全文計七章：共二十三節，約十萬餘字。 　　第一章　緒論，就本論文的研究動機與目的、研究問題與資料，研究途徑與方法等加以說明。 　　第二章　敘述海協會的成立的仍是國際環境，兩岸政治背景互動下的產物，本章就是依上述方向加以探討。 　　第三章　詳細說明海協會成立的意圖，基本職能、組織結構，並對主要成員言論加以分析。 　　第四章　針對海協會在中共當前對台政策及組織中的角色與功能深入分析。 　　第五章　研究海協會在目前兩岸互動中的運作功能，分就兩岸仲介團體加以比較，海協會實際運作功能探討，以及兩會運作後所面對的問題進行分析與說明。 　　第六章　簡析本論文對兩會會談成果、影響因素、以及對兩會未來運作之期望。 　　第七章　結論，就海協會的綜合性目的、功能、以及對未來可能的發展進行評估與說明。

<p>Increasing energy needs globally have recently led to an interest in effectively bringing energy services in the trading system. Energy services were part of the Uruguay Round of negotiations, whose main achievement was the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The objective of the GATS is to achieve progressive liberalisation and reduction or elimination of trade barriers of all services sectors, including energy services. The GATS has made commendable progress in liberalising many service sectors, however it has not made meaningful progress with energy services. Furthermore though the SADC region engages in energy services trade through bilateral and regional agreements, a variety of&nbsp / barriers inhibit major successes from being achieved. Effective energy services trade and liberalisation has therefore proved problematic both at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level. This study, seeks to investigate why energy services liberalisation and trade at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level is problematic, with a particular focus on&nbsp / the SADC region.</p>

Den här studien utreder om en successiv marknadsanpassning har påbörjats efter reformeringen av hyressättningen på bostadshyresmarknaden 2011. Med hjälp av data från Hyresgästföreningen testas två hypoteser med hjälp av regressionsmetoden difference-in-difference. För det första om det har skett en inflationsjusterad ökning av hyrorna efter reformen som är större än i perioden före. För det andra om hyrorna har ökat mer i attraktiva kommuner än i mindre attraktiva kommuner. Slutligen undersöks om hyresmarknadens parter har ändrat sina attityder efter reformen. Resultaten visar att den årliga genomsnittliga inflationsjusterade hyresförändringen är 0,27 % högre efter reformen. Vidare går det inte att bekräfta att större höjningar har skett i attraktiva kommuner. Hyresmarknadens parter har inte ändrat sina attityder generellt sett men de privata hyresaktörerna har efter reformen tagit en mer aktiv roll i hyresförhandlingarna. / This study investigates if a gradual market adjustment has begun after the reform of the rent levels on the residential rental market 2011. Using data from the Swedish Tenants Association, Hyresgästföreningen, two hypotheses are tested with the regression method difference-in-difference. Firstly, if there has been an inflation-adjusted increase in rents after the reform in comparison to the period before. Secondly, if the rents have increased more in attractive communities than in the less attractive ones. Finally, the key players of the rental market are studied in order to examine If the parties have changed their attitudes after the reform. The results show that the average annual inflation-adjusted rent change is 0.27% higher after the reform. Furthermore, we cannot confirm that larger increases occurred in attractive communities. Rental Market parties have not changed their attitudes in general, but the private landlords have, post reform, taken a more active role in the rent negotiations.

Darbe analizuojamas atsakomybės už ikisutartinių santykių pažeidimą institutas, šio instituto Lietuvoje teisinio reglamentavimo pakankamumo bei taikymo problema. Prieš nagrinėjant tendencijas, vyraujančias Lietuvoje, pateikiamos išsamios ikisutartinės atsakomybės Vakarų valstybėse reguliavimo tradicijos bei tokios atsakomybės istorinė raida. Ikisutartinės atsakomybės instituto teisinio reguliavimo įvairovė - culpa in contrahendo doktrina nepripažįstama bendrosios teisės tradicijos šalyse – leidžia daryti išvadą, kad ikisutartinės civilinės atsakomybės taikymo ribos kontinentinėje teisėje yra platesnės. Tačiau iš esmės visose šalyse nesąžiningas šalių elgesys ikisutartiniuose santykiuose yra netoleruojamas ir atsakomybė už pareigos elgtis sąžiningai ir rūpestingai ikisutartiniuose santykiuose pažeidimą yra pripažįstama, tačiau grindžiama skirtingais pagrindais. Darbe taip pat aptariamas reikšmingas ikisutartinės atsakomybės vietos civilinės atsakomybės sistemoje klausimas. Įvertinus ikisutartinės civilinės atsakomybės instituto teisinį reglamentavimą bei ypatumus, daroma išvada, kad ikisutartinė atsakomybė nėra trečia (taip vadinamoji sui generis), šalia CK 6.245 str. 2 d. paminėtų deliktinės ir sutartinės, civilinės atsakomybės rūšis. Antrame darbo skyriuje analizuojamas sąžiningumo, kaip esminio ikisutartinių santykių elemento, turinys, bei keliams sąžiningumo ir sutarties laisvės principų teisingos bei protingos pusiausvyros klausimas. Atsižvelgiant į teisės doktrinoje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this thesis is to discuss the question of pre-contractual liability, the problem of it‘s application and regulation sufficiency in Lithuanian legal system. Before dealing with this point the study presents detailed regulatory traditions of pre-contactual liability in western countries and it‘s historical development. The fact that doctrine culpa in contahendo is not recognized in common law systems leads to conclusion that application of pre-contactual liability is wider in continental system of law. On the other hand, almost all countries declare not tolerating unfair dealing in pre-contactual relations, but the legal liability in cases for breach of general obligation of good faith in pre-conractual negotiations is based on different grounds. The study also examines the problem of the determination of pre-contactual liability in general civil liability system. After the evaluation of the features and legal regulation of pre-contactual liability, the research leads to the conclution that this type of liability cannot be qualified as the third – sui generis – separate type of liability. The second chapter analyzes the principle of good faith which is essential in pre-contactual stage. The problem of reasonable balance between principles of good faith and freedom of contract is beeing solved as well. Taking into account that three types of pre-contactual relations can be mentioned – negotiations, framework agreement and public tender procedures, - the question of... [to full text]

<p>Increasing energy needs globally have recently led to an interest in effectively bringing energy services in the trading system. Energy services were part of the Uruguay Round of negotiations, whose main achievement was the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The objective of the GATS is to achieve progressive liberalisation and reduction or elimination of trade barriers of all services sectors, including energy services. The GATS has made commendable progress in liberalising many service sectors, however it has not made meaningful progress with energy services. Furthermore though the SADC region engages in energy services trade through bilateral and regional agreements, a variety of&nbsp / barriers inhibit major successes from being achieved. Effective energy services trade and liberalisation has therefore proved problematic both at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level. This study, seeks to investigate why energy services liberalisation and trade at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level is problematic, with a particular focus on&nbsp / the SADC region.</p>

The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of the social field as described by Pierre Bourdieu as well as to explore the possibility of creating a more focused and tailored set of conditions in the form of a model to repurpose the field theory to more clearly be applicable to bilateral negotiations. The methodological approach is conceptual analysis based on the epistemology of critical realism. The supporting theories for the approach are a combination of systemic, chaos and complexity theory while the fundaments for the implementation of the methodological approach are the four main concepts in Bourdieu’s theory of the social field:  the field, habitus, illusio and symbolic capital. One of the main points of repurposing this specific dynamic is to explicitly allow for deliberate human agency within the field. Analytical data consists purely of the secondary type. This essay is not empirically based but rather theoretical and abstract. The paper is founded on the basic principles of macrosociology and presumes social agency where appropriate. This paper focuses on creating a tentative framework model based on repurposed concepts derived from Bourdieu. The results are arguably interesting but are mostly limited to affecting further development of this tentative model and prefacing application of it through attempting to implement it in an analytical manner on empirical data.

This thesis is about medical doctors with immigrant backgrounds who work in Sweden. Based on 15 qualitative interviews with medical doctors with immigrant backgrounds, this thesis explores the medical doctors’ feeling of professional belonging and boundary work. This thesis focuses mainly on the doctors’ experiences of being part of the Swedish medical profession while, at the same time, being regarded as ‘different’ from their Swedish medical counterparts. It starts off with the idea that medical doctors with immigrant backgrounds may have, or could be regarded as having, contradictory social positions. By virtue of being part of the Swedish medical profession, they belong to one of the most privileged groups in Swedish society. However, due to their immigrant background these doctors do not necessarily occupy a privileged position either within their profession or in society in general. This thesis shows that doctors with immigrant backgrounds feel that they are not perceived as full-fledged doctors, which seem related to how they are somewhat ‘othered'. The results show that these doctors cope with being seen as different from doctor with non-immigrant backgrounds, by using the notion of ‘migranthood’ as a resource in negotiations in everyday work life but they also do what they can to overcome the boundaries of ‘Swedishness’. Belonging should therefore be seen as having a formal and an informal side, as getting a Swedish license does not automatically mean that you feel belonging to, in this case, the Swedish medical profession. This seems to put doctors with immigrant backgrounds in a somewhat outsider within position, which seems having to do with boundaries between who is included in the ‘us’ and in the ‘them’. Lastly, these findings indicate that sociologists need to expand the understanding of professional groups to also include boundary work within these groups. In order to do so, this thesis argues that sociological theory on professional groups could be combined with sociological theory about social positions as that is one way to understand the outsider-within position that these doctors (and presumably other skilled migrants) have to cope with.

Constitutional amendments in federal political systems have to be negotiated between national and sub-national actors. While theories of negotiation usually explain the outcome by looking at these actors, their preferences and bargaining powers, the theoretical model developed in this article also includes their interaction orientation. The article determines a typical sequence of bargaining and arguing and identifies favourable conditions for cooperation based on different interaction orientations. The article states that actors can reconcile the conflicting logics of intergovernmental or party competition and joint decision-making in constitutional politics through a sequence of bargaining and arguing. However, constitutional amendments negotiated in this way run the risk of undermining the legitimacy and functionality of constitutions.

This thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four papers, which relate to environmental policy in the presence of transboundary environmental damage. Paper [I] concerns public policy in a multi-jurisdiction framework with transboundary environmental damage. Each jurisdiction is assumed large in the sense that its government is able to infuence the world-market producer price of the externality-generating good. This gives rise to additional incentives of relevance for national public policy in the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium. With the uncoordinated equilibrium as the reference case, the welfare effects from coordinated changes in public policy variables are analyzed. Paper [II] analyses welfare effects of coordinated changes in environmental and capital taxation in the presence of transboundary environmental externalities and wage bargaining externalities. In the wage bargaining between frms and labor unions, firms use the threat of moving abroad to moderate wage claims, which means that domestic policy infuences wage formation abroad. The specific framework implies welfare effects of policy coordination that correspond to each of the respective international interaction mentioned above. In paper [III], national governments face political pressure from environmental and industrial lobby groups, while pollution taxes are determined in an international negotiation. It is shown that a general increase in the environmental concern and the weight the governments attach to social welfare both tend to increase the pollution tax. However, allowing for asymmetries between the countries means that a general increase in the environmental concern has the potential to reduce the pollution tax. Paper [IV] studies national environmental policies in an economic federation characterized by decentralized leadership. The federal government sets emission targets for each member country, which are implemented by the national governments. Although all national governments have commitment power vis-à-vis the federal government, one of them also has commitment power vis-à-vis the other member countries. This creates incentives to act strategically toward the federal government, as well as toward other members.

SANTOS, Luana Paula Moreira. As negociações de gênero e o mundo do forró pé de estrada: as forrozeiras nas festas de forró em Fortaleza. 2014. 186f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-03T16:45:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_lpmsantos.pdf: 3443990 bytes, checksum: 7a1567f454c723687bbfffb0c8d9eedf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-07T11:09:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_lpmsantos.pdf: 3443990 bytes, checksum: 7a1567f454c723687bbfffb0c8d9eedf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-07T11:09:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_lpmsantos.pdf: 3443990 bytes, checksum: 7a1567f454c723687bbfffb0c8d9eedf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Understanding the negotiations of gender in the world of road foot forró, from the relationships experienced by forrozeiras at the parties of forró in Fortaleza is the main objective of this research. The parties of forró represent a fun option for a fortalezenses and tourists. The forró of road foot is reference of artistic attraction in the state, therefore, Ceará is the largest exporter of bands and artists of rhythm. The cearense peculiarity lies essentially in rhythmic differentiation, instrumental and compositions; given the accelerated character, marked by the use of electric instruments and lyrics that emphasize affective relationships, parties, booze, sex, especially the and behavior body of woman. These characteristics of road foot forró, a more urban style, innovation supporter, arouse questions in various segments of society, the strong sex appeal, the use of the female figure and the emphasis on momentary relations; such elements associated with strong female membership and the pejorative and vulgarized connotation, raised questions about woman forrozeira: what are the main attractions of forró party for women? As these women perceive the letters with a pejorative connotation of the female? What is the meaning for forrozeiras the "rapariga" and "piriguete" sung at the songs forró? How occurring the negotiations of gender at the parties forró in Fortaleza? From these questionings were tracings the paths of research. The methodology was ethnography, combined with the technique of semi-structured interviews with forrozeiras participating of parties, bibliographical research as well, documental, participation in online forums forró, monitoring of sites and fanpages of bands and venues. The parties represent multiple dimensions of life of forrozeiras, fun times, break and affirmation of hegemonic social values; hybrid representations relations and negotiations of gender at the parties of forró, which reinforce the autonomy of desire and sexuality and, contradictorily propagates violence, domination / female exploitation. It is in this scenario that forrozeiras they transit and they experience various relationships from the perspective at the fun, of the satisfaction of desire and of the constant differentiation between the woman who lives the moment of the party and the "piriguete", "rapariga" song and labeled, at the parties of forro in Fortaleza. / Compreender as negociações de gênero no mundo do forró pé de estrada a partir das relações vivenciadas pelas forrozeiras nas festas de forró em Fortaleza é o principal objetivo desta pesquisa. As festas de forró representam uma opção de diversão para um público bastante significativo de fortalezenses e turistas. O estilo do forró pé de estrada é referência de atração artística no Estado, pois, o Ceará é o maior exportador de bandas e artistas do ritmo. A peculiaridade cearense encontra-se, essencialmente, na diferenciação rítmica, instrumental e das composições, haja vista o caráter acelerado, marcado pelo uso de instrumentos elétricos e de letras que primam pelas relações afetivas, festas, bebidas, sexo, comportamento e principalmente o corpo da mulher. Estas características do forró pé de estrada, um estilo mais urbano, adepto às inovações, despertam questionamentos em vários segmentos da sociedade, pelo forte apelo sexual, pelo uso da figura feminina e da ênfase nas relações momentâneas; tais elementos associados à forte adesão feminina e à conotação pejorativa e vulgarizada destinada, principalmente, ao feminino despertou questionamentos acerca da mulher forrozeira: quais os principais atrativos da festa de forró para as mulheres? Como estas mulheres percebem as letras de conotação pejorativa do feminino? Qual o significado para as forrozeiras da “rapariga” e da “piriguete” cantadas nas festas de forró? Como se dão as negociações de gênero no âmbito das festas de forró de Fortaleza? Dessas indagações foram trilhados os caminhos da pesquisa. A metodologia utilizada, a etnografia, aliada à técnica de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com as participantes das festas, bem como pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, participação nos fóruns virtuais do forró, acompanhamento de sites e fanpages das bandas e casas de shows, possibilitou a realização desta pesquisa. As festas representam múltiplas dimensões da vida das forrozeiras, momentos de diversão, ruptura e afirmação dos valores sociais hegemônicos; híbridas representações das relações e negociações de gênero nas festas de forró, onde se reforçam a autonomia do desejo e da sexualidade e, contraditoriamente propaga-se a violência, a dominação/exploração feminina. É neste cenário que as forrozeiras transitam e vivenciam relações várias, sob o prisma da diversão, da satisfação do desejo e da constante diferenciação entre a mulher que vive o momento da festa e a “piriguete”, “rapariga” cantada e rotulada nas festas de forró em Fortaleza.