Refugees have been migrating to Sweden over the past decade. Integrating newly arrived students is therefore a highly relevant topic for the Swedish schools. This research overview presents different sources concerning teaching physical education to newly arrived students. The purpose with the research overview is to investigate how newly arrived students perceive the teaching in physical education, how the teaching can be shaped to ensure integration and what factors are important to create an including teaching experience for newly arrived students in the subject physical education. Using a number of identified key words, searches on databases have been conducted to find sources. The selection has been based on relevance regarding suitable content based on the research questions. The result shows that language difficulties are a fact, and that many students find physical education entertaining but some activities challenging due to lack of previous education in their country of origin. Furthermore, it shows that there is a need for further research and that teachers can facilitate the newly arrivals’ learning experiences by ensuring that the students get to know each other properly. Suggested further research is for example a field study combining lesson observations with qualitative interviews with the newly arrived students and their teachers.

This case study aims to explore how the stated guidelines, regarding direct immersed newly arrived students and their subsequent education, are complied with in practice in a school in Sweden. To examine this relation between theory and practice, we have chosen a qualitative approach which consists of semi-structured interviews and participatory observations. The interviews with the school’s headmaster and SSL-teacher (Swedish as Second Language) intend to inform the analysis from an organizational perspective, while the interviews with two teachers as well as the observations of one newly arrived student intend to provide the empirical basis of the classroom perspective. Our results have been analyzed within the frames of Thomas and Collier’s (1997) Prism model which is grounded in their theories concerning language minority students’ education. The conclusion drawn based on this case study is that there is a discrepancy between the formulated guidelines and the studied educational practice. The headmaster and the SSL-teacher convey clear intentions regarding how the education for the newly arrived students should be organized. However, the teachers’ statements and our observations indicate that these guidelines are not complied with to the extent that is being sought. In order to optimize the education for newly arrived students, it is insufficient to merely create theoretical guidelines without ensuring that they are fully implemented in practice.

Nowadays, many schools around the world are a mixture of children who come from different places and for different reasons. The Swedish school has not been an exception of these mixtures of children who have different identities, cultures, and languages. In 2015, Sweden experienced a high immigration peak compare to the previous years and for this reason, the Swedish school system needed to adapt to the newly arrived children that came into the classroom. The purpose of this research project is to investigate teachers’ experiences and perceptions of meeting the varying needs of recently arrived learners in English teaching in years 4-6. The aim of the thesis is to explore what are the main challenges in teaching English and how the teachers adapt their English lessons and develop methods and strategies for teaching recently arrived pupils.This study was conducted with semi-structured interviews as a qualitative method, with five English teachers who have a complete degree in teaching education, and all of whom have newly arrived children in their classes. Based on analysis of the data, three main conclusions have been drawn in this study. Firstly, all the teachers participating did not know the difference between concepts such as immigrants and newcomers; secondly the teachers do not use a special method or strategies when they teach newly arrived children, and finally, this study shows that the teachers do not know how to face the newly arrived children’s needs, and they do not feel that they have the competence that they need in this field.

Bakgrund:Socialstyrelsens statistik visar att äldre kommer att öka under de kommande åren. Detta leder till att fler sjuksköterskor behövs i den kommunala verksamheten. Sjuksköterskeutbildningen ska förbereda den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan för att kunna arbeta inom slutenvård samt kommunalt. Upplevelsen att inte vara erfaren nog att arbeta med äldre, som har komplexa sjukdomar är en faktor som avgör nyutexaminerande sjuksköterskors val av arbetsplats.Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva den nyutexaminerande sjuksköterskan upplevelser av att arbeta inom äldrevård. Metod: Studien gjordes som en litteraturöversikt. Huvudresultaten grundades på 12 stycken kvalitativa artiklar samt mixad metod. Resultat:I resultatet framkom flertal olika faktorer som påverkade nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskors upplevelser att arbeta inom äldrevård. Tre huvudkategorier utmärkte sig specifikt: Övergången från student till sjuksköterska upplevs varierande, Arbetsmiljön påverkar relationen till patieten och Behov av stöd inför yrkesrollen med respektive underkategorier. Underkategorier som presenteras under resultatet: Det självständiga arbetet är utmanande, Tidigare erfarenhet har betydelse, Tidens betydelse för vårdrelationen, Osäkerhet inför det svåra samtalet, Ledarrollen är utmanande, Introduktion är primärt för utveckling, Behov av stöd från den erfarna sjuksköterskan. Slutsats: Ökningen av den åldrande befolkningen visar att det behövs fler sjuksköterskor inom äldrevård.Erfarenhet av både livssituationer samt arbetet inom äldrevård är en central aspekt vid övergången till äldrevård. Sjuksköterskeutbildningen bör utformas till mer verksamhetsförlagd utbildning inom äldrevård för att främja övergången från student till sjuksköterska. / Background: The National Board of Health and Welfare statistics show that the elderly will increase in the coming years. This leads to more need of nurses in the municipal care. The nursing education must prepare the newly graduated nurse to be able to work in health care and municipal care after exam. The experience of not being experienced enough to work with the elderly who have complex illnesses is a factor that was the new graduate’s choice to start their professional role. Aim: The aim is to describe the newly graduated nurses experiences of working in municipal care. Method: The study was made as a litterature review. Results were based on 12 qualitative articles and mixed method. Results: The results revealed a number of different factors that influenced newly graduated nurses’ experiences of working in municipal care. Three main categories stood out specifically: The transition from student to nurse is experienced as varying, The work environment affects the relationship with the patient and The need for support for the professional role. Subcategories: Independent work is challenging, Previous experience is important, The importance of time for the care relationship, Uncertainty before the difficult conversation, The leadership roll is challenging, Introduction is primarily for development, Need for support from the experienced nurse. Conclusion: The increase in the aging population shows that more nurses are needed in geriatric care. Experience of both life situations and work in geriatric care is a central aspect of the transition to geriatric care. Nursing education should be designed for more work-based education in geriatric care to promote the transition from student to nurse.

Whenever you’ve built something, before you can fully rely on your invention’s functionality, you have to be positive and sure that it actually works. Testing is something we all do for all of our creations and it is because it is necessary. The same goes for software, it too needs testing. One could assume then that testing would play a major part in a software engineer’s education but through research it was discovered that such was not the case. Studies have shown that newly graduated software engineers are not prepared enough for the challenges of the industry in regards to software testing. It was through the acquiring of this knowledge, the motivational flame for this study was lit. To take action against this issues the study was formed with the goal of identifying underlying reasons for why this has come to be and what can be done to reverse it. Through interviews with software engineers early in their career, this research will provide insight and awareness needed to get a grasp of what developers think and feel about their acquired skills and education from university in software testing. This study will also display potential solutions that companies, educational institutions as well as to independent developers can adopt in order to better prepare their workers, their students, or themselves in regards to software testing. As per the hypothesis for this study the result showed that it too was in line with the result of other studies in the same field, showing that the newly graduated software engineers were not ready for the challenges in software testing that they faced from the industry. On a positive note the result also shows that there are available actions for everyone involved to take, meaning that it is possible to turn this negative trend around and make it so that our future generations of developers are able to create better, more reliable and more robust software.

Bakgrund: Årligen examineras ca 4400 nya sjuksköterskor trots det fortsätter behovet av dem att öka. Faktorer som en snabb vårdutveckling har förändrat villkoren för omvårdnaden vilket har satt högre krav på sjuksköterskornas kunskap. Det har visat sig att studenter i termin sex saknat kunskaper inför deras examen. Syfte: Var att beskriva nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskors upplevelser av den första tiden i yrket. Metod: En litteraturstudie av deskriptiv design vilken baserades på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar. Huvudresultat: Artiklarnas resultat gav fem teman vilka var; att vara förberedd inför sin nya yrkesroll, handledning/introduktion, relationer i yrkesrollen, arbetsmiljö samt att växa in i sin yrkesroll. Resultatet visade att övergången från skola till arbetsliv upplevdes svårt. De var oförberedda på allt ansvar och hade stort behov av stöd den första tiden. Bra relationer med kollegor gav trygghet och gynnade utvecklingen medan dåliga relationer upplevdes skrämmande. Arbetsbelastning och stress gav till en början osäkerhet, vilket de med tiden lärde sig att hantera. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att övergången från skolan till yrkeslivet var svårt. Faktorer som för lite stöd, hög arbetsbelastning samt dåliga relationer med kollegor var negativt för deras utveckling. Bra stöd och handledning, samt positiva relationer med kollegor gav dem bättre upplevelser vilket gynnade deras framtidsutveckling. Om upplevelserna i denna litteraturstudie uppmärksammas kan det både generera i mer och bättre forskning inom området men den kan även vara till nytta för chefer och övrig erfaren personal så att förbättringar på plats kan göras där det finns brister. / Background: Despite the fact that approximately 4,400 new nurses are examined annually, the need for them continues to increase. Factors that a rapid development of care has changed the conditions for nursing have placed higher demands on the nurses' knowledge. It has been shown that students in semester six have lacked knowledge prior to their academic degree. Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe newly graduated nurses’ experiences during their first time in practice. Method: A literature study of descriptive design which was based on 13 scientific articles. Main result: The results of the articles gave five themes which were; to be prepared for their new professional role, supervision / introduction, relationships in the professional role, work environment and to grow into their professional role. The results showed that the transition from school to working life was experienced as difficult. They were unprepared for all responsibility and had a great need for support at first. Good relationships with colleagues provided security and favored development, while bad relationships were perceived as frightening. Workload and stress initially gave insecurity, which they eventually learned to deal with. Conclusion: The results showed that the transition from school to working life was difficult. Factors such as too little support, high workload and poor relationships with colleagues were negative for their development. Good support and guidance, positive relationships with colleagues gave them better experiences, which benefited their future development. If the experiences in this literature study are noticed, it can both generate more and better research in the field, but it can also be useful for managers and other experienced staff so that improvements can be made on site where there are shortcomings.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskans arbete kan upplevas som stressigt och nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor upplever en högre grad av stress än mer erfarna kollegor. Stressen kan leda till exempelvis högt blodtryck, depression och magsår. Det finns även ett samband mellan stress och utbrändhet vilket kan resultera i avsikter att lämna yrket. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskors upplevelser av stress i det dagliga arbetet och hur de hanterar denna. Metod: Studiens metod är kvalitativ och data från fyra intervjuer med nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen av materialet resulterade i området Stress med kategorierna Att vara otillräcklig, Att inte få hjälp och Att vara känslomässigt involverad och området Stresshantering med kategorierna Att göra själv och Att söka stöd. Slutsats: Informanterna kände stress främst vid situationer där de kände sig osäkra eller ansåg sig sakna nödvändiga kunskaper för att kunna utföra arbetet. Resultatet visar att det för den nyblivna sjuksköterskan är viktigt med stöd från mer erfarna kollegor och att det finns en förståelse för den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskans roll som nybörjare. En annan aspekt är att det är betydelsefullt att det på arbetsplatsen finns utrymme för reflektion. / Background: To work as a nurse is stressful and newly graduated nurses are more likely to experience stress than more experienced colleagues. Stress can for example result in high blood pressure, depression and gastric ulcers. There is also a connection between stress and burnout which further can result in intentions of leaving the profession. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe newly graduated nurses’ experiences of stress and how they cope with it. Methods: The method of the study is qualitative. Data from four interviews with newly graduated nurses were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: The analysis resulted in two domains: Stress with the categories to be insufficient, not to get help and to be emotionally involved and Coping with the categories to do yourself and to seek support. Conclusion: The newly graduated nurses experienced stress in situations where they felt uncertain or had a lack of necessary knowledge needed to complete the work task. The results show that it is important for the newly graduated nurse to have support from more experienced colleagues as well as an understanding for the newly graduates role as a novice. Another aspect is that it is important that the workplace gives room for reflection.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskan kan möta patienter i livets slutskede samt deras anhöriga i olika vårdsammanhang inom sjukvården. Upplevelsen av dessa möten varierar beroende på sjuksköterskans förvärvade erfarenhet som sjuksköterska, personlighet, livserfarenhet och stöd från omgivningen. Nyexaminerade sjuksköterskor saknar den erfarenhet som gör att hon/han kan se sina reaktioner och handlingar i ett större perspektiv. Ofta upplevs den första tiden som sjuksköterska som tuff och utmanande. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva nyligen examinerade sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att möta patienter i livets slutskede och deras närstående. Metod: Intervjustudie med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Två kategorier identifierades; Mötet och Växa med uppgiften. Sammanfattningsvis var sjuksköterskornas upplevelser varierande beroende på situationen och den egna förmågan att hantera situationen. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde en osäkerhet som blev mindre i och med ökad erfarenhet. Även stöd från mer erfarna kollegor var av avgörande betydelse för hur sjuksköterskorna upplevde mötet. Slutsatser: Det är av stor betydelse vilket stöd den nyexaminerade sjuksköterskan får och resultatet indikerar att stödet till nyexaminerade sjuksköterskor behöver förbättras och förstärkas inom sjukvården. / Background: A nurse can meet dying patients and their relatives in many different health care contexts within the health care system. The experience of these meetings depends on the nurse’s acquired experience as a nurse, the personality, life experience and support from family and friends. Newly graduated nurses do not have the experience needed to see his/her reactions and actions in an extended perspective. The experience during the first period as a nurse is often seen as tough and challenging. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe newly graduated nurses’ experiences of meeting patients at the end of life, and their relatives. Method: Interview study with a qualitative content analysis. Result: Two categories were identified; The meeting and The growing with the task. The nurses experiences depended on the nurses own ability to handle the situation. The nurses experienced an uncertainty that was reduced with more experience. Support from more experienced colleagues was of critical significance for how the nurses experienced the meeting. Conclusions: The support newly graduated nurses obtain is very important, and the result indicates that support to newly graduated nurses within the health care system, needs to improve.

Bakgrund: Incidensen av bröstcancer ökar i Sverige och är den vanligaste cancerformen bland kvinnor. Varje dag diagnostiseras 20 kvinnor i Sverige med bröstcancer och även om chanserna att överleva ökar, skapar denna sjukdom en stor livsomställning för de drabbade kvinnorna. Bröstcancer är en multidimensionell sjukdom vilket kan leda till att kvinnan får såväl fysiska som psykiska problem. Kvinnor som drabbas av bröstcancer genomgår en krisreaktion, som slutligen leder fram till att de får en ny syn på sitt liv och sin tillvaro. Syfte: Denna studie syftade till att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse av att leva med nydiagnostiserad bröstcancer. Metod: Detta var en empirisk studie med data insamlad från fyra bloggar skrivna av kvinnor med bröstcancer. Studiens analys genomfördes som en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och resulterade i sju områden. Resultat: De sju områdena bestod av Ångest, nedstämdhet och maktlöshet, Hopp, framtidstro och glädje i vardagen, Frustration, Förändring, Ensamhet, Förnekelse och Insikt. Detta var upplevelser som kvinnorna beskrev i sina bloggar. Slutsats: Även om en bröstcancerdiagnos innebär en stor livsomställning och att kvinnan upplever både ångest och nedstämdhet, kan de ändå uppleva en känsla av hopp och glädje inför framtiden. / Background: The incidence of breast cancer is increasing in Sweden and is the most common cancer among women. Each day, 20 women are diagnosed with breast cancer in Sweden and although the chances of survival are increasing, this disease creates a major life change for the women affected. Breast cancer is a multidimensional illness which leads to physical as well as psychological problems. Many women with breast cancer experience a life crisis which often leads to a new outlook on life and their existence. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe women’s’ experience of living with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Method: An empirical study was undertaken with data collected from four blogs. Results: The findings of this study revealed seven areas that were described in the women’s blogs. These areas were; Anxiety, depression and powerlessness, Hope, optimism and joy in everyday life, Frustration, Change, Loneliness, Denial and Personal insight. Conclusion: Women living with breast cancer do not only experience anxiety and depression, but also acknowledge a feeling a sense of joy and hope for the future as they face the challenges of this disease.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur förskollärarna arbetar med nyanlända barns språkutveckling i förskolan. För att ta reda på förskollärarnas arbetssätt gällande nyanlända barns språkutveckling har sex förskollärare från fem olika förskolor och två olika kommuner intervjuats. Utöver detta har även nyanlända barns samspel med andra barn som har svenska som modersmål och svårigheter som uppstår i kommunikation mellan nyanlända barn och vårdnadshavare undersökts. Det framkom i resultatet att förskollärarna försöker på det bästa sättet att främja nyanlända barns språkutveckling genom att använda sig av olika material såsom sagopåsar, språkpåsar, bokläsning, bilder, TAKK-tecken och AKK kartor. Gällande kommunikationen med nyanlända vårdnadshavare är det av stor vikt att båda förstår varandra så att det inte blir missförstånd använder förskollärarna bilder, Google translate, vikarier som kan vårdnadshavarnas språk samt bokar tolk vid behov. Resultatet har även visat att förskollärarna ser ingen skillnad mellan nyanlända barn och barn med svenskt modersmål. Det som är viktigt enligt förskollärarna är att vara närvarande och utgå från varje enskilt barns behov.