Syfte: Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka huruvida det mansdominerade byggarbetet och den machokultur som i vissa fall finns på arbetsplatsen påverkat kvinnliga tjänstemän i deras val av arbete, samt om de upplever att de märker av och påverkas av rådande normer och strukturer i arbetet. Metod: Examensarbetets datainsamling har genomförts på ett kvalitativt sätt i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju kvinnliga tjänstemän från fyra olika byggföretag i Jönköpings län. Utöver det gjordes en litteraturstudie som lade en grund för undersökningen. Resultat: De intervjuade kvinnorna har i det tidiga stadiet av karriären reflekterat olika mycket på machokulturen och den manliga jargongen som skulle kunna tänkas uppenbara sig på deras framtida arbetsplatser. Vidare visar undersökningen att respondenterna i senare skeden upplevt machokulturen i liten eller större skala. Alla såg det dock inte som något särskilt anmärkningsvärt eller negativt, medan vissa vittnade om situationer som direkt går att anknyta till machokultur. Slutligen visade undersökningen att vissa intervjurespondenter upplevt skillnader gällande förutsättningar till att både utföra sitt arbete och att göra karriär. Konsekvenser: De flesta kvinnorna är ensamma på byggarbetsplatserna och har i viss mån upplevt machokulturen. Alla intervjurespondenter är eniga om att vi går åt rätt håll gällande såväl förutsättningar som bemötande. Vissa berättar dock om situationer med såväl arbetskollegor och företagsledningen som på något sätt fått dem att känna sig illa eller orättvist behandlade.  Rekommendationen är att företagen bör marknadsföra byggbranschen och då framförallt produktionsplatsen mot kvinnor. Fler studiebesök från skolans håll, då kan entreprenadföretagen visa upp byggarbetsplatsen och de yrkesroller som finns där. Byggföretagen bör också försöka få in fler kvinnor i ledande positioner som i sin tur kan bli förebilder för andra kvinnor. Förutsättningarna bör också bli jämnare när det kommer till bland annat arbetskläder och omklädningsrum. Byggföretagen bör slutligen se över om det går att förändra tjänsterna till att bli mer flexibla med arbetstiderna. Begränsningar: Då studien endast undersöker ett litet antal kvinnor på ett geografiskt begränsat område, bedöms arbetet inte ge några generaliserbara slutsatser för byggbranschen som helhet. Resultaten ger en bild av några kvinnors tankar och upplevelser av att arbeta i en mansdominerad miljö. Att komplettera studien med exempelvis enkäter till ett större urval kvinnor hade förmodligen ökat möjligheten till att dra mer generaliserbara slutsatser. / Purpose: The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate if, and how, the male dominated construction work and the macho culture that may exist at the workplace have affected the female officers choices of occupation, and if they are affected by prevailing norms and structures at work. Method: The data collection for this bachelor thesis was conducted in a qualitative form of semi-structured interviews with seven female officials from four different construction companies in Jönköping County. In addition, a literature study was conducted that formed the basis for the study. Findings: In the early stages of their career, the interviewed women reflected to a varied extent on the macho culture and the male jargon that might be evident in their future workplaces. The survey also shows that respondents in later stages experienced the macho culture on a small or larger scale. However, everyone did not see it as particularly remarkable or negative, while some testified to situations directly linked to macho culture. Finally, the survey showed that some interview respondents experienced differences in the conditions for both performing their work and making a career. Implications: Most women are alone at the construction sites and have to some extent experienced the macho culture. All interview respondents agree that we are going in the right direction on both conditions and response. Some, however, talk about situations with both work colleagues and company management that somehow made them feel ill or unfairly treated. The recommendation is that companies should market the construction industry and especially the construction site towards women. More study visits from the school, then the construction companies can show the construction site and the different occupational roles that are there. The construction companies should also try to get more women into leading positions, which in turn can become role models for other women. The conditions should also be more even when it comes to, for example, work clothes and changing rooms. Finally, the construction companies should review whether it is possible to change the services to become more flexible with the working hours. Limitations: As the study only examines a small number of women in a geographically limited area, the work is not expected to give any generalizable conclusions for the construction industry. The results give a glimpse of some women's thoughts and experiences of working in a male-dominated environment. Supplementing the study with, for example, questionnaires to a larger sample of women would probably have increased the possibility of giving more generalizable conclusions.

Brandmansyrket har under lång tid varit mansdominerat, trots att antalet kvinnor inom yrket har ökat går det än idag att se en tydlig skillnad mellan antalet kvinnliga respektive manliga brandmän. Med grund i denna problematik har denna studie syftat till att undersöka kvinnliga brandmäns upplevelser av kulturen i ett mansdominerat yrke. Studien har utgått ifrån frågeställningarna “Påverkas kulturen på arbetsplatsen av att det är ett mansdominerat yrke?” samt “Hur upplever kvinnliga brandmän att arbeta i ett mansdominerat yrke?”. För att undersöka detta har empiri samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med nio kvinnliga brandmän. Med hjälp av Raewyn Connells teori om genusrelationer och hegemonisk maskulinitet samt Erving Goffmans begrepp taktfullhet, har det insamlade materialet analyserats. Intervjuerna har bidragit med förståelse för de kvinnliga brandmännens upplevelser av att arbeta i ett mansdominerat yrke. Resultatet har visat att de kvinnliga brandmännen har en positiv inställning till att arbeta i ett mansdominerat yrke samt att det har skett förändring i kulturen, men belyser vikten av en fortsatt utveckling av jämställdhetsarbetet. / For a long time firefighter has been a male dominated profession. Even though the number of female firefighters has increased there is still a distinct difference between the amount of female- and male firefighters. Based on this problem this study aimed to examine female firefighters experience of the culture in a male dominated profession. The framing questions of the study was ”Does the fact that it is a male dominated profession affect the culture in the workplace?” and ”How does female firefighters experience working in a male dominated profession?”. The study is of qualitative character and the empirical material has been collected through nine qualitative interviews with female firefighters. The empirical material has been analysed using Raewyn Connells Theory of gender realisations and hegemonic masculinity, as well as Erving Goffmans concept Tact. The interviews has contributed with understanding of the female firefighters experience of working in a male dominated profession. The results has shown that female firefighters has a positive attitude towards working in a male dominated profession and their experience is that there has been a change in the culture. Despite that they also highlight the importance of continued development of gender equality work.

The following study aims to investigate the concept of macho culture among younger boys in schools. The paper examines the extent to which the concept can be seen as a problem and whether schools are working with the topic. The paper is presented inductively through qualitative data collection based on interview studies. Before that, two theories, hegemonic masculinity and the gender schema theory, which permeate the study's results and analysis. The interview study took place over the course of the thesis and involved eight different professional school counsellors in different municipalities. The data generated was then subjected to thematic analysis where four themes emerged: poor attitudes, difficulties with emotions, limited norms and working methods. The constructed themes are later presented in terms of results, but also as a discussion analysis to highlight the connection with selected theories and previous research. Conclusions relevant to the study include the recognition of macho culture as a problem in the schools where we conducted interviews, the problem of working methods, and the influence of norms and values from home. / Följande studie syftar till att undersöka begreppet machokultur bland yngre killar inom skolvärlden. Uppsatsen kommer att studera i vilken grad begreppet kan ses som ett problem och huruvida skolor arbetar runt ämnet. Genom att inhämta data kvalitativt med utgångspunkt i intervjustudier har uppsatsen framställts induktivt. Dessförinnan introduceras två teorier, den hegemoniska maskuliniteten och the gender schema theory som genomsyrar studiens resultat och analys. Intervjustudien har skett över tid under uppsatsens förlopp och har innefattat åtta olika yrkesverksamma skolkuratorer och skolsocionomer inom varierande kommuner. Den data som framställts har sedan genomgått en tematisk analys där fyra teman framträdde: dålig attityd, svårt med känslor, snäva normer och svårt att omsätta arbete i praktiken. De teman som konstruerats presenteras senare rent resultatmässigt men även som en diskussionsanalys för att belysa anknytning till valda teorier samt tidigare forskning. Slutsatser som ligger till vikt för studien är bland annat erkännandet av machokultur som ett problem på de skolor där vi utfört intervjuer, problematiken med arbetssätt samt präglandet av normer och värderingar hemifrån.

De acordo com o paradigma Darwin-Bateman, fêmeas não ganham benefícios em copular com múltiplos machos (i.e., poliandria), dado que seu sucesso reprodutivo depende principalmente da qualidade dos seus parceiros sexuais. Porém, a poliandria é um comportamento amplamente encontrado nas espécies com reprodução sexuada. O objetivo central desta tese foi explorar as possíveis causas e consequências da poliandria. No Capítulo 1, utilizamos experimentos em laboratório para investigar como a experiência social antes e depois da maturação influencia o grau de poliandria. A espécie estudada foi o grilo australiano Teleogryllus commodus, para a qual o ambiente acústico antes da maturação determina o comportamento reprodutivo das fêmeas após a maturação. Nossos resultados mostram que o grau de poliandria não varia entre fêmeas criadas em dois ambientes acústicos distintos, um composto por machos de qualidade variada (QV) e outro composto por machos de alta qualidade (AQ). As fêmeas do grupo AQ foram menos responsivas aos machos de alta qualidade e aceitaram machos independentemente de sua qualidade, um padrão diferente daquele encontrado para as fêmeas do grupo QV. Quando a qualidade média dos machos encontrados pelas fêmeas do grupo QV foi baixa, o número total de machos aceitos foi baixo, porém quando a qualidade média dos machos foi alta, o número de machos aceitos foi alto. Portanto, há uma interação entre a experiência social antes e após a maturação na determinação do grau de poliandria. No Capítulo 2, utilizamos métodos comparativos para testar se o risco de competição espermática promovido pela poliandria determina a evolução de características masculinas relacionadas à monopolização de fêmeas. Nosso modelo de estudo foram rãs da subfamília Leptodactylinae, cujas espécies podem depositar ovos na água (onde o risco de competição espermática é alto) ou dentro de tocas na terra (onde o risco de competição espermática é baixo). Encontramos que há correlação entre o tipo de local de reprodução (aquático x terrestre) e quatro características masculinas relacionadas à monopolização de fêmeas. Nossos resultados provêem uma relação causal entre características dos machos e a reprodução terrestre, mas os padrões encontrados nem sempre seguiram as previsões propostas pela hipótese de que o risco de competição espermática é menor em espécies com reprodução terrestre. Tais resultados sugerem que as pressões seletivas que agem nas quatro características masculinas exploradas aqui não são as mesmas, provavelmente devido a diferenças nas funções que cada característica tem durante as interações inter- e intra-sexuais. Ao fim desta tese, fornecemos evidências de uma nova causa da poliandria, além de mostrarmos as consequências da poliandria sobre a evolução de características dos machos / According to the Darwin-Bateman paradigm, females derive no benefit from multiple mating (i.e., polyandry) and their reproductive success is mainly influenced by the quality of their partners. However, there is increasing evidence that polyandry is ubiquitous across many animal groups. The main goal of this thesis was to explore possible causes and consequences of polyandry. In Chapter 1, we conducted an experiment to investigate how the social experience pre- and post-maturity influences the degree of polyandry. We studied the Australian cricket Teleogryllus commodus, for which we know that the acoustic environment prior to maturity alters female reproductive behavior after maturity. We found that the degree of polyandry did not differ between females reared in two acoustic environments, one composed of varied-quality (VQ) males and other composed of only high-quality (HQ) males. However, whereas females from the HQ group were less responsive to high quality male calls, accepting males regardless of their quality, females from the VQ group showed a different response. When the mean male quality experienced by a female from the VQ group was low, the total number of accepted males was low, and when the mean male quality was high, the total number of accepted males was high. Thus, the social experience pre- and post-maturation interact to determine the degree of polyandry in females of the Australian cricket. In Chapter 2, we used comparative methods to test if the risk of sperm competition promoted by polyandry drives the evolution of male traits related to female monopolization. We studied frogs of the subfamily Leptodactylinae, which lay eggs either on the water (where sperm competition risk is high) or inside terrestrial burrows (where sperm competition risk is low). We found evidence of an evolutionary correlation between the type breeding site (aquatic x terrestrial) and four male traits related to female monopolization. Our study creates a causal link between male traits and terrestrial reproduction, but the patterns not always followed the hypothesis that sperm competition risk is lower in terrestrial breeders. This finding suggests that the selective pressure acting on male traits is not the same, probably because they have different functions during inter- and intrasexual interactions. In conclusion, we provide evidence of a new cause of polyandry and show that polyandry may have consequences for the evolution of weaponry traits in males

En aquest estudi s'ha determinat que al augmentar el ritme d'extraccions de semen es produeixen canvis en el patró d'absorció i secreció del fluid epididimari, que provoquen alteracions en la maduració epididimaria dels espermatozoides i un desenvolupament anòmal de la motilitat espermàtica.La concentració de glutamat i carnitina al fluid epididimari augmenten al llarg del conducte epididimari, alhora que la concentració de myo-inositol disminueix. El contingut de myo-inositol a l'interior dels espermatozoides disminueix, mentre que el contingut de glutamat augmenta a partir del caput distal i el contingut de carnitina no varia al llarg del conducte. S'ha determinat la presència de la ruta del poliol a l'epidídim de porcí. Els resultats obtinguts indiquen que la glucosa difon de la sang cap al fluid epididimari, és convertida a sorbitol per l'aldosa reductasa, i aquest sorbitol s'acumula al fluid luminal i és convertit a fructosa per l'acció de la sorbitol deshidrogenasa. / A high semen collection frequency brought about an altered resorption and secretion pattern of the epididymal fluid, which results in defective sperm maturation and abnormal development of sperm motility. In this study, it has been determined that in epididymal fluid the concentration of myo-inositol decreased in a proximo-distal direction, whereas intraluminal concentrations of L-carnitine and L-glutamate increased distally. The content of inositol in spermatozoa fell as they moved from the distal caput whereas sperm glutamate increased from the distal caput to more distal regions and carnitine content remained unchanged during epididymal transit. In this study, evidence for an operative polyol pathway was demonstrated in the porcine epididymis. The results found are consistent with diffusion of circulating glucose into the lumen, its conversion via aldose reductase to sorbitol which accumulates in the lumen and the action of sorbitol dehidrogenase on sorbitol to produce fructose.

El present treball analitza al microscopi òptic i al microscopi electrònic de transmissió les glàndules sexuals accessòries de Sus domesticus (raça Landrace - varietat anglesa) a partir de mascles reproductors porcins adults i sans. Un millor coneixement dels patrons estructural i ultraestructural normals de las glàndules sexuals accessòries permetrà diagnosticar amb facilitat quina ha estat l'estructura o la funció glandular afectada en mascles en els que s'observa una disminució de la qualitat del semen. Per altra banda, els estudis anatomopatològics s'han de complementar amb tècniques histoquímiques que generalment permeten confirmar o excloure un diagnòstic histopatològic previ.Les glàndules sexuals accessòries del mascle reproductor porcí estan molt desenvolupades i inclouen les glàndules vesiculars, la pròstata i les glàndules bulbouretrals. L'epiteli secretor de les glàndules vesiculars està format per cèl·lules columnars, cèl·lules basals i mastòcits. Les cèl·lules columnars es caracteritzen per presentar tres morfologies diferents que es consideren diferents estadis d'un mateix tipus cel·lular: les cèl·lules principals, les cèl·lules clares i les cèl·lules denses. Les cèl·lules principals secreten activament glicoproteïnes N- i O- glicosilades amb residus d'α-L-fucosa, α(16)fucosa, α-D-mannosa, α-D-glucosa, α- i -D-N-acetilgalactosamina, -D-galactosa-(13)-D-N-acetilgalactosamina, α-D-galactosa, galactosa-(14)-N-acetilglucosamina, D-N-acetilglucosamina i àcid neuramínic. Aquestes glicoproteïnes afavoreixen les interaccions entre l'espermatozoide i l'occit i regulen la permeabilitat de la membrana espermàtica. La pròstata està formada per dues porcions glandulars, el cos de la pròstata (BP) y la pròstata disseminada (DP), entre las quals s'observen diferencies estructurals, ultraestructurals, histoquímiques i funcionals. En ambdues porcions, l'epiteli secretor està constituït per cèl·lules columnars principals, denses i cèl·lules basals, i també per cèl·lules cúbiques en el BP i per cèl·lules mucoses en la DP. En ambdues porcions glandulars, se sintetitzen i secreten N- i O- glicoproteïnes neutres i àcides. Aquestes glicoproteïnes s'alliberen mitjançant un mecanisme regulat en el BP y mitjançant un mecanisme regulat i un constitutiu en la DP. Les glucoproteïnes luminals del BP contenen residus de fucosa, mannosa, α- i -D-N-acetilgalactosamina, galactosa-(14)-N-acetilglucosamina, D-N-acetilglucosamina i àcid neuramínic. En la DP les glicoproteïnes presenten, a més, -D-galactosa-(13)-D-N-acetilgalactosamina i α-D-galactosa. Les glicoproteïnes secretades en el BP i en la DP per via regulada, participen en el control de l'estabilitat del plasmalemma dels espermatozoides, eviten la resposta immune uterina i l'aglutinació dels espermatozoides i afavoreixen la seva motilitat progressiva. Les glicoproteïnes secretades per via constitutiva en la DP protegeixen i lubrifiquen la uretra pelviana.L'epiteli secretor de les glàndules bulbouretrals està format per cèl·lules piramidals principals i denses. Les cèl·lules principals sintetitzen i secreten principalment O-glicoproteïnes àcides carboxilades i sulfatades amb residus glicosídics d'N-acetilgalactosamina, -D-galactosa-(13)-D-N-acetilgalactosamina, α-D-galactosa, D-N-acetilglucosamina i àcid neuramínic. Aquests residus proporcionen resistència a la proteolisi a les O-glicoproteïnes secretades, les quals participen en la lubrificació y protecció de l'epiteli, i intervenen en el control de la permeabilitat del plasmalemma dels espermatozoides i en el transport d'ions al seu través. / The present study evaluates by means of light and transmission electron microscopy, the accessory sex glands coming from adult and healthy boars (Sus domesticus Landrace breed - British variety). A deeper knowledge of the normal structural and ultrastructural patterns of the accessory sex glands will allow diagnosing easily the structure or the glandular function affected when a low spermatic quality is observed. On the other hand, anatomopathological studies must to be complemented with histochemical techniques which generally allow confirming or rejecting a previous histopathological diagnostic. The boar accessory sex glands were very developed and formed by the vesicular glands, the prostate and the bulbourethral glands. Columnar cells, basal cells and mast cells composed the secretory epithelium of the vesicular glands. Columnar cells showed three morphologies, which were considered different stages of the same cell typology and named: principal cells, clear cells and dense cells. Principal cells secreted actively N- and O- glycoproteins that exhibited residues of: α-L-fucose, α(16)fucose, α-D-mannose, α-D-glucose, α- and -D-N-acetilgalactosamine, -D-galactose-(13)-D-N-acetilgalactosamine, α-D-galactose, galactose-(14)-N-acetilglucosamine, D-N-acetilglucosamine and neuraminic acid. These glycoproteins improve sperm-oocyte interactions and regulate plasma membrane permeability.The prostate was constituted by two glandular portions, the prostate body (PB) and the disseminate prostate (DP). Both of them showed structural, ultrastructural, histochemical and functional differences. Principal columnar cells, dense columnar cells and basal cells composed the secretory epithelium of these two glandular parts. The PB contained also cubic cells and the DP contained mucous cells. Both glandular portions synthesised and secreted N- and O- neutral and acid glycoproteins. These glycoproteins were thought to be released by a regulated pathway in the BP while in the DP the glycoproteins seemed to follow a regulated and a constitutive pathway. The BP luminal glycoproteins exhibited residues of: fucose, mannose, α- and -D-N-acetilgalactosamine, galactose-(14)-N-acetilglucosamine, D-N-acetilglucosamine and neuraminic acid. The DP glycoproteins also contained -D-galactose-(13)-D-N-acetilgalactosamine and α-D-galactose residues.The BP and the DP glycoproteins secreted by the regulated pathway participate in the control of sperm membrane stability, avoid uterine immune response and sperm agglutination and, improve their progressive motility. The DP glycoproteins secreted by the constitutive pathway protect and lubricate the pelvic urethra.Principal and dense piramidal cells composed the secretory epithelium of the bulbourethral glands. The principal cells mainly synthesised and secreted carboxylated and sulfated acid O-glycoproteins with residues of: N-acetilgalactosamine, -D-galactose-(13)-D-N-acetilgalactosamine, α-D-galactose, D-N-acetilglucosamine and neuraminic acid. These O-linked oligosaccharides make these proteins extremely resistant to proteolysis, provide lubrication and protection to the epithelium, and participate in ion transport throughout the plasma membrane.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-21T11:39:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 monalisadepaularocha.pdf: 972026 bytes, checksum: 1d1124c048f5e7456925bd61ed099336 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-22T15:28:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 monalisadepaularocha.pdf: 972026 bytes, checksum: 1d1124c048f5e7456925bd61ed099336 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-22T15:28:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 monalisadepaularocha.pdf: 972026 bytes, checksum: 1d1124c048f5e7456925bd61ed099336 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Polybia platycephala (Richards, 1978) é uma vespa social enxameante que possui seu ninho constituído de várias filas de favos horizontais cobertos favo-a-favo por um envelope. Neste estudo caracterizou-se o padrão de fundação, arquitetura do ninho, o padrão de estocagem de recursos nas colônias, o ciclo colonial, a população, os estágios imaturos, e o número de ínstares larvais de P. platycephala. Além disso, o macho da espécie é descrito e ilustrado. No período de novembro de 2009 a novembro de 2010, foram estudadas 95 colônias em áreas antrópicas do município de Juiz de Fora, MG. Para descrição do padrão de fundação, foram realizadas observações ―ad libitum‖ em quatro enxames. Para analisar a arquitetura do ninho foram considerados os seguintes dados: coloração, comprimento e largura do orifício de entrada, e dimensões do ninho. O ângulo de orientação das colônias foi estabelecido com uma bússola posicionada abaixo dos ninhos. Através da dissecção de 15 colônias, foi verificada a fase de desenvolvimento e o número de: adultos, total de células, células vazias, ovos, larvas, e pupas. Foram mensuradas, a maior largura e o maior comprimento de 100 ovos, e a largura máxima da cápsula cefálica de 400 larvas e 120 pupas, sendo o número de ínstares larvais determinado de acordo com a Regra de Dyar. Foi possível determinar que antes da construção das primeiras células, P.platycephala constrói uma fina base de material vegetal sobre o substrato. O processo de construção inicial do ninho durou de 10 a 15 dias. A nidificação na vegetação foi maior do que em substratos construídos (x²= 53,063; p < 0,0001). Em média, os ninhos apresentaram 2115 ± 1234 (328 - 4723) células, podendo conter até oito favos, e estavam situados a cerca de 3,0 metros do solo. A distância média entre os favos foi de 0,67 ± 0,09 cm (0,53 - 0,85). Houve diferença sazonal no sentido de orientação dos ninhos fundados pela espécie, com ninhos na estação chuvosa orientados principalmente para o sul e ninhos na estação seca orientados para o norte. Os eventos de fundação e abandono das colônias ocorreram em todas as épocas do ano. As colônias produziram 510,26 ± 403,21 (71 – 1492) adultos e encontravam-se em diferentes fases do ciclo colonial. As oviposturas nos favos ocorreram geralmente do centro para a periferia, com pupas nas células centrais circundadas de larvas em diferentes ínstares, seguida de ovos e células vazias na periferia. Constatou-se a presença de casulos de parasitóides no interior das células de cinco ninhos. Foi observada a estocagem de substância açucarada em 80% das colônias (seis em fase de produção de operárias, três em fase de quiescência, duas na produção de machos e um na pré-emergência). O armazenamento ocorreu sempre em células vazias (92,63%), células com presas (4,88%), células com ovos (2,0%) ou células com larvas pequenas (0,5%). A estocagem de presas foi observada em duas colônias, dentro das células ou entre os favos dos ninhos. As larvas possuem cinco ínstares, com uma razão média de crescimento de 1,57. Os machos de P. platycephala distinguem-se das fêmeas por características como o clípeo amarelo com ou sem pilosidade prateada; antena não tão robusta, com 13 segmentos; gena estreita; gáster com 1-6 tergitos. / Polybia platycephala (Richards, 1978) is a social swarming wasp which has its nest constituted of several lines of horizontal combs covered each one of them by an envelope. In this study, it was characterized the foundation pattern, the nest architecture, the storage pattern of resources in the colony, the colonial cycle, the population, the immature stages, and the number of larval instars of P. platycephala. Furthermore, the male of the species is described and illustrated. During the period from November 2009 the November 2010, 95 colonies were studied in antropic areas of the city of Juiz de Fora, MG. For the description of the foundation pattern, some ―ad libitum‖ observations were performed on four swarms. For analyzing the architecture of the nest, the following data were considered: coloration, length and width of the entrance orifice, and nest dimensions. The orientation angle of the colonies was established with a compass. Through the dissection of 15 colonies, it was verified the development phase and the number of adults, total of cells, vacant cells, eggs, larvae, and pupae. The largest width and the largest length of 100 eggs and the maximum width of the cephalic capsule of 400 larvae and 120 pupae were measured, and the number of larval instars is determined according to the Dyar’s Rule. It was possible to determinate that before the construction of the first cells, P. platycephala builds a slim base of vegetal material on the substrate. The initial process of construction has lasted from 10 to 15 days. The nidification in the vegetation was bigger than in constructed substrates (x²= 53.063; p < 0.0001). On average, the nests presented 2115 ± 1234 (328 - 4723) cells, which can contain up to eight combs, and they were situated about 3.0 meters above ground. The average distance between the combs was about 0.67 ± 0.09 cm (0.53 – 0.85). There was a seasonal difference in the orientation meaning of the nests founded by the species, with nests oriented mainly towards the south in the rainy season, and the north in the dry season. The events of foundation and abandonment of the colonies occurred all the year round. The colonies produced 510.26 ± 403.21 (71 – 1492) adults and these were found in different phases of the colonial cycle. The postures in the combs occurred generally from the center to the periphery, with pupae in the central cells surrounded by larvae in different instars, followed by eggs and vacant cells in the periphery. It was verified the presence of cocoons of parasitoids in the cells of five nests. It was observed the storage of sugary substance in 80% of the colonies (six in worker production stage, three in quiescence stage, two in the production of males and one in the pre-emergence). The storing always occurred in vacant cells (92.63%), cells with preys (4.88%), cells with eggs (2.0%) or cells with small larvae (0.5%). The storing of preys was observed in two colonies, inside the cells and between the combs of the nests. The larvae have five instars, with a a mean ratio of growth of 1.57. The males of P. platycephala differ from the females with characteristics like the yellow clypeus with or without silver hairiness; antenna not so robust, with 13 segments; narrow gena; gaster with 1-6 tergitos.

Ishockeyn har traditionellt sett varit en sport där kulturen kretsat kring manliga normer och värderingar vilket i många fall har lett till bland annat en nedvärderande kvinnosyn och homofobi. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hockeytränares upplevelser och erfarenheter av machokulturens påverkan på ishockey som fostrande miljö med fokus på hur de anser att de bör arbeta för att inte reproducera machokulturen. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer med professionella ungdoms- och juniortränare från Sveriges högsta samt näst högsta liga (SHL och Hockeyallsvenskan). Resultaten visar att tränarna upplever att det skett en förändring och att machokulturen inte är lika påtaglig som tidigare, att hockeyns rykte om att vara macho är förlegad och att kulturen inte är värre än i andra idrotter. I arbetet mot denna kultur anser tränarna att det viktigaste de kan göra i sin roll är att ha en nära relation till sina spelare för att skapa en trygg miljö där individer vågar visa sig sårbara. Vidare anser tränarna att det är viktigt att de själva är förebilder i detta och att det finns en tydlig kommunikation gällande regler och värderingar och vilka konsekvenser det får om dessa bryts. / Ice hockey has traditionally been a sport where the culture revolves around male norms and values, which in many cases has led to, among other things, derogatory views of women and homophobia. The purpose of the study was to investigate hockey coaches' experiences and perception of the macho culture's impact on ice hockey as a nurturing environment with a focus on how they believe they should work in order not to reproduce the macho culture. The data collection was carried out with the help of six semi-structured interviews with professional youth and junior coaches from the top two leagues in Sweden (SHL and Hockeyallsvenskan). The results show that the coaches feel that there has been a change and that the macho culture is not as evident as before, that hockey's reputation of being macho is outdated and that the culture is no worse than in other sports. In working against the macho culture, the coaches believe that the most important thing they can do is to have a close relationship with their players to create a secure environment where individuals dare to show vulnerability and that the coaches themselves are role models in this regard. The coaches also believe that it is important to have clear communication regarding rules and values and the consequences if these are broken.

En aquest treball s'ha dissenyat un mètode ràpid i fiable de tinció amb fluorocroms per a l'anàlisi de la integritat i viabilitat espermàtiques a partir del marcatge de la beina mitocondrial amb MitoTracker®Green FM, de l'acrosoma amb la lectina Trypsin inhibitor from Soybean (SBTI) conjugada amb el fluorocrom Alexa Fluor®488 específic per la proacrosina i del nucli amb els fluorocroms bis-benzimida (específic per a cèl·lules viables) i iodur de propidi (específic per a cèl·lules no viables). També s'ha determinat l'efecte de la filtració de dosis seminals de mascles astentoteratonecrospèrmics en columnes de Sephadex neutre i de dosis de mascles amb baixa qualitat espermàtica per filtració en columnes de Sephadex iònic, llana de vidre i glass beads sobre la qualitat espermàtica dels diferents grups de mascles analitzats. Els resultats obtinguts han mostrat que diversos paràmetres de qualitat espermàtica milloren després de la filtració en les diferents reïnes segons la patologia que presentin. / In this work, a quick and reliable method of staining with fluorochromes was designed for the assessment of the sperm integrity and vitality by marking the mitochondrial sheath with MitoTracker®Green FM, the acrosome with the lectine Trypsin inhibitor from Soybean (SBTI) conjugated with the fluorochrome Alexa Fluor ® 488m, specific for the proacrosine, and the nucleus with the fluorochromes bis-benzimida (specific for viable cells) and propidium iodide (specific for non-viable cells).Moreover, in this work, the effects of filtration of seminal doses from asthenoteratonecrospermic boars through columns of Sephadex neuter and seminal doses from boars with low sperm quality through ionic Sephadex, glass wool and glass beads columns on sperm quality were tested. The results obtained showed that some sperm quality parameters improved after filtration through the different matrixes depending on the pathology that the males presented before filtration.