Denna studie ämnar beskriva förändringen i formell styrning av förvaltningsmyndigheterna under tidsperioden 2006 till och med 2012. Av intresse för studien har varit styrutredningens (SOU 2007:75) kritik mot regeringens styrning av förvaltningen samt regeringens budgetproposition och förvaltningspolitiska proposition för år 2009. Studiens avsikt är således att beskriva förändringen över tid sedan styrutredningen presenterades. Centralt i studien är de av regeringen utfärdade uppdragen i regleringsbreven. I analysen presenteras ett antal mätbara variabler: antal uppdrag, storlek på uppdragen och antal återrapporteringskrav. I de fall som uppdragsdelen har förändrats eller stått oförändrad, utforskar studien dess innebörd för den sammantagna styrningen av förvaltningen.

In response to the passage of the Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) and its lead cash assistance program Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), states have taken unique and divergent approaches to welfare policy implementation. One popular approach to workfare delivery, known as privatization, involves contracting with non-profit and for-profit entities operating within the private sector. The General Accounting Office reports that nearly every state is privatizing TANF services to some degree through third-party contracts, but very little is understood about why variation in contracting exists and the ramifications for the program outcomes of welfare recipients. This dissertation initially explores the possible factors that influence welfare privatization decisions. Ordinary least squares regression estimations suggest that contracting patterns are significantly associated with levels of fiscal capacity, urbanization, African American caseloads, and non-profit presence. Secondly, this dissertation examines the potential ramifications of privatization on the TANF program outputs and outcomes of individual welfare clients. After exploring state-level patterns in privatization and performance, I estimate multilevel models that simultaneously incorporate both individual-level and contextual-level variables providing the discipline with the clearest picture of how welfare clients are fairing under various administrative environments. The results of the multi-level analysis favor the null hypothesis as the majority of privatization coefficients are statistically insignificant, indicating minimal direct ownership effects on the quality of TANF outcomes. That being said, there is inconsistent yet persistent evidence emerging from both the state-level and multi-level analyses suggesting that non-profit welfare delivery induces superior TANF work participation rates and employment outcomes. Privatizing welfare provision is not a panacea in that TANF outcomes are seldom improved under profit-seeking or non-profit arrangements, but an unwavering commitment to social missions and assisting the poor could put non-profits in a relatively superior position to transform welfare recipients into self-sufficient, fully employed members of society.

有鑑於八０年代新公共管理(NPM)的興起對公共行政帶來重大的影響，其顧客導向的主張，刺激了顧客滿意度調查在公部門廣泛的應用。然而回顧過去公私部門重要的民眾滿意度調查，發現評估指標幾乎都著重在效率、效能面，而公共行政引以為本的公平價值卻少見探討。因此，本研究選取對人民影響最基本但重大的全民健保政策為個案，嘗試建構一個兼顧效率與公平面的民眾滿意度模型，並將焦點置於公民公平觀感與滿意度之間關連性的探討。在資料的蒐集上，採用國家衛生研究院「衛生醫療體系優先順序之制定的研究」於2007年12月1日至12月24日進行的電話訪問調查，經扣除遺漏值後，共有2478份樣本。本研究所建構的民眾滿意度ordered probit模型以「健保滿意度」為結果變項，解釋變項則包含了基本人口社經背景、以及效率效能面和公平面的指標。經實證結果發現，過去一直被強調的效率效能指標對健保滿意度確實產生顯著影響，但民眾對健保政策的主觀公平觀感也被證實與滿意度有顯著關連；換句話說，如果政府進行民眾滿意度調查時，未能含括公平面指標，則其所獲得的資訊將不能完整表達民眾的心聲。但本研究亦發現公民對健保政策以外的公平性態度並未顯著的影響健保滿意度，因此，民眾滿意度調查中測量公平觀感必需具有明確的政策背景。 / In the past three decades, new public management (NPM) has a great impact on the field of public administration. Among the impacts, “customer orientation” is the most influential one. For the purpose of evaluating citizen satisfaction on government services, public agencies begin to utilize the Customer Satisfaction Survey (CSS) mainly designed and administrated by business managers. However, after reviewing the content of the CSS questionnaires, we find that the emphasizing values behind the CSS are efficiency and effectiveness rather than equality, which is sometimes the main value behind public service delivery. Whether value of equality will influence citizen’s level of satisfaction is the main research question of this thesis. We take Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) as a case study, and utilize a citizen survey on priority setting of the NHI from the National Health Research Institutes in late 2007 as the secondary data. The dependent variable of our citizen satisfaction ordered probit model is “NHI satisfaction”, and explanatory variables including demographic backgrounds, indexes about efficiency or effectiveness, and indexes about equality. The results show that efficiency and effectiveness have significant association with NHI satisfaction. Most importantly, the citizens’ general evaluation on the equality of NHI also has a significant impact on the NHI satisfaction. According to the results, we suggest that applying CSS into public service evaluation should include index about equality in order to capture the holistic picture of citizen satisfaction.

The personal social services in Sweden have undergone major changes during recent decades, partly due to the reforms caused by the influence of New Public Management (NPM) and partly due to the trend towards greater specialisation. These changes have had consequences for both social work management and for social work practice. The consequences for practice have gained attention both from research and from the field, but the consequences for managers have rarely been discussed. In this thesis therefore, the attention is directed towards the managers. Inspired by a mixed methods approach, this thesis aims to explore the personal social service managers’ perceptions of their organisational conditions and the content of their everyday work, as well as to interpret the managers’ experiences against the background of NPM influence, increasing specialisation and the specific circumstances that come with managing politically governed organisations. The results show that the personal social service managers in general were former professionals with extensive social work experience. The managerial work was to a great extent perceived as reactive, entailing constant interruptions and acute situations. The managers experienced a heavy workload that appeared to prevent them from engaging in strategic work and leadership to the extent that they would have liked. Substantial proportions of managers were dissatisfied with their own levels of influence compared to that of politicians and, in general, the managers perceived themselves to have more influence regarding aspects that were operational (such as methods and working procedures) compared to aspects related to organisational structure. Through the managers’ descriptions of their relations with politicians, it was revealed that the roles could be muddled, and that both managers and politicians could have difficulties in distinguishing between politics and administration, or politics and profession. Several changes that could be attributed to the influence of NPM were described by the managers. Some changes had consequences for the more technical side of management, e.g. decentralised budget responsibility, increased focus on cost effectiveness and downsizing of support functions. Other changes were more related to the overarching concept of management, which had consequences for the choice of managerial training, the expectations placed on the managers, and to some extent the managers’ own views on what good management should be. Despite the many indications of changes that may be attributed to NPM, an important result in this thesis is that NPM does not appear to have permeated social work to the degree that might have been expected. Rather, there are clear indications of a remaining professional identity among managers on all managerial levels, as well a continuing bureau-professional regime within the personal social services.

Cette thèse montre comment une politique socioéducative locale, déployée à la croisée de plusieurs secteurs publics (éducatif, social, santé, loisir,…) et révélatrice de l’évolution actuelle des modes d’intervention sociale (individualisation, activation, contractualisation,…), est appropriée, construite et transformée par les acteurs de terrain, ainsi que dans l’interaction avec les usagers. À partir de l’étude du dispositif de Réussite éducative à Toulouse de 2006 à 2009, ce travail de recherche met en exergue les différentes phases qui ont balisé l’intégration et la structuration de cette nouvelle action publique sociale locale. D’une réception critique de la part des professionnels socioéducatifs locaux à une acceptation et une mobilisation progressives, nos investigations montrent comment les acteurs locaux ont contribué à transformer ce dispositif en une politique « palliative » et présentiste afin de répondre aux carences, aux dysfonctionnements du système socioéducatif local. C’est alors une adhésion « relative » à cette nouvelle politique publique que nous observons, dans le sens où les réticences exprimées au départ par les acteurs ne disparaissent pas, mais sont mises de côté compte tenu des besoins existants et de l’urgence des situations. Les acteurs ne sont pas dupes des tentatives de modification du système et continuent à y résister en cherchant à instrumentaliser le dispositif. Toutefois, l’adhésion, si relative soit-elle, finit par ouvrir progressivement la voie du changement sous l’effet de la création d’une succession de dispositifs, dont la Réussite éducative fait partie, qui tendent à promouvoir un nouveau paradigme social. / This thesis shows how local social and educational policy, deployed at the crossroad of several public sectors (educative, social, health, leisure, ...) and representative of the current trends in social intervention paths (individualisation, activation, contracting, ...) is appropriate, constructed and transformed by actors on the field, as well as in the interaction with users. From the study of the Educational Success operation in Toulouse from 2006 to 2009, this research highlights the different phases that have marked the integration and structuring of this new local social public action. From a critical reception by the local socio-educative professionals to a progressive acceptance and mobilization, our investigations show how local actors contributed to transforming the operation into a "palliative" and presentist policy in answer to the deficiencies and malfunctions of the local Socio-educative system. We then observe a "relative" adherence to this new public policy, in the sense that the reluctances expressed by the actors at the outset do not disappear, but are set aside considering the existing needs and the situations priorities. The actors are not fooled by the attempts to change the system and continue to resist them seeking to manipulate the operation. However, even if the adherence is limited, it could end by gradually opening the path to change under the influence of the a series of operation creation, including the Educational Success operation, which tend to promote a new social paradigm.

I den här vetenskapliga essän undersöker jag det i förskolan bärande begreppet ”mening”, i diskussion med ett antal andra texter. Utgångspunkten är att förstå ”meningen” som den kommit att beskrivas i en poststrukturell och postmodern teorivärld, det vill säga (delvis) språkligt konstruerad och kontextuell. I enlighet med den vetenskapliga essäns disposition, som den utvecklats på Centrum för praktisk kunskap på Södertörns högskola, inleder jag med att beskriva några situationer som jag varit med om under mitt yrkesliv, situationer som på något vis inneburit ett personligt dilemma. Sedan försöker jag förstå ”meningen” i dem, genom reflektion och ett intertextuellt samtal med framför allt filosoferna Paul Ricoeur, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Jonna Bornemark samt Maria Puig de la Bellacasa, professor i feminist science and technology och den ryske litteraturvetaren Michail Bachtin.Läroplanen för förskolan (2018) betonar hur grundläggande barns upplevelse av ”meningsfullhet” och ”meningsskapande” är för förskolans pedagogiska verksamhet. Men den talar också om ett ”livslångt lärande”, vilket fått mig att vilja utvidga diskussionen. Vad är existentiellt meningsfullt på förskolan – alltså inte bara ur ett ”lärande”-perspektiv? Jag hittar här ett problem som jag kopplar till läroplanens ”tidsuppfattning”, det vill säga dess upptagenhet av att målstyra, skapa resultat och kvalitetsutvärdera med sikte på en viss sorts framtid där barnen så småningom tänks verka. Med hjälp av Ricoeur försöker jag identifiera vad detta framtidsfokus får för konsekvenser, för mig och för barnen, här och nu. Jag upptäcker att det som går förlorat ärden konkreta, handgripliga omsorgen om barnen, vilket i och med det allt större intresset för ”lärande” blivit både nedvärderat och osynliggjort. Detta är, menar jag, en politisk handling med avsikt att rationalisera verksamheten i enlighet med en prestationsinriktad neoliberal världsuppfattning. Med Puig de la Bellacasa försöker jag sedan vrida och vända på tidsperspektiven för att hitta ett alternativt, spekulativt sätt att förstå ”mening” som ett sorts uttryck för kontextuella och, inte minst, materiella (tids-)behov. Ambitionen är att ge omsorgen i förskolan den vetenskapliga status jag tycker den förtjänar. / In this essay I will discuss the term “meaning”, a concept often used in the preschool context. My outset is to understand “meaning” as it is described in a post structural and postmodern world, that is linguistically and contextually.My essay is written in a form that has been developed in Centrum för praktisk kunskap at Södertörns högskola. Firstly, I share a few memories from my own experience as a (becoming) preschool teacher, some of which have included personal dilemmas. Then, I analyze these in an intertextual discussion with the philosophers and thinkers Paul Ricoeur, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Jonna Bornemark; the professor of feminist science and technology, Maria Puig de la Bellacasa; and the Russian literary scholar, Michail Bachtin,The Swedish preschool curriculum emphasizes children’s experience of “meaningfullness” as fundamental to the learning process. It also speaks of “lifelong learning” which prompted a desire to expand the discussion regarding this concept of “meaning” as an existential notion. What is existentially meaningful in the preschool context?In my analysis I found a contradiction in my role as a professional. I am obliged to act upon the curriculum, but at the same time I notice that something is lost in my relation to the children. I identify it as a problem relating to the concept of time in the curriculum – a time that is mostly focused on the future. My daily hard, emotional work with the children here and now, I found, is better described by Maria Puig de la Bellacasas concept of times, that is time as a “myriad” of time lines in the present – time lines that are presenting themselves as material demands of care (Puig de la Bellacasa, 2017, s. 207). In order to re-establish care as a (political) concept of knowledge in the preschool context I, like Puig de la Bellacasa, use post-humanism as a transdisciplinary theoretical frame work.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade dos serviços públicos eletrônicos sob a ótica dos gestores públicos e dos usuários. Para realizar tal pesquisa foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com os gestores públicos da cidade de Ribeirão Preto e da cidade de Vinhedo. E também, foram aplicados questionários em sua forma on line para avaliar a satisfação dos usuários em relação ao site municipal (cidade de Ribeirão Preto) e o site estadual (site do Programa Poupatempo). Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa foram que os itens relacionados à facilidade de uso do site, oferecimento do que era esperado, fornecimento das informações com qualidade e o estímulo do site ao uso repetido foram os fatores melhor avaliados pelos usuários na cidade de Ribeirão Preto. E na cidade de Vinhedo, os itens que foram melhores avaliados foram: o fornecimento das informações com qualidade, o estímulo do site ao uso repetido e o oferecimento do que era esperado. Tais resultados implicam que apesar das diferenças existentes entre as cidades, os itens relacionados à satisfação dos usuários foram praticamente os mesmos. Logo, esta pesquisa contribuiu para auxiliar os gestores públicos municipais a nortear as suas ações para melhoria da qualidade dos serviços públicos oferecidos. A pesquisa revelou a necessidade de uma efetiva coordenação por parte de órgãos federais no sentido de facilitar o desenvolvimento dos serviços de governo eletrônico. Pesquisas futuras nesta área poderiam replicar o questionário e as entrevistas aplicadas visando corroborar os elementos identificados em outras esferas governamentais. / The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of the electronics from the perspective of public managers and users of public services. To conduct such research indepth interviews were conducted with public officials of the city of Ribeirão Preto and the town of Vinhedo. Also, questionnaires were administered in form online to evaluate user satisfaction in relation to the municipal website (Ribeirão Preto) and state site (the site Poupatempo Program). The results obtained in the study were that items related to ease of use of the site, offering what was expected, provision of quality information and encouragement to the repeated use of the site were the best factors evaluated by the users in the city of Ribeirão Preto. And in the town of Vinhedo, items that were best were: the provision of quality information, the stimulus site to repeated use and delivery than expected. These results imply that despite the differences between the cities, the items related to user satisfaction were almost the same. Therefore, this research has contributed to assist the municipal administrators to govern its actions to improve the quality of public services. The survey revealed the need for effective coordination by federal agencies to facilitate the development of electronic government services. Future research in this area could replicate the questionnaire and the interviews applied aiming to corroborate the elements identified in other spheres of government.

Stress, burnout, mal-être, bien-être, conditions de travail, Risques Psycho Sociaux (RPS), la santé au travail recouvre une multitude de notions. Nous avons choisi dans le cadre de ce travail d’envisager la santé à travers le prisme des ressources et de mobiliser la théorie de la conservation des ressources (COR) de Hobfoll (1989, 1998, 2001). Ses apports majeurs sont d’envisager la santé non plus seulement dans sa dimension pathogénique mais également dans une perspective salutogénique (Abord de Chatillon, 2005 ; Neveu, 2007, 2012 ; Richard, 2012) et d’aborder le phénomène en tant que processus tenant compte à la fois de ses aspects internes et externes. L’enjeu du présent travail est d’analyser plus finement le processus à l’œuvre, à la fois de maintien et de dégradation de la santé au travail dans le contexte spécifique des fonctions publiques territoriale et hospitalière. Depuis plusieurs décennies, ce secteur subit des transformations avec notamment la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de Nouveau Management Public (NMP) et la volonté d’appliquer des modes de gestion privés au public. Cette rationalisation bien que nécessaire économiquement a pour conséquence une intensification du travail qui affectent l’organisation du travail et la santé des agents. Ainsi notre étude qualitative à travers les trois articles qui la constituent défend la thèse suivante : la santé au travail est un processus dynamique auquel concourent l’individu, le collectif et l’organisation qui s’exprime à travers la relation aux ressources. Notre thèse contribue ainsi à identifier de nouvelles ressources organisationnelles, mettre en évidence le mécanisme de sollicitation des ressources et la capacité proactive et résiliente des individus, expliciter le processus de spirale, et confirmer le lien peu exploré entre Nouveau Management Public et stress au travail. / Stress, burnout, well-being, work conditions, psychosocial risks, occupational health covers multiple notions. We choose to consider health according to the conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 1998, 2001). Its major contributions consist firstly in considering health not only from a pathogenic aspect but also from a salutogenic one (Abord de Chatillon, 2005 ; Neveu, 2007, 2012 ; Richard, 2012). Secondly, it proposes to study health as a whole process including its internal and external aspects. The issue of this study is to analyse both the process of maintenance and decline of occupational health in the specific public context. For several decades, this sector has been undergoing major transformations with New Public Management reforms. Although economically necessary this rationalization results in work intensification which influence work organization and health of public agents. Thus, our qualitative study through the three articles considers that occupational health is a dynamic process (in which individuals, collective and organization participate) expressed through the relationship to resources. Our thesis offers several contributions to help identify new organizational resources, to highlight the process of resource mobilization and the proactive capacity, to explicit the spiral process and to confirm the link, not sufficiently explored, between the NPM and job stress.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-06-13T14:06:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 14.pdf: 1141943 bytes, checksum: 20860ee048dda9f851de4edff4e63792 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-13T14:06:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 14.pdf: 1141943 bytes, checksum: 20860ee048dda9f851de4edff4e63792 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-29 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo diagnosticar o uso, por parte da Administração Pública Municipal, de uma estratégia operacional de gestão organizacional baseada na concentração e compartilhamento de serviços. Para os fins desse estudo, entende-se o compartilhamento de serviços como uma estratégia de redução de custos, conforme preceitua os novos direcionamentos internacionais da gestão pública via adoção da estrutura da New Públic Management – NPM. Para tanto, foi realizada uma survey contemplando os 102 municípios mais populosos da região sul do Brasil, utilizando-se do questionário como instrumento de coleta de dados, respondido por gestores dos municípios pesquisados. Ainda quanto à classificação da pesquisa, tem-se como aplicada, exploratório-descritiva, com abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas. Quanto aos procedimentos de análise dos dados, as respostas foram analisadas com a utilização da estatística descritiva. Assim, os dados foram analisados em uma perspectiva quantitativa, com vistas ao estabelecimento de um Ranking Médio (RM) considerando, para tanto, uma escala tipo Likert de cinco pontos. Identificou-se a forte utilização dos consórcios públicos como uma forma de compartilhamento intermunicipal de atividades, entendidos esses consórcios como uma forma externa de utilização da filosofia dos Centros de Serviços Compartilhados. Destaca-se que os gestores manifestaram concordância ao fato de que o consorciamento pode ser uma eficaz ferramenta na otimização do uso dos recursos públicos. Nesse sentido, salienta-se que foram identificados 58 consórcios públicos intermunicipais no âmbito da amostra pesquisada. Apesar da não utilização da ferramenta dos Centros de Serviços Compartilhados no formato original, o compartilhamento de atividades concentra-se em 58 municípios, por meio de consórcios públicos legalmente instituídos, sendo 32 (55,2%) deles concentrados na área da saúde, com o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul apresentando maior recorrência dessa espécie de compartilhamento. / This study aims to diagnose the use by the Municipal Public Administration, an operational strategy based on organizational management concentration and sharing services. For the purposes of this study, the sharing of services is a strategy to reduce costs, as provided new directions of international governance through adoption of the structure of the New Public Management – NPM. To do this, was conducted a survey covering the 102 most populous municipalities in the southern of Brazil, using a questionnaire as a tool for data collection, that was answered by managers of the municipalities surveyed. Therefore, with respect to the classification of search, has as applied an exploratory, descriptive, qualitative and quantitative approach. The procedures for data analysis, responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Thus, the data were analyzed in a quantitative perspective, with a view to establishing a Ranking Medium (RM), whereas, to this end, a Likert-type scale of five points. The study identified the strong use of public consortium as a way of sharing municipal activities. At this case, the public consortium can be viewed like a way to external use of the philosophy of Shared Services Centers. It is noteworthy that the managers expressed agreement with the fact that the public consortium can be an effective tool in optimizing the use of public resources. In this sense, it is noted that 58 public consortium were identified in this study. Despite the non-use tool for Shared Services Centres in the original format, the sharing of activities is concentrated in 58 public consortium, 32 (55.2%) of them concentrated in the health area. It’s important to comment too that state of Rio Grande do Sul presented higher recurrence of this kind of sharing.

Důvodem pro zpracování této diplomové práce bylo objasnění hlavních principů řízení rozvojových projektů, vyzvednutí významu spolupráce veřejné správy se soukromým sektorem a uvedení do problematiky realizace projektů v rámci iniciativy Evropského Společenství Interreg III B CADSES a Interreg IIIC, které byly realizovány českými projektovými partnery ve zkráceném programovém období 2004 ? 2006. Na základě provedené analýzy dotazníkového šetření autorkou diplomové práce byla zjištěna zásadní rizika realizace rozvojových projektů v rámci iniciativy ES Interreg III B CADSES a Interreg IIIC.