hur de resonerade kring användandet av olika motivationsverktyg och de empiriska resultaten analyserades i ljuset av författarnas teoretiska modell. Undersökningen visar att psykosociala motivationsverktyg är de viktigaste i båda organisationerna, men att mellancheferna i Uppsala kommun framförallt motiverar sina medarbetare med meningsfulla arbetsuppgifter och ett viktigt syfte, till skillnad från Vasakronan där utveckling och resultat står i fokus. Vidare framkom att ingen av mellancheferna anser att begränsade ekonomiska resurser utgör något större hinder i motivationsarbetet, men att den djupt rotade likabehandlingskulturen hämmar en individanpassning av motivationsverktygen i Uppsala kommun.</p>

Genom att analysera domstolsmaterialet från rättegången mot fildelningssiten The Pirat Bay, i relation till en idéhistorisk diskussion om äganderätt, har uppsatsen funnit att den liberala tanketraditionen och dess juridiska institutioner står inför en betydelseglidning vad gället begreppsparet ”Egendom” och ”Stöld”. Det har visat sig att Lockes naturtillstånd, varseblivningen av ”det oändliga” på jorden, har skiftat plats; från ”naturen” ut till ”cyberspace”, vilket har resulterat i att fildelningstekniken skapat en ny matematik som omöjliggör tidigare egendomsdefinition.

De flesta chefer ställs inför frågan hur de bäst motiverar sina medarbetare att prestera väl, men utmaningarna och möjligheterna i motivationsarbetet varierar mellan privata och offentliga organisationer. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och analysera hur mellanchefer i Uppsala kommuns kommunledningskontor och Vasakronan AB:s region Uppsala använder motivationsverktyg samt vad eventuella skillnader mellan organisationerna beror på. Med utgångspunkt i fem väletablerade motivationsteorier – Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori, Maslows behovshierarki, rättviseteorin, förväntansteorin och målsättningsteorin – skapades en modell över sambandet mellan hur chefer kan motivera sina medarbetare, vad som skiljer olika motivationsverktyg åt och vilka särdrag olika organisationer har. Därefter genomfördes djupintervjuer med tre mellanchefer i respektive organisation för att undersöka hur de resonerade kring användandet av olika motivationsverktyg och de empiriska resultaten analyserades i ljuset av författarnas teoretiska modell. Undersökningen visar att psykosociala motivationsverktyg är de viktigaste i båda organisationerna, men att mellancheferna i Uppsala kommun framförallt motiverar sina medarbetare med meningsfulla arbetsuppgifter och ett viktigt syfte, till skillnad från Vasakronan där utveckling och resultat står i fokus. Vidare framkom att ingen av mellancheferna anser att begränsade ekonomiska resurser utgör något större hinder i motivationsarbetet, men att den djupt rotade likabehandlingskulturen hämmar en individanpassning av motivationsverktygen i Uppsala kommun.

Philip Doddridge (1702-51) was pastor of the Independent congregation meeting at Castle Hill, Northampton, and tutor of the Northampton academy from 1729 to his death in 1751. He is regarded as a leader of moderate Dissent during that period and the heir, theologically and pastorally, of Richard Baxter. He has been seen as forming a bridge between the more rational Dissenters, on the one hand, and the more conservative and orthodox wing of Dissent on the other. His thought has not, however, been the subject of a detailed analysis in the context of his time. This thesis sets out to conduct such an analysis in order to examine more closely his position within early eighteenth-century Dissent. Doddridge’s philosophical and theological views are considered in chapters two to five. Chapter two assesses the extent of his indebtedness to the philosophy of John Locke, examining also the views of Isaac Watts and showing how Doddridge and Watts modified Locke’s thought in some areas in order to accommodate Christian beliefs. In chapter three, Doddridge’s views on natural theology, natural law and reason are considered and the influence on him of Samuel Clarke, in particular, is examined. Turning to theology, chapter four looks at the use in early eighteenth-century Dissent of terms such as ‘Baxterian’ and ‘moderate Calvinist’ and then considers Doddridge’s doctrinal positions on a range of subjects which are generally considered to represent Baxterian theology. Chapter five examines Doddridge’s views on the key interconnected areas of confessional subscription, scripture and the doctrine of the Trinity. Practical subjects are then considered in chapters six to eight. Doddridge’s views on Christian piety are examined in chapter six. Chapter seven considers ways in which Doddridge sought to communicate, examining the audiences whom he aimed to reach, the ways in which he attempted to reach them and the content of what he wanted to say. The eighth chapter looks at the subject of identity and argues that Doddridge is to be viewed, not so much as a bridge between different wings of Dissent, but as a leader amongst moderate Calvinists. In conclusion, this thesis argues that Philip Doddridge sought to expound a Calvinist theology in the context of the philosophical and theological debates of his day and to promote an ordered Dissent focused on central evangelical truths and united around the language of scripture.

This thesis has two central goals. The first is to theorize the confrontation of Indigenous societies and European settler society as, among other things, a conflict between two opposing conceptions of the human relationship with nature — human ecology. The Western/settler view is that nature is external to humans and instrumental to their development. John Locke’s philosophy provides an excellent example of this type of thinking. In contrast, the world-view of many Indigenous societies is characterized by a sense of ontological continuity between humans and the ecology. The second aim of this thesis is to contribute to ecological political theory by exploring the contrast between these two divergent views of human ecology. It is suggested that this contrast provides a theoretically fertile site for an ecological politics suitable for a post-modern, post-capitalist future. These theoretical observations are grounded in a concrete case study: the Delgamuukw legal episode. / Graduate

Au XVIIe siècle, commerce et guerre étant étroitement liés (Pocock), les auteurs de cette époque accordent une grande importance aux liens entre conflits et monnaie. Cette thèse met en évidence comment la conception de la monnaie, sous forme de métaux précieux, influence la manière d’envisager la question de l’enrichissement chez Colbert, Vauban et Locke. Elle montre également quelles sont les implications en matière de politiques économiques et de relations sociales. Ces auteurs développent ainsi une pensée pouvant être qualifiée«d’hétérodoxe», en opposition à l’orthodoxie d’Adam Smith qui critique vivement leur question d’une quantité de monnaie nécessaire au fonctionnement du système économique. Dans ce cadre, quatre questions sont traitées. La première consiste à mettre à jour les effets sociaux d’une économie monétaire : l’apparition d’un conflit entre propriétaires terriens et détenteurs de monnaie et la création du gouvernement civil. La seconde permet de souligner le lien entre les relations sociales et les politiques monétaires à mener – à savoir favoriser l’intérêt des marchands ou maintenir une stabilité sociale? La troisième question aborde alors le rôle du gouvernement et des leviers dont il dispose. Le gouvernement doit garantir une quantité de monnaie appropriée, maintenir une balance commerciale excédentaire et faire circuler la monnaie, via une stabilité monétaire ou encore une réforme fiscale. Enfin la dernière question permet d’appréhender le rôle du commerce international. Celui-ci, n’est qu’un moyen de faire circuler la richesse créée au niveau national, selon ces auteurs. Par ailleurs, seul le commerce international permet l’entrée de monnaie sous la forme de métaux précieux. / In the 17th century, trade and war are deeply related (Pocock). Thus, authors from thatperiod gave a great importance to the links between conflicts and money. This PhD aims at understanding how the idea of money, as a precious metal, influences Colbert’s, Vauban’s and Locke’s thinking about the question of the enrichment. It further studies the implications of this approach for economic policy and social relations. These authors can be considered as« heterodox » in opposition to the orthodoxy of Adam Smith who sharply criticized their investigation of an appropriate quantity of money needed to ensure the good functioning of an economic system. In this framework, four questions are analysed. The first one discusses the social effects of a monetary economy in the form of the appearance of a conflict between the landed men and the moneyed men, that ultimately leads to the establishment of a civil government. The second one underlines the link between social relations and the required monetary policies: shall measures favour merchants’ interest or shall they maintain social stability? This brings the reader to the third question, which is to define the role of the government and its means of action. The government must ensure that an appropriate quantity of money, maintain a trade surplus and make money circulate. This can be achieved through a monetary stability or by implementing fiscal reform. Finally, the last question revolves around the role of international trade. According to these authors, it is mainly a mean allowing wealth which is created inside the country, to circulate. Besides, international trade is the only way to have inflows of precious metal, thus increasing the quantity of money in the country.

Ce mémoire a pour but de miner le projet libertarien d'une défense de la structure de la propriété libérale basée sur le principe de propriété de soi. Loin de nier le concept de propriété de soi, nous adoptons le principe associé à la pensée libertarienne et démontrons que l'adoption d'un tel principe nous mène à la restructuration du concept de propriété vers un concept qui est cohérent avec les valeurs égalitaristes et démocratiques. Nous espérons, ceci faisant, pouvoir montrer l'incohérence du projet libertarien, et fournir les outils nécessaires afin que les égalitaristes puissent défendre leurs idées en terrain libertarien. / The purpose of this thesis is to try and undermine the libertarian project of defending the liberal structure of ownership through its use of the principle of self-ownership. Far from denying the concept of self-ownership, we adopt the principle associated with libertarian thought and show that the adoption of such a principle leads us to a restructuring of the concept of ownership towards one that is coherent with egalitarian and democratic values. We hope that, by doing so, we are able to show the incoherence within libertarianism and give the tools necessary for egalitarians to defend their ideas on libertarian grounds.

S’appuyant sur la philosophie de la femme de Mary Wollstonecraft et sur celle de l’enfance de John Locke, ce mémoire examine « l’effet de l’éducation » (Austen 211) sur les relations filiales dans le roman Mansfield Park de Jane Austen. Austen, comme de nombreux romanciers et auteurs de livres de conduite de son époque, aborde l’état de l’éducation au début du XIXe siècle. Refusant les carcans genrés dans lesquels sont généralement cloîtrés les individus dès l’enfance, l’éducation, telle qu’elle est présentée par Austen, se concentre sur l’acquisition de la raison et de la vertu et implique, par conséquent, l’épanouissement de l’individu, le développement d’une conscience identitaire et un apprentissage qui se prolonge tout au long de la vie, ce qui amène l’individu à forger des liens interpersonnels forts avec autrui. Vivant au sein d’une société en mouvement, Austen observe également les implications de l’apprentissage social sur l’individu et ses relations. Le premier chapitre traite de l’éducation familiale et examine les façons dont divers types d’apprentissage contribuent à la formation de l’identité et en viennent à déterminer les relations interindividuelles. Ce chapitre compare et met également en contraste la conception de l’éducation d’Austen avec celle de Wollstonecraft et de Locke. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse à la relation interdépendante entre l’individu, la famille et la société, et présente dans quelle mesure les dynamiques de pouvoir à l’échelle individuelle et sociale déterminent les relations interpersonnelles. Ce chapitre se concentre sur l’inégalité et l’oppression inhérentes au colonialisme britannique, à l’esclavage et à l’assujettissement des femmes au début du XIXe siècle, qui entravent le développement de liens profonds entre les individus, comme le montre le roman. / Drawing on Mary Wollstonecraft’s and John Locke’s philosophies of female and childhood education, respectively, this thesis examines “the effect of education” (Austen 211) on kinship ties in Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park. Like many novelists and writers of conduct books during her lifetime, Austen addresses the state of education in the early nineteenth century. She proposes a more gender-neutral education that revolves around reason and virtue, like Locke and Wollstonecraft, and involves personal development and lifelong learning, which allows the individual to develop a sense of self and consequently form strong interpersonal bonds. Inhabiting a society undergoing rapid transformations, Austen also discusses the influence of social learning on the individual and their relationships. The first chapter addresses childhood education within the home and family and examines the ways various types of learning are instrumental to identity formation and determine relationships. This chapter also compares and contrasts Austen’s conception of education with Wollstonecraft’s and Locke’s. The second chapter considers the interdependent relationship between the individual, the family, and society and discusses in which respect power dynamics in home and country determine interpersonal relations. This chapter focuses on the inequality and oppression inherent in British colonialism, slavery, and female subjugation in the early nineteenth century, which hinder the development of profound attachments between individuals, as shown in the novel.

For the last half-century, American politics has been ravaged by a war for control of the courts. While conflict between the courts of law and the elected branches of government has been a recurrent theme in American history, this conflict has taken on a heightened importance beginning with the rights revolution ushered in by the Warren Court. Judicial originalism was born as part of a backlash against Warren and Burger Court expansions of constitutional rights in areas as disparate as First Amendment protections for individual speech and the expansion of substantive due process to cover contraception and abortion. By the end of the Trump Administration, the judicial backlash against this expansion of constitutionalized rights appears to have gained the upper hand as the Supreme Court and lower courts of appeals, especially the Fifth Circuit, have begun a substantial counteroffensive. Roe v. Wade has been overturned, a longstanding goal of legal conservatives, and the groundwork has been set for a rollback of the federal administrative state, which has often seen by legal conservatives as a political foe. This dissertation discusses the theoretical underpinnings of contemporary conservative jurisprudence, with a particular focus on the formalistic interpretive methodologies of originalism and textualism. It argues that textualism, at least as advanced by Justices Scalia and Gorsuch, is philosophically confused, and it argues that originalism is insufficient to its purported task of weakening the judiciary through a limitation of judicial discretion. Because legal conservatives often defend their views as a natural outgrowth of a commonsense picture of political morality, grounded in the concepts of the rule of law, democracy, and the separation of powers, I also discuss the interplay between those concepts within legal conservative discourse. Contemporary legal conservative conceptions of these ideological constructs are compared to historical predecessors in the works of John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, Hans Kelsen, and others. I argue that the legal conservative versions of these constructs are defective and seriously imperiled by the threat of legal indeterminacy. I conclude that they should be reconfigured to meet this challenge.

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