Bakgrund: Ideella föreningar har inte som mål att maximera sin vinst, därmed går varje intjänad krona tillbaka till verksamheten och dess medlemmar. Trots det kan de ideella föreningarna inte gå med förlust och de måste generera intäkter för att förbättra verksamheten och för att säkerställa sin framtida ställning. Nyckeltal används som hjälpmedel för att få en överskådlig bild av en organisations hälsa och utveckling. Nyckeltalen fokuserar på de aspekter som är mest kritiska för en organisations nuvarande och framtida framgång. Dessa syftar till att underrätta gällande vilka handlingar som behöver genomföras för att öka prestationen inom en verksamhet.Syfte: Studien syftar till att utöka förståelsen för nyckeltal inom ideella föreningar. Vi har valt att studera fallet Friskis&Svettis.Design/metod: I studien används ett abduktivt synsätt, vilket innebär att en induktiv och deduktiv ansats har kombinerats. Undersökningen baseras på en kvalitativ metod, där vi har intervjuat informanter från sex olika Friskis&Svettis föreningar. Empirin analyseras mot tidigare forskning inom det studerade området för att skapa bättre förståelse för resultatet.Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att Friskis&Svettis mission är att bedriva och erbjuda lustfylld och lättillgänglig träning för alla. Det kan urskiljas att missionen är densamma både på central som lokal nivå. Utifrån studien framkom det att de nyckeltal som fastställs centralt är inpasseringsstatistik och medlemsstatistik. Inpasseringsstatistik hjälper till att anpassa utbudet och därmed uppnå målet med att få fler i rörelse. Medlemsstatisk visar vidare hurvida man lyckas med målet och kan användas som ett verktyg för att utvärdera och följa upp verksamheten. De nyckeltal som används lokalt är inpasseringsstatistik, medlemsstatistik, kortförsäljning, likviditet, intäkt per medlem, medlemsnöjdhet samt soliditet. Dessa varierar i mängd och användning mellan de lokala enheterna.Nyckeltal används som ett verktyg för att mäta huruvida målen uppnås. Vidare får uppfattningen att finansiella nyckeltal inte fyller en lika viktig roll för Friskis&Svettis då det inom verksamheten inte finns ett avkastningsmål. Finansiella nyckeltal inom Friskis&Svettis används därför främst för att säkerställa överlevnad. Det framgår även tydligt att dessa nyckeltal möjliggör åstadkommandet av de icke finansiella målen eftersom en god ekonomi hjälper till att förbättra verksamheten och öka medlemmarnas nöjdhet.Originalitet/Värde: Forskning som behandlar nyckeltal inom ideella föreningar är idag begränsad. Studiens resultat adderar mer kunskap inom ämnet som i framtiden kan användas för att utforska området ytterligare. / Background: The goal for Non-profit organizations is not to maximize the profit, therefore every earned Krone goes back to the organization and their members. In spite of that the non-profit organizations cannot run at a loss and they have to generate revenues to be able to improve the organization and secure their future position. A key performance indicator is used as a tool to get a perspicuous picture of the health and development of the organization. The key performance indicators focus on the aspects that are most critical to an organization's current and future success. The purpose with these is to inform which actions that needs to be implemented to enhance the performance within an organization.Purpose: The aim of the study is to increase the understanding of key performance indicators in Non-profit organizations. We have chosen to study Friskis&Svettis, a Swedish Non-profit organization.Design/methodology/approach: This study uses an abductive approach, which means that we have combined an inductive and a deductive perspective. Research is based on a qualitative method where we have interviewed informants from six different Friskis&Svettis organizations. The empirical data is analyzed against the existing research in the field of study to increase the understanding of the findings.Findings: The results of the study indicate that the mission of Friskis&Svettis is to offer pleasurable and accessible training for everybody. The mission is the same both on central and local level. The study revealed that the KPIs, membership- and presence statistics, are the same and are set centrally. The presences statistics helps to adapt the supply and thereby achieve the goal to get more people in motion. Membership statistics shows whether you succeed with the goal (or not) and can be used as a tool to follow-up and evaluate the organization. The KPIs that are used locally are membership statistics, presence statistic, card sales, liquidity, revenue per member, member satisfaction and solidity. These KPIs vary in number and use in the local units.KPIs are used as a tool to measure how the goals are achieved. Furthermore, the notion is that the financial indicators do not fill an equally important role in Friskis&Svettis when the organization does not have return of investment targets. Financial indicators in Friskis&Svettis are therefore used mainly to ensure survival. It is also clear that these figures enable the realization of the non-financial targets because a good economy helps to improve operations and increase member satisfaction.IIIOriginality/value: The knowledge about key performance indicators in Non-profit organizations is today limited. The findings of the study add knowledge about the subject that can be used in the future for further research.

公部門站在主要的資金提供者，並鼓勵企業加入贊助行列，支持表演藝術團體的持續發展。但是，有限資源面對眾多的申請者，資源提供者(公部門以及企業部門)，大都採取被動的態度，受理申請。這種傳統的資源提供模式，採取名額多、補助額度少的方式。因此，為爭取更多的資源，表演藝術團體必須在不同部門之間奔走，尋求資金挹注的最佳組合。此一模式，長期以來，造成資金提供者與資金需求者(表演團體)，雙方在資源交換的效率低、交換後雙方都不滿意；就社會行銷的觀點而言，如此的交換模式耗損相當高的交易成本，資源無法有效的整合與運用，無法創造最大的社會效益。使得公部門、企業、表演團體都急於尋找資源有效運用的良方。 以發掘商業組織為對象的創業投資，運用到以非營利組織為對象。透過策略管理的方式慎選投資標的，建構可以創造高社會報酬的計畫，稱為公益創投。本研究假設，公益創投可以運用在以創意為核心表演藝藝術產業，探討表演團體接受公益創投的可行性。公益創投主動尋求投資之標的，長期參與不僅投注資金，也投入人力以及各項資源。並要求達成設定的績效目標以及價值與利潤的回饋。 經由文獻探討，並以實務經驗者參與焦點座談的方式，實際模擬遴選準則以及實務上可能之標的等。發現對於公益創投的模式，表演藝術團體是有條件的接受，在尊重藝術創作的前提下，它提供一套系統化的投資方式，提昇資源應用的效率，創造更高的社會效益。讓有潛力的團體，能夠在需要的時機被主動發掘，成為重點投資的對象。是傳統藝術資源運用模式之外的另一項具有策略性的選項。建議，在現有的資源中提出一定的比例，採行公益創投的模式重點投資值得發展的計畫。 / The public sector plays a prominent part as the primary funding channels for performing arts groups as well as appeals to the private sector for joining the funding game. Limited funding resources have proven to be challenged for numerous fund-seeking applicants. The resource providers (public and private funding sectors) have been known to take on a passive attitude—accepting, assessing and allocating sent applications. This traditional interaction frequently adapts the “more dividers, less grant” model. In turn, performing arts groups spend more time circling different funding departments, in search of the best funding combination to meet their needs. This long-adopted method has caused low efficiency on both the funding providers and the funding seekers. Both parties rarely exchange their resources and even when do so, rarely are both parties satisfied with the mode of exchange. Taking the view of social marketing , this exchange pattern not only results in transaction costs, resources are left ineffectively integrated and therefore fails in reaching the best social beneficiary. Foreseeing hazardous future in funding, public sectors, enterprises and performing arts groups are jumping to find best applicable measures to resource integration. Seeking venture capitals to invest in nonprofit organizations. Weighing through strategic management and invest in the chosen organization to create high social rewards is “Venture Philanthropy”. This study hypothesizes Venture Philanthropy can be exercised on performing arts industry and based on this hypothesis, the study will discuss the feasibility of performing arts groups accepting Venture Philanthropy. Venture Philanthropy actively seeks investment target which not only participates in capital for the long run, but also puts forth human resources and other related assets. Investors must ask for the achievement of the assumed goal and the feeback of values and profits. In-depth research in literatures, seminars of administrators in performing arts groups, simulating panel selection with prospective invested candidates, this study finds Venture Philanthropy module is conditionally accepted by performing arts groups. Under the premises that investors trully respect artistic originalities , Mode of Venture Philanthropy provides a systematic investing frame and by increasing the efficiency of applied resources, highly beneficial results are introduced to the society. The module allows potential arts groups to be actively sought out in need time and become key investments. This boasts another strategic opportunity outside the traditional interaction between performing arts groups and funding sectors. In conclusion, it is highly suggested that a certain percentage of the existing resources can be released as Venture Philanthropy module to amplify deserving and potential groups .

從時代趨勢中洞悉到女性創業議題的重要 ，爰發現青輔會「飛雁專案」下之非預期性政策產出(「中華飛雁創業互助協會」)的關鍵地位與價值，於檢視該組織背後的脈絡因素中覺察到「新制度主義之鑲嵌性概念」與「動態社會資本理論建構」間不謀而合，除確立女性創業環境下公部門（青輔會）、非營利組織（中華飛雁創業互助協會）及個人(微型女性創業者)間之互為鑲嵌關係，更因該組織成立而點明女性創業之動態社會資本建構過程，調和過去二元價值對立的窘境，透過實務與理論間交互檢證，開創女性創業、非營利組織及社會資本理論間之新紀元。 / Owing to the key status and value of the Women Entrepreneurs Association of Taiwan (WEAT) and unpredictable policy output of the“Free & Yong Program ”of National Youth Commission of Executive Yuan (NYC), this paper seeks to identify the importance of current trend issue about women entrepreneurship. In viewing the inner factors of the organizational context, I find there’s a coincidence between the“ embedding concept of new institutionalism” and “dynamic construction of social capital theory”. It not only sets up the correlation among Gov (NYC), NPO（WEAT）and individual (women mircrobusinesses entrepreneurs), but also makes the process of dynamic construction of social capitals in women business clear, harmonizing the paradox of structural/rational dualism in the past. The Interviewing and case study design are mainly employed methods in this research to cross-check practice and theory and thus depicts a better interaction among women entrepreneurship, NPO and social capital theory.

隨著台灣民主的多元深化，各種公共政策議題的倡議也愈趨複雜細膩，而利益團體及非營利組織在政策制訂過程的地位也愈趨重要，但實務上，台灣的非營利組織在政策制訂過程中的地位仍屬模糊，特別是在立法過程中的角色扮演與策略選擇，不僅在理論層次的研究中缺少關懷，在實務操作層次上也未獲一般的非營利組織重視，而使得非營利組織在政策立法過程中的未能適切的發揮其應有的功能。因此，本文希望透過非營利組織理論和議題倡導策略分析的結合，建構一個非營利組織在我國立法運作中倡導議題的基本框架，並作為未來相關非營利組織在立法過程中策略選擇的參考依據。 以非營利組織相關理論和公共政策類型區分，可知相關的組織角色和政策類型種類繁多，但本文限於研究範圍，主要將關注於「價值維護者」非營利組織對於「管制性政策」在立法過程中的倡導策略，並選擇以董氏基金會推動「菸害防制法」修訂作為主要的研究個案。本文並以立法過程作為時間的縱面，切割為程序委員會及院會一讀的「立法形成期」、委員會審查的「法案角力期」和黨團協商及院會二三讀的「折衝妥協期」等三個階段，分別分析董氏基金會在不同階段推動「菸害防制法」修訂所採取的各種議題倡導策略，並透過深度訪談等方式蒐集資料，對其所運用的議題倡導策略的利弊得失進行審視評估。 本文研究發現，董氏基金會在歷時兩年半的菸害防制法修法過程中所採取的議題倡導策略，主要有「道德化『困窘策略』的策略主軸」、「結合媒體訴求的行動策略模式」、「單一而執著的直線操作」等幾項特點，而可能忽略了立法院妥協的議事文化、並對於立法院議事技巧不夠熟悉，從而造成菸害防制法修訂的延宕與議題倡導的挫敗。從董氏基金會推動菸害防制法的案例中，本研究認為，有關國內非營利組織進行議題倡導及立法遊說時，最為缺乏而急迫需要的，就是議題倡導及立法遊說的專業化訓練，因此建議我國非營利組織應該加強對於在立法過程中議題倡導策略的專業訓練，使其能夠更為順暢地完成其議題倡導的使命。 關鍵字：非營利組織、議題倡導、立法過程、董氏基金會、菸害防制法 / As the democracy in Taiwan became more intensely diversified, the promotion of various types of bills on public policies turned more complex and more delicate. In addition, the status of both profit-bearing and non-profit organizations in the process of policy establishment also became rather important. However, practically, the status of Taiwan’s non-profit organizations in the process of policy establishment is still blurred especially in the role-play and the strategy selection in the process of the theories of non-profit organizations, bill promotion and strategy analysis, and to use the research findings as a reference for the relevant non-profit organizations in strategy selections in future legislation processes. It is evident that there are various types of relevant organization roles and policies if the categorization is divided into the relevant theories for non-profit organization and the types of public policies. Due to the limitations on the scope of research, this paper mainly focuses on the promotion strategies of the “value guardian”, the non-profit organizations on “control policies” in the legislation processes. Furthermore, the establishment of the “Tobacco Hazard Prevention and Control Act” promoted by John Tung Foundation, is selected as the main case study for the research. This paper then takes the period of legislation process as the timeline and divides the time into 3 stages: the “legislation formation period” for the Procedural Committee and where the 1st Reading is passed by the Legislation Session; the “bill wresting period” where the bills are examined by the Committees; and the “negotiation period” where negotiations take place between the parties and the organizations and the 2nd and 3rd Readings are passed by the Legislation Session. The 3 different stages are used to analyze the various types of bill promotion strategies employed by John Tung Foundation in the promotion for the establishment of the “Tobacco Hazard Prevention and Control Act” in the different stages, where information are collected through in-depth interviews and other methods to undergo examinations and evaluations on the pros and cons in the bill promotion strategies used. It is found in this research that a number of characteristics including the “strategy focus of a moralized ‘impoverished strategy’”, the “mobile strategy model that combines media appeals”, and the “single and persistent linear operation” are the main bill promotion strategies taken by John Tung Foundation in the promotion for the establishment of the “Tobacco Hazard Prevention and Control Act” that took 2.5 years to get through. The bill discussion culture and the compromise of the Legislative Yuan may have been neglected and the unfamiliarity with bill discussion techniques in the Legislative Yuan may have caused the delay and the failure of the bill promotion in the establishment of the Tobacco Hazard Prevention and Control Act. This research feels that from the example of John Tung Foundation’s promotion of the Tobacco Hazard Prevention and Control Act, the most lacking and the most urgently required for local non-profit organizations in bill promotion and legislation persuasion would be the professional training for bill promotion and legislation persuasion. It is therefore recommended that the local non-profit organizations should strengthen their professional training for bill promotion strategies in the legislation processes in order for them to smoothly complete the mission in bill promotion. Keywords: Non-profit Organizations, Bill Promotion, Legislation Processes, John Tung Foundation, Tobacco Hazard Prevention and Control Act.

<p>Идеја рада је да се, релативно новом методом операционих истраживања, односно, методом Анализе обавијања података или ДЕА методом одреди ефикасност државних средњих машинских техничких школа (ДСМТШ). С тим у вези су објашњени основни појмови који се односе на: организацију, структуру организације, менаџмент знања, мерење ефикасности и ефективности организационих система, затим појам непрофитних организацијa, где је акценат стављен на школе и начин њиховог функционисања. Промене у било којој сфери људског деловања носе са собом одређене ризике али и побољшања и унапређења. Промене у образовном систему су посебно осетљиве, јер се евентуалне грешке у образовању рефлектују са извесним закашњењима која могу бити крајње непожељна, пошто је потребно одређено време да образовани кадрови заузму своје место у привреди и друштву једне земље. Општепозната је ствар да се богатство једне нације, између осталог, цени и кроз образовне ресурсе којима та земља располаже. Настојање у раду је било да се употребом ДЕА методе пронађу решења која би унапредила рад и ефикасност средњих школа, како машинских (и осталих стручних школа) тако и гимназија. ДЕА метода за неефикасне јединице (школе) идентификује узорне јединице (школе), које би са улазима/излазима посматране јединице (школе) биле ефикасне. ДЕА метода<br />проналази начине како да неефикасне школе постану ефикасне а ефикасне школе<br />како да постану још ефикасније. Респектујући сазнања која се односе на област<br />операционих истраживања, нарочито у подручју деловања непрофитних организација као што су школе, може се закључити да је у истраживањима 1994/1998. године и 2004/2008. године дошло до значајног напретка у постигнућима ученика у учењу.<br />&nbsp;</p> / <p>Ideja rada je da se, relativno novom metodom operacionih istraživanja, odnosno, metodom Analize obavijanja podataka ili DEA metodom odredi efikasnost državnih srednjih mašinskih tehničkih škola (DSMTŠ). S tim u vezi su objašnjeni osnovni pojmovi koji se odnose na: organizaciju, strukturu organizacije, menadžment znanja, merenje efikasnosti i efektivnosti organizacionih sistema, zatim pojam neprofitnih organizacija, gde je akcenat stavljen na škole i način njihovog funkcionisanja. Promene u bilo kojoj sferi ljudskog delovanja nose sa sobom određene rizike ali i poboljšanja i unapređenja. Promene u obrazovnom sistemu su posebno osetljive, jer se eventualne greške u obrazovanju reflektuju sa izvesnim zakašnjenjima koja mogu biti krajnje nepoželjna, pošto je potrebno određeno vreme da obrazovani kadrovi zauzmu svoje mesto u privredi i društvu jedne zemlje. Opštepoznata je stvar da se bogatstvo jedne nacije, između ostalog, ceni i kroz obrazovne resurse kojima ta zemlja raspolaže. Nastojanje u radu je bilo da se upotrebom DEA metode pronađu rešenja koja bi unapredila rad i efikasnost srednjih škola, kako mašinskih (i ostalih stručnih škola) tako i gimnazija. DEA metoda za neefikasne jedinice (škole) identifikuje uzorne jedinice (škole), koje bi sa ulazima/izlazima posmatrane jedinice (škole) bile efikasne. DEA metoda<br />pronalazi načine kako da neefikasne škole postanu efikasne a efikasne škole<br />kako da postanu još efikasnije. Respektujući saznanja koja se odnose na oblast<br />operacionih istraživanja, naročito u području delovanja neprofitnih organizacija kao što su škole, može se zaključiti da je u istraživanjima 1994/1998. godine i 2004/2008. godine došlo do značajnog napretka u postignućima učenika u učenju.<br />&nbsp;</p> / <p>The idea of the thesis is to determine the effectiveness of state technical schools using a relatively new research method called Data Envelopment Analysis Method or DEA. In relation to that are explained the basic terms connected with: organization, organization structure, management of knowledge, measuring of efficacy and effectiveness of organization systems, then the term of non &ndash; profit organizations, where schools and the way they function are stressed. Changes in any sphere of human activity carry with them certain risks but also improvement and promotion. Changes in the educational systems are specifically delicate because possible mistakes in education are reflected with certain delay which can be extremely undesirable since a certain amount of time is necessary for the trained stuff to occupy their place in the economy and society of a country. It is universally acknowledged that the wealth of a nation is, among other thing, valued trough its educational resources. The purpose of this thesis is to, using the DEA method, find solutions which will improve the work and effectiveness of secondary schools, technical as well as others, and grammar schools. DEA method helps inefficient units (schools) identify exemplary unit (school) which will provide them with the necessary inputs/outputs to make them efficient. DEA method finds ways to make ineffective school effective and effective schools even more effective. Acknowledging the information on operation<br />research, especially in the field of the activities of non &ndash; profit organizations such as<br />schools, it can be concluded that the research conducted from 1994 till 1998 and from 2004 till 2008 show a considerable progress in the student achievement in learning.</p>

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of education of pupils with a different mother tongue in the Czech Republic; the target group are children in the age of compulsory education (approx. age 6 to 15), the target location is Prague. The topic is elaborated from the perspective of the actors of language management - state institutions, elementary schools and non-profit organizations. In the theoretic part, those subjects are characterized; the focus concentrates on the current legislation, the possibilities of funding of teaching Czech as a second language, the methodical support from the state. Non-profit organizations are characterized more in detail and their general role in civil society is explained. The practical part of the thesis describes and analyses the current situation: it identifies problems each actor is dealing with and mostly it captures their positions in the system and mutual interaction. The structure of this part is based on the activities of the non-profit organizations - their offer of the extracurricular, language-education courses for pupils with a different mother tongue, support of elementary schools and people working with this target group as well as communication with the Ministry of Education and active effort to improve the current support. The semi-structured...

Inscrita no referencial teórico dos Estudos Culturais em Educação de vertente pós- estruturalista, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo examinar a pedagogia colocada em operação por organizações da sociedade civil sem fins lucrativos no nicho da formação de professores e os possíveis efeitos de verdade que ela pretende disseminar. Seu corpus empírico é composto por materiais disponíveis na Internet sobre o funcionamento dessas instituições e por documentos relacionados às cinco estratégias identificadas como formas de implementação de tal pedagogia, quais sejam: a) edição de prêmios e exaltação de experiências de sucesso; b) realização e/ou publicização de pesquisas; c) publicação de revistas, livros e outros documentos; d) participação em discussões sobre educação; e e) oferta de programas de formação e cursos independentes. A fim de analisar essa gama de materiais, busquei inspiração teórico-metodológica na produção foucaultiana sobre discurso. Afora contribuir nesse sentido, Foucault foi tomado como referência na realização das discussões sobre neoliberalismo e educação junto a autores como Ball, Peck, Gadelha, López-Ruiz, Sibilia e outros. Para abordar as organizações da sociedade civil sem fins lucrativos, recorri à Ferrarezi, Cassepp, Oliveira e Haddad. Já no que se refere à(s) pedagogia(s), busquei aporte teórico nos trabalhos de Costa, Camozzato, Andrade, Veiga-Neto, entre outros. A tese defendida em seu decorrer é que as organizações investigadas colocam em prática uma pedagogia a qual denominei de híbrida por resultar da combinação de características das pedagogias escolares e daquelas nomeadas como pedagogias culturais. Essa pedagogia híbrida produz sua própria necessidade, bem como opera no intuito de efetivar as aprendizagens almejadas por meio de processos cíclicos que tem como ponto de partida (e de chegada) modelos pré-estabelecidos pelas instituições que a implementam: de formação docente, no primeiro caso; e de professor, no segundo caso. Ademais, também faz parte dessa tese argumentativa a proposição de que a pedagogia sob análise, ao disseminar aprendizagens fortemente relacionadas a preceitos da lógica neoliberal, seria uma das formas de fazer o neoliberalismo funcionar “dentro de nós”, de ele “nos constituir”, como diz Ball (2014). Uma forma especialmente estratégica, porque, ao ter como foco a formação de professores, os investimentos para que os ideais neoliberais sejam internalizados são potencializados, visto que os efeitos dessa pedagogia não atingem apenas os docentes, mas também os estudantes com os quais ele trabalha, assim como, por meio deles, quiçá a sociedade como um todo. E, ao proporcionar que tal racionalidade funcione desse modo, a referida pedagogia contribui no sentido de reduzir a necessidade de estratégias exógenas do neoliberalismo no intuito de mantê-lo como lógica vigente. / Belonging to the theoretical framework of Cultural Studies in Education, specifically its poststructuralist branch, this research aims to analyze the pedagogy performed by some civil society non-profit organizations in the niche of teacher education and the possible truth effects that it may disseminate. Its empirical corpus is composed by materials available online about the working system of these institutions and through documents related to five strategies identified as ways of implementation of this pedagogy, such as: a) award editions and exaltation of successful experiences; b) research conduction and publicizing; c) publication of journals, books, and other documents; d) discussions in education participation; and e) education programs and independent courses offers. In order to analyze these materials, I searched theoretical and methodological inspiration in Foucault’s production on discourse. Besides contributing on this sense, Foucault were part of the theoretical background in the discussions on neoliberalism and education along with others such as Ball, Peck, Gadelha, López-Ruiz, Sibilia. To approach civil society non-profit organizations, I resorted to Ferrarezi, Cassepp, Oliveira e Haddad. In terms of pedagogie(s), I found theoretical support on works by Costa, Camozzato, Andrade, Veiga-Neto, among others. The thesis defended throughout this research is that the organizations analized put into practice a pedagogy which I have named as hybrid since it results from a combination of characteristics from both school and cultural pedagogies. This hybrid pedagogy produces its own necessities, and it operates with the intent of making the aimed learning outcomes effective through cycle processes that have, as a starting (and arrival) point, models already established by institutions which have implemented them: models of teacher education, in the first case; and models of teachers themselves, in the second case. Moreover, it is also part of this argumentative thesis the proposition that the pedagogy under analysis, while disseminating pedagogies strong related to neoliberal logic precepts, would allow for making neoliberalism work ‘inside us’, ‘constituting us’, as Ball (2014) has claimed. This is an special strategic way, because having the focus on teacher education may potentialize the internalization of investments on neoliberal ideas, since the effects of this pedagogy not only impact teachers, but also their students, and through them, mostly likely the society as a whole. By making this rationale work in this way, the hybrid pedagogy contributes to the reduction of neoliberalism exogenous strategies to maintain the prevailing logic. / Inscripta en el referencial teórico de los Estudios Culturales en Educación de vertiente post- estructuralista, esta investigación tiene como objetivo examinar la pedagogía puesta en operación por organizaciones de la sociedad civil sin fines lucrativos en el nicho de la formación de profesores y los posibles efectos de verdad que ella pretende diseminar. Su corpus empírico es compuesto por materiales disponibles en la Internet sobre el funcionamiento de esas instituciones y por documentos relacionados a las cinco estrategias identificadas como formas de implementación de tal pedagogía, que son: a) edición de premios y exaltación de experiencias de éxitos; b) realización y/o anuncios de investigaciones; c) publicación de revistas, libros y otros documentos; d) participación en discusiones sobre educación; y e) oferta de programas de formación y cursos independientes. Con la finalidad de analizar esa gama de materiales, busqué inspiración teórico-metodológica en la producción foucaultiana sobre discurso. Además de contribuir en ese sentido, Foucault fue tomado como referencia en la realización de las discusiones sobre neoliberalismo y educación junto a autores como Ball, Peck, Gadelha, López-Ruiz, Sibilia y otros. Para tratar sobre las organizaciones de la sociedad civil sin fines lucrativos, recurrí a Ferrarezi, Cassepp, Oliveira y Haddad. En lo que se refiere a las pedagogías, busqué aporte teórico en los trabajos de investigación de Costa, Camozzato, Andrade, Veiga-Neto, entre otros. La tesis defendida en su transcurso es que las organizaciones analizadas ponen en práctica una pedagogía, a la que califiqué de híbrida por resultar de la combinación de características de las pedagogías escolares y de aquellas nombradas como pedagogías culturales. Esa pedagogía híbrida produce su propia necesidad, puesto que opera en el intuito de efectivar los aprendizajes anhelados por medio de procesos cíclicos que tienen como punto de partida (y de llegada) modelos preestablecidos por las instituciones que la implementan: de formación docente, en el primero caso; y de profesor, en el segundo caso. Además, también hace parte de esa tesis argumentativa la proposición que la pedagogía bajo análisis, al diseminar aprendizajes fuertemente relacionadas a preceptos de la lógica neoliberal, sería una de las formas de hacer el neoliberalismo funcionar “dentro de nosotros”, de él “nos constituir”, como dice Ball (2014). Una forma especialmente estratégica, porque, al tener como foco la formación de profesores, las inversiones para que los ideales neoliberales sean internalizados son potencializados, ya que los efectos de esa pedagogía no alcanzan apenas los maestros, pero también a los estudiantes con los cuales él trabaja, así como, por medio de ellos, quizá la sociedad como un todo. También, al proporcionar que tal racionalidad funcione de ese modo, la referida pedagogía contribuye para reducir la necesidad de estrategias exógenas del neoliberalismo en el intuito de mantenerlo como lógica vigente.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att söka förstå och identifiera barnombudens specifika kunskaper och erfarenheter för att kunna föra en konstruktiv diskussion kring vad detta kan tillföra andra yrkesgrupper som möter barn och unga. Detta genom att undersöka hur barnombud arbetar för att stärka barns rättigheter samt barnombudens reflektioner kring och erfarenheter av detta arbete. Studien baseras på intervjuer med barnombud i civila organisationer som företräder barn i kontakt med sociala välfärdsinstitutioner. Utifrån begrepp som advocacy (företrädarskap) och empowerment samt Harts (1992) delaktighetsstege har intervjuerna tolkats och analyserats. Barnombuden berättar om myndigheter som har svårt att göra barn delaktiga i beslut som rör dem samt om barn och unga som inte får sina rättigheter tillgodosedda. Barnombudens arbete handlar till stor del om att göra barn delaktiga. Detta sker genom att lyssna och skapa tillitsfulla relationer vilket barnombuden menar är en förutsättning för att kunna företräda. Detta relationsarbete kan ses som en del av en empowermentprocess som bidrar till ett ökat självförtroende hos barnen. Barnombuden upplever att det bidrar till att barn inser att deras upplevelser och åsikter betyder något. Barnombuden stärker barns delaktighet i myndighetsprocesser bland annat genom att vara en bro mellan barn och myndigheter där en viktig del är att göra myndighetsinformationen begriplig för barn och unga. Genom barnombudens arbete får barnen även en ökad kunskap och förståelse för sina rättigheter. En av slutsatserna är att även till synes små insatser, som att lyssna och tro på barn och ungas berättelser kan göra stora skillnader för barn och unga. En annan är att det finns en stor efterfrågan på barnombudens arbete som inte motsvarar de befintliga resurserna. Att barnkonvention blir svensk lag kommer sannolikt ha betydelse för barnombudens framtida arbete. Flera av barnombuden menar dock att det behövs mer än att barnkonventionen blir lag för att barns rättigheter ska kunna tillgodoses. / This qualitative study aims to understand and identify the children's right workers - advocates - specific knowledge and experiences in order to be able to contribute a creative discussion about what this can bring to other professional groups working with children and young people. This is done by examining how children advocates work to strengthen children's rights as well as their reflections on and experiences of this work. The study is based on interviews with advocates in non-profit organizations representing children in contact with social welfare institutions. The interviews have been analyzed by applying concepts and theories such as advocacy, empowerment and Roger Hart's Ladder of Participation. The advocates tell about authorities having difficulties making children involved in decisions concerning them, and about children and young people who are denied their rights. A vital part of the work of the advocates is about making children involved in decisions that affect their own lives. This is achieved by listening and creating relationships based on trust, which according to the advocates is a prerequisite for advocacy. The work with relationships can be seen as a part of a process of empowerment that gives children increased self-confidence. It also helps the children realize that their experiences and opinions matter. The advocates strengthen children's participation in authority decisions by being a link between children and the authorities. An important part is to make the information from the authorities understandable. Through the advocacy, the children also increase their knowledge and understanding of their rights. One conclusion is that even seemingly small efforts, such as listening and believing in their stories, can make big differences for the children. Another conclusion is that there is a large gap between existing resources and the need for the advocates’ work. The fact that the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child becomes law in Sweden, will probably be of importance for the future work of the advocates. Several of the advocates claim that more must be done to ensure that children's rights are met.

This study aims to advance the understanding of Digital Opportunity Trust’s (DOT) value proposition by characterizing the ‘modus operandi’ and to develop a method to explore the impact of entrepreneurship in the developing (or under-developed) regions of the world undertaken by Digital Opportunity Trust. DOT is an initiative to help reduce poverty, and to achieve greater social and economic stability by empowering people with skills and knowledge by utilizing new technologies in their communities. Prior research suggests the adaptation of ‘Information and Communication Technology’(ICT) and technological advancement as a means of addressing 500 million people worldwide, those residing at the ‘bottom of the pyramid’ (Prahalad, 2005) for an effective social transformation. “Digital Opportunity Trust (DOT)” is one of the not-for-profit (NFP) / non-governmental organizations (NGO), which strives to accomplish this goal by blending ‘entrepreneurial’ education with ‘corporate social responsibility’ to foster new ventures that use digital communications technology. DOT is operating in eleven (11) countries for more than eight (8) years now, rendering it important to validate and evaluate the extent to which Information and Communication Technology ICT allows people in poor communities to exchange knowledge, and to compete with new enterprise. Personal interviews (Case Study Methodology) with DOT’s executives, staff, interns and contractors were arranged to gather insightful information and to characterize the value proposition. The aim is to gather estimates of achievement for each of the defining attributes (‘as things are’ to reflect present achievement and ‘as things could be’ to reflect how far the attribute might be ‘pushed’). While it must be the responsibility of DOT’s leaders to articulate formally its value proposition, evidence gathered in this case study points in possible directions. For example, DOT’s value proposition is based on a humanitarian goal and a win-win situation that benefits the people of underdeveloped regions as well as DOT itself. DOT does not merely advance monetary aid to the poor regions of the world; rather it creates a model of economical sustainability. It empowers people by imparting technical prowess and training to them. This not only keeps them abreast of the whole world, but also helps improve their quality of life. DOT provides technological initiatives and programs in developing areas, while adhering effectively to accountability structure. Multinational companies and not-for-profit organizations can gain useful and practical knowledge from DOT’s experience. DOT brings an edge to entrepreneurship by advocating productivity and skill, especially in technological fields. The poor man’s plight turns into a healthy, industrious skill. An emerging paradigm for creating shared value suggests that this is precisely the model worldwide corporations should invest in and apply in these ever-challenging economic times.

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka synen på varumärkesbyggande hos fyra ideella organisationer; Plan Sverige, RFSU, Svensk Friidrott och Barncancerfonden. För att utreda detta så har kvalitativa intervjuer med representanter med stor insyn i kommunikationsarbetet på de ideella organisationerna genomförts.  Med en grund i generella varumärkesteorier har författarna analyserat om dessa teorier är relevanta och i sådana fall applicerbara på ideella organisationer. I studien undersöks även om ideella organisationers syfte påverkar deras varumärkesarbete. Genom den undersökning som gjorts  kan man urskilja att valda ideella organisationers varumärkesarbete skiljer sig markant från teorier för kommersiella företag. Detta gör det svårt att applicera generella teorier på ideella organisationer eftersom de ideella organisationerna styrs av yttre faktorer som i stor utsträckning inte går att påverka. De intervjuade organisationernas syfte påverkar i stor grad deras positionering, vilket styr varumärkesarbetet. Studien finner även att resursförpliktelse och bieffekt av image är stora problem för de ideella organisationerna och medför att varumärkesbyggandet bör ha en central roll i kommunikationsarbetet. / his bachelor thesis investigates four different non-profit organizations’ view on brand management. The chosen organizations are as follows; Plan Sverige, RFSU, Svensk Friidrott and Barncancerfonden. Qualitative interviews has been made with a respondent from each organization, the respondent has been well informed within the subject. The authors of this thesis has analyzed  if general brand theories are relevant, and in that case applicable on non-profit organizations. The study is also investigating if the purpose of each organization affects the organization’s brand management.  Through this research it is possible to distinguish differences in the chosen organizations’ brand management. Differences between the organizations and the general theories are also found. This generate difficulties to apply general theories on non-profit organizations, mostly because the organizations are affected by circumstances that they cannot prevent. The purpose of the chosen organizations does in large extent affect their positioning, which controls their brand management. This study also finds that resource commitment  and image spillover are highly recognized as problems for the organization’s brand building and therefore those threats needs to have a more central role in the organization’s brand management.