This article addresses the most relevant aspects of Memorandum of Understanding, one of the most important contractual figures of our times. Through the article, the author explains this figure according to doctrinaire and jurisprudential pronouncements and determines its legal nature and the treatment the Peruvian legal system should grant to it. / El presente artículo aborda los aspectos más relevantes del Memorando de Entendimiento o Memorandum of Understanding, una de las figuras contractuales más importantes de nuestros tiempos. A lo largo del artículo, el autor explica esta figura a la luz de pronunciamientos doctrinarios y jurisprudenciales y, asimismo, determina su naturaleza jurídica y el tratamiento que el ordenamiento jurídico peruano debe otorgarle.

The amendment of the Companies Act 61 of 1973 in 1999 by Companies Amendment Act 37 of 1999 made it possible for the first time, in South Africa, for a company to acquire its own shares and for a subsidiary to acquire shares in its holding company. The position introduced by the 1999 amendments was repealed in 2011 with the coming into effect of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. I have compared capital maintenance rule under the Companies Act 61 of 1973, as amended in 1999 with capital maintenance rule under the Companies Act 71 of 2008. I have also examined in detailed the requirements to be complied with when a company acquires its shares as well as the requirements to be complied with when a subsidiary acquires shares in its holding company. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Inom räkenskapsrevisionen är förtroendevalda revisorer ansvariga för granskningen och biträds i sin tur av sakkunniga revisorer. Kombinationen av revisorerna ska säkerställa en revision som är både demokratiskt förankrad och professionellt utförd. De förtroendevalda revisorernas oberoende har dock ifrågasatts och kritiserats, det anses att de har egna politiska intressen att skydda och kan påverka räkenskaperna för att på så sätt kunna förmedla en viss bild av resultat och ekonomisk ställning. Det kan därför anses vara väsentligt att den kritik som sakkunniga revisorer riktar i revisionsrapporterna också beaktas i revisionsberättelsen. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att förklara vilka externa faktorer som påverkar huruvida förtroendevalda revisorer beaktar sakkunniga revisorers kritik i revisionsberättelsen. Metod: Studien utgår från ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt där hypoteser testas för att kunna förklara faktorer som påverkar de förtroendevalda revisorernas beaktande av de sakkunniga revisorernas kritik i revisionsberättelsen. Studien är en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie baserad på revisionsrapporter samt revisionsberättelser från svenska kommuner avseende 2019. Slutsats: Studien indikerar att förtroendevalda revisorers beaktande av sakkunniga revisorers kritik i revisionsberättelsen påverkas av vald revisionsbyrå. Vidare indikerar studien på att sakkunniga revisorers formella kompetens inte påverkar beaktande av kritik. Slutligen visar studiens empiriska resultat att kommunens finansiella styrka påverkar negativt huruvida förtroendevalda revisorer beaktar sakkunniga revisorers kritik i revisionsberättelsen. / Background: In the financial audit, politically appointed auditors are responsible for the audit. Politically appointed auditors are assisted by expert auditors, the combination of the auditors shall ensure an audit that is both democratically based and professionally performed. However, the independence of the politically appointed auditors has been questioned and criticized. It is considered that the politically appointed auditors have their own political interests to protect and can influence the accounts to be able to convey a certain picture of the results and financial position. It can therefore be considered essential that the criticisms given by the expert auditors in the audit memorandum are also considered in the audit report. Purpose: The aim of this study is to explain the external factors that affect whether politically appointed auditors consider expert auditors' criticism in the audit report. Method: The study is based on a deductive approach where hypotheses are tested to be able to explain factors that affect the politically appointed auditors' consideration of the expert auditors' criticism in the audit report. The study is a quantitative cross-sectional study based on audit memorandum and audit reports from Swedish municipalities regarding 2019. Conclusion: The study indicates that the elected auditors' consideration of expert auditors' criticisms in the auditor's report is affected by the chosen audit firm, while the consideration is not affected by the expert competence of the expert auditors. Furthermore, the elected auditors' consideration of the expert auditors' criticism in the audit report is negatively affected by the municipality's financial strength.

Die aktuelle Ausgabe des Newsletter für Freunde, Absolventen und Ehemalige der Technischen Universität Chemnitz.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD) / The psychological, social, and cultural aspects of facial and dental attractiveness is an integral part of health care. Lay persons perceptions of facial and dental attractiveness are influenced by many factors including age, gender, geographic location (nationally or international), ethnic status, employment status, cultural differences and social class will effect the social impact of the anomalies. In addition, the public response to dental anomalies will vary according to experience of good health or ill health of the individual, relatives and friends. The perception of malocclusion is often seen differently between orthodontists, patients and lay public. The differing perceptions of patients and dental practitioners may influence the delivery of orthodontic care. It has been reported that 70% of orthodontic treatment is dentist induced and that orthodontic treatment may be undertaken without the patient or parents perceiving a problem with the teeth. (DHSS, Schanscheiff Report, 1986). The thresholds of entry and exit for orthodontic care may be different as perceived by orthodontists and lay persons. Orthodontists may pursue full alignment and perfect occlusion whereas lay persons may accept varying degrees of deviation from normal. This current study has assessed and recorded the differences in opinions of professional orthodontists and lay persons on dento-facial aesthetics, orthodontic treatment need and orthodontic treatment outcome. The study was carried out at the Orthodontic Department, University of Wales, College of Medicine, School of Dentistry. The opinions of 56 lay persons (dental technicians, dental nurses and lay persons not involved in the clinical process) and 97 orthodontists was collected by recording judgements using various patient records as stimuli. For each set of records examined, each member of the panel indicated their opinion using Likert scales. Judgements were made by assessments of 68 study casts in respect of:- * the need for orthodontic treatment on dental health grounds. the need for orthodontic treatment on dental aesthetic grounds. deviation from normal occlusion. the decision whether to treat. ** * In addition, judgements were made on a sample of 50 pairs of outline facial profiles before and after treatment in respect of: * * deviation from normal facial aesthetics comparison of aesthetics pre-treatment and post-treatment. Furthermore, assessments on 50 pairs of pre-treatment and post-treatment study casts in respect of: * * degree of improvement as a result of treatment. acceptability of result. Orthodontists subjective judgements are more reliable than lay persons in their assessments of dental aesthetics, dental health and deviation from normal. The level of agreement for the decision to recommend treatment is similar between orthodontists and lay groups ie. lay persons are as reliable as orthodontists in the decision to recommend treatment. Orthodontists tend to recommend 10 - 12 % more treatment than lay persons. The orthodontist group were more reliable than the lay group in assessing degree of improvement and assessment of outcome. Orthodontists reject approximately 25% of cases deemed acceptable by the lay group. Dental aesthetics appeared to be the most important feature in the assessment of treatment outcome by both orthodontists and lay groups.

Compliance organization and compliance function must constantly evolve and be adaptable, both through further development within the company and changes in the political and legal situations in which companies operate. In this issue, we kick off with a piece of thought in which Michele DeStefano (Content Curator) engages with experts from compliance practice, including Markus Endres (Advisory Board CEJ) on the question: What role can and should compliance play in digital transformation in the enterprise? From a legal perspective, it is clear that determining the 'role' of compliance is exceedingly relevant, if only because of liability. Furthermore, our authors in this issue deal with the 'Monaco Memo' and its significance for antitrust investigation in the USA and with the continuing relevant topic of sanctions compliance. In addition, our authors from Austria and Liechtenstein describe the implementation of an effective compliance management system in the company and the Compliance Officer’s duty to monitor.

Η οικονομία της Ελλάδας από την μεταπολίτευση έως την είσοδό της στην Οικονομική Νομισματική Ένωση (Ο.Ν.Ε) και η δημοσιονομική πολιτική που ακολουθήθηκε από την εποχή διακυβέρνησης της χώρας από τα κόμματα που απετέλεσαν τον δικομματισμό μέχρι την κυβέρνηση συνεργασίας του 2012, θα αποτελέσουν την βάση για την ανάλυση του θέματος της παρούσας εκπονηθείσας εργασίας. Βασικός μας στόχος είναι να αναδείξουμε ομοιότητες και διαφορές στην ελληνική και πορτογαλική οικονομία, επικεντρώνοντας την ανάλυση και το ενδιαφέρον μας στην πορεία των μακροοικονομικών τους μεγεθών κατά τη διάρκεια της τελευταίας παγκόσμιας οικονομικής κρίσης που ξέσπασε στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες Αμερικής (Η.Π.Α) το 2007 και επεκτείνοντας τις επιπτώσεις στον ευρωπαϊκό κόσμο εως το 2009. Παράλληλα, θα εξετάσουμε κατά πόσο η ένταξη της Ελλάδας και της Πορτογαλίας στο Διεθνές Νομισματικό Ταμείο και σε καθεστώς πολυετούς επιτήρησης , βοήθησαν ή επιδείνωσαν την πορεία των οικονομιών τους αναδεικνύοντας δυνατά και αδύνατα σημεία της πολιτικής της τρόικας. Επιπροσθέτως, ειδική μνεία θα γίνει σε βασικά μακροοικονομικά μεγέθη της πορτογαλικής οικονομίας και στην τάση τους την τελευταία δεκαετία (2002-2012), συγκρίνοντας τα ευρήματα με την πορεία των αντίστοιχων ελληνικών μακροοικονομικών μεγεθών.Βάση για την σύγκριση αυτών των δεικτών, θα αποτελέσουν τα άρθρα του Οικονομάκη Γεώργιου, Ανδρουλάκη Γεώργιου και Μαρκάκη Μαρίας «Profitability and crisis in the Greek economy (1960-2012): an investigation-2013» καθώς επίσης και «Η εξωστρέφεια και κρίση της ελληνικής οικονομίας-2014». / The economy of Greece from dictatorship to its entry into the Economic Monetary Union (EMU) and fiscal policy followed by the era of government by political parties which formed the bipartisanship until the two-party coalition government until 2012, will be the basis for the analysis of the issue of this work elaborated. Our main goal is to highlight similarities and differences in Greek and Portuguese economies, focusing on analysis and our interest in the course of the macroeconomic aggregates during the last global economic crisis that erupted in the United States of America ( USA ) in 2007 and expanding its impact on the European world by 2009 . Moreover, we will examine whether the inclusion of Greece and Portugal in the International Monetary Fund and a multi surveillance system helped or worsened the state of their economies highlighting strengths and weaknesses of policy Troika. In addition, special mention will be made in macroeconomic fundamentals of the Portuguese economy and the trend over the last decade (2002-2012), comparing the findings with the state of the corresponding Greek aggregates. Basis for comparison of these indicators will be the articles of Oikonomakis George, Androulakis George and Markaki Mary «Profitability and crisis in the Greek economy (1960-2012): an investigation-2013» and also «Extraversion and crisis Greek economy-2014".

The 2016 Turkish failed coup attempt was a striking political event of the year. Although Turkey is a country with a long history of successful military intervention and deep-rooted coup culture, the coup organizers could not achieve the desired outcome in 2016. The coups of 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997 have resulted in the government's change where the military played an important role by influencing the political sphere. However, the result was different in the coup attempt carried out on 15 July 2016. As the President, a large segment of military, political parties and a significant part of the society had an anti-coup attitude and stood up against the military coup. For this reason, the thesis attempts to compare the 2016 Turkish failed coup with the previous successful coups of 1960, 1971, 1980, and 1997's in Turkey. The comparison is based on the hypotheses built on four civil-military relation theories and concepts: Military Professionalism, Civilian Supremacy, Social Cohesion and Public Institutionalism. According to the analyses, the findings indicate that the theories of Civilian Supremacy and Public Institutionalism better explain the failure of 2016 and the success of the previous coups than other theories.

The primary purpose of this thesis is to analyze the rhetorical transformations of the Swedish self-image during the NATO process, particularly through the lens of democratic propaganda as described by the French philosopher and sociologist Jacques Ellul. It explores how this image is constructed and communicated in Swedish media, with a specific focus on the public service broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT). The research methodology employed in this thesis is a thematic-oriented close reading approach. The analysis concentrates on passages that primarily discuss the image of Sweden, examining them within the framework of Jacques Ellul's theory of democratic propaganda. The study explores the characteristics of democratic propaganda, its mechanisms, and manifestations. Of particular interest are aspects related to how democratic propaganda can help the state reinforce collective myths about the ideals of democracy as reflected in the analyzed material. Rather than using a specific rhetorical analysis method such as topic analysis or cluster analysis, the study is guided by the questions motivated by the theory itself.

Le pacte d’actionnaires se place dans une forme de dépendance unilatérale au contrat de société qui n’est pas sans rappeler le rapport juridique d’accessoire à principal.En effet, s’il est fondamentalement distinct du contrat de société qu’il complète, tout pacte conclu par certains actionnaires, en dehors des statuts, afin d’organiser leurs relations interindividuelles d’actionnaires, trouve nécessairement sa matière et puise sa raison d’être dans le pacte social. Ainsi, la dépendance du pacte au contrat de société se manifeste-t-elle, de la manière la plus évidente, par la caducité qu’entraîne pour le pacte l’arrivée du terme du contrat de société ou la perte de la qualité d’actionnaire d’un partenaire.Dès lors, par analogie avec la règle selon laquelle l’accessoire a vocation à suivre le sort du principal, cette dimension d’accessoire du contrat de société justifie que le pacte subisse l’influence du cadre juridique auquel le contrat de société est lui-même soumis, à savoir le droit des sociétés et, en particulier, l’ordre public sociétaire.Cette dépendance au contrat de société, par essence commune à tous les pactes d’actionnaires en raison de leur objet matériel et de leur cause, est à géométrie variable. Elle repose en effet sur divers facteurs de rattachement au contrat de société que sont l’exercice du droit de vote, la détention des actions ou la qualité d’actionnaire des partenaires, lesquels impriment, selon qu’ils s’immiscent plus ou moins profondément dans le fondement, la structure ou encore le fonctionnement de la société, différents degrés de dépendance dans la relation pacte - contrat de société.Malgré l’hétérogénéité du régime des pactes d’actionnaires, il est alors possible de dégager,à l’aune de cette dimension d’accessoire, une tendance fondamentale qui anime, en droit positif, la jurisprudence relative aux pactes. Cette ligne directrice réside dans la variabilité du degré d’emprise des règles qui encadrent le contrat de société sur le régime des pactes d’actionnaires.La jurisprudence se révèle être, en effet, d’une manière générale et par-delà la casuistique, en cohérence avec cette influence proportionnelle de l’environnement sociétaire à l’intensité du degré de dépendance que présente chaque type de pacte en fonction du facteur qui le rattache au contrat de société. Les pactes caractérisés par une dépendance marquée au contrat de société bénéficient ainsi d’une marge de liberté à la mesure de celle dont bénéficie le contrat de société pour l’aménagement de l’exercice du droit de vote ou de la perte de la qualité d’actionnaire. Au contraire, les pactes caractérisés par une dépendance modérée au contrat de société, qui organisent des cessions ou des acquisitions d’actions,sont plus largement libérés des contraintes auxquelles est soumis le contrat de société au regard du principe de libre négociabilité des actions. Quant à l’influence sur les pactes de certains autres principes d’ordre public sociétaire, tels que la prohibition des clauses léonines ou l’expertise de l’article 1843-4 du Code civil, elle demeure incertaine en droit positif. Toutefois, la jurisprudence tend à reconnaître le particularisme de ces règles et à leur retirer, en conséquence, tout caractère impératif en dehors du cadre des relations entretenues collectivement par les actionnaires avec la société. / Shareholders’ agreement falls into a form of unilateral dependence to the companyagreement that is reminiscent of the legal relationship between the incidental and itsprincipal.Indeed, although it is fundamentally separate from the company agreement, which itsupplements, any agreement concluded by certain shareholders apart from the articles ofassociation, in order to organise their inter-individual shareholders relationships, is,nevertheless, necessarily based on and permitted by the company agreement. Thus, thecontractual dependency of the shareholders’ agreement to the company agreementmanifests itself, in the most obvious way, through the obsoleteness of the shareholders’agreement caused by the termination of the company agreement or by the loss ofshareholder status by a partner.Therefore, by analogy with the rule according to which the incidental is inclined to yield to theprincipal, such kinship to the quality of accessory to the company agreement justifies the factthat the shareholders’ agreement would be under the influence of the legal framework towhich the company’s memorandum and articles of association are submitted, that is to saycorporate law and, in particular, corporate law and order.This dependence to the company agreement, which is in essence common to allshareholders’ agreements due to their material object and cause, turns out to be flexible. Itrests indeed on different connecting factors to the company agreement, such as using thevoting right, shareholding or shareholder status of partners, which imprint, according to howdeep they work into the company foundation, structure or functioning, different degrees ofdependence in the relationship between the shareholders’ agreement and the companyagreement.In spite of the heterogenic regime of the shareholders’ agreements, it is possible to outline, inrespect to this type of accessory status to the company agreement, a crucial tendency thatleads, in positive law, agreements-related case law. This guideline lies in the variability of thehold on shareholders’ agreements regime by the rules that frame the company’smemorandum and articles of association.Indeed, case law proves to be, generally speaking and beyond casuistry, consistentwith this proportional influence of the company environment to the degree of dependenceeach type of shareholders’ agreement is subject to, according to the factor connecting it tothe company agreement. The shareholders’ agreements that show a strong dependence tothe company agreement are given a leeway commensurate with the one the company’smemorandum and articles of association benefit from regarding voting right or loss ofshareholder status arrangements. By contrast, the moderately dependant shareholders’agreements, organising transfer or acquisition of shares, are more widely released from therestrictions that govern the company’s articles of association regarding the principle of freetransferability of shares. Furthermore, the influence on shareholders’ agreements of someother principles of corporate law and order, such as the leonine clause prohibition or theexpertise of Article 1843-4 of the French Civil Code, remain uncertain in positive law.However, case law tends to recognize the distinctive identity of these rules and,consequently, to clear them from any imperative property beyond the frame of therelationships that the shareholders have collectively with the company.