The founding documents for a new, democratic South Africa adopted a more inclusive and people-driven approach to innovation. The literature and policy analysis reveals a „shift‟ away from this approach to a more market-driven, exclusivist approach to innovation. R&D (research and development) and technology-driven innovation had been institutionalised at the expense of social, cultural and indigenous innovations. This „shift‟ limits the potential of innovation to benefit a wider segment of society. The absence of a „model‟ of innovation that exploits the strengths of all forms of innovation runs the risk of defeating the normative intentions of the founding innovation policies of the new, post-Apartheid and democratic South Africa. The OECD, from which South Africa „inherited‟ its notion of innovation, acknowledges the shortcomings of the technological innovation and calls for a conceptual framework that will address the shortcomings of the dominant, exclusivist notion of innovation. This inquiry was conducted to investigate an appropriate conceptual framework of innovation that would contribute towards achieving normative policy intentions of post-Apartheid South Africa. It employed a grounded theory design that used semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, document analysis, observations and cooperative inquiry. The data analysed suggest the following propositions: 1. Thesis 1: Innovation is constrained by the dominant science and technology paradigm. 2. Thesis 2: Inclusive and integrative innovation cannot exist within an exclusivist innovation paradigm. 3. Thesis 3: Transforming an exclusivist paradigm into an inclusivist paradigm requires change at constitutive level and not just at regulatory level.4. Thesis 4: Synthesising an inclusive and integrative innovation requires creativity, open dialogue and imagination. Against the above propositions, this thesis recommends a conceptual framework that is underpinned by an inclusive and integrative paradigm. Such a framework proposes transformative actions that have potential to achieve normative policy intentions of post-Apartheid South Africa. Further research into a constitutive design for an inclusive and integrative innovation policies and practices is recommended. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

Denna kvantitativa surveyundersökning ämnar studera chefers och medarbetares vilja att arbetadigitalt på distans. Är någon av grupperna särskilt drivande till digitalt distansarbete och vadinnebär det för framtiden efter att covid-19-pandemin är över? Vilja operationaliseras genomWicks (2002) samt Shareena och Shahid (2020) och består av prognostiserad prestation,självrapporterade personlighetsdrag samt hemmets förenlighet med distansarbete. Utifråndessa studier skapades ett teoretiskt ramverk vilket mynnade ut i tolv hypoteser. Via enwebbenkät samlades 323 st. respondentsvar in, varav 295 st. användes i dataanalysen sombestod av oberoende t-test (hypotesprövning), envägs-ANOVA (variansanalys) samt multipellinjär regressionsanalys. De övergripande resultaten från studien kan sammanfattas på följandesätt: En person med hög vilja att arbeta digitalt på distans är generellt en medarbetare, äldre än35 år, med hemmavarande barn som arbetar i en digital bransch. En person med låg vilja attarbeta digitalt på distans är generellt en chef, yngre än 35 år, utan hemmavarande barn somarbetar i en icke-digitaliserad bransch. Studien fann även att hög frihet och variation är enviktig faktor för att en anställd ska vilja arbeta digitalt på distans. Resultatet från studienindikerar en kraftig ökning av distansarbete i framtiden för både chefer och medarbetarejämfört med situationen före pandemin. Studien indikerar att covid-19 är en katalysator för ettparadigmskifte gällande distansarbete. / This quantitative survey aims to study managers and employee’s willingness to telework. Isany of the groups particularly driven by digital teleworking and what does it entail for the futureafter the COVID-19 pandemic is over? Willingness is operationalized through Wicks (2002)and Shareena and Shahid (2020) and consists of predicted performance, self-reportedpersonality traits and the home's compatibility with telework. Based on these studies, atheoretical framework was created, which resulted in twelve hypotheses. Through a websurvey, 323 respondents were collected, of which 295 were used in the data analysis whichconsisted of independent t-test (hypothesis testing), one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance)and multiple linear regression analysis. The overall results from the study can be summarizedas follows: A person with a high willingness to telework is generally an employee, older than35 years, with children at home who work in a digital industry. A person with a low willingnessto telework is generally a manager, younger than 35 years, without children at home who workin a non-digitized industry. The study also found that high freedom and variety is an importantfactor for an employee to want to work remotely. The results from the study indicate a sharpincrease in telework in the future for both managers and employees compared to the situationbefore the pandemic. The study thus indicates that COVID-19 is a catalyst for a paradigm shiftregarding telework.

Les aides auditives (AA) sont les principaux outils d’intervention de réadaptation recommandés aux personnes âgées ayant une perte auditive, car elles offrent un large éventail d’avantages. Cependant, beaucoup de personnes qui possèdent des AA ne les utilisent pas ou les sous-utilisent. La raison la plus récurrente exprimée par ces non-utilisateurs d’AA est la difficulté persistante à comprendre les conversations dans des environnements bruyants. Il n’est pas mentionné si ces personnes ont essayé de porter leurs AA pendant un certain temps avant de décider de ne plus les porter. Dans l’éventualité où elles auraient abandonné peu de temps après l’obtention de leurs AA, il est possible que ces individus n’aient pas bénéficié d’une adaptation optimale à l’environnement sonore, appelée acclimatation auditive. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’évaluer l’apport de l’expérience avec les AA sur l’acclimatation auditive. La première étude visait à déterminer, au moyen d'une revue systématique, si un effet d’acclimatation se produit après l’utilisation d’AA et, le cas échéant, à établir l’amplitude et l’évolution dans le temps de cet effet. Quatorze articles évaluant l’acclimatation via des mesures comportementales, d’auto-évaluation et électrophysiologiques répondaient aux critères d’inclusion et d’exclusion. Bien que leur qualité scientifique générale soit faible ou très faible, les résultats de la revue systématique appuient l’hypothèse qu’un effet d'acclimatation est présent, tel que documenté par les trois types de mesures. Pour la reconnaissance de la parole dans le bruit, l’amélioration varie entre 2 et 3 dB en termes de rapport signal sur bruit (RSB) sur une période minimale d'un mois. Cette étude met en évidence l'importance d’utiliser les AA après l’appareillage afin d’optimiser les bénéfices que celles-ci peuvent procurer. L’objectif du deuxième article était de rapporter les résultats d’une étude longitudinale pour déterminer si l’acclimatation aux AA des personnes âgées peut être évaluée par leurs performances à des tâches de reconnaissance de la parole dans le bruit ainsi que par des mesures d’effort auditif. Trente-deux nouveaux utilisateurs d’AA et 15 utilisateurs expérimentés ont été évalués sur une période de 38 semaines en utilisant un paradigme de double tâche. Pour les nouveaux utilisateurs, les résultats ont révélé une amélioration significative de 2 dB RSB sur un test de reconnaissance de la parole dans le bruit après quatre semaines d’utilisation des AA, et aucune diminution de l’effort auditif, tel que mesuré par le coût proportionnel de la double tâche et par le temps de réponse à la tâche secondaire. Chez les utilisateurs expérimentés, les résultats n’ont dévoilé aucune amélioration de leur performance de reconnaissance de la parole dans le bruit suite à l’utilisation des AA. En conclusion, les résultats confirment la présence d’un effet d’acclimatation tel qu’évalué par des mesures comportementales, d’auto-évaluation et électrophysiologiques suite à une utilisation régulière d’AA. Plus précisément, les nouveaux utilisateurs présentaient une amélioration cliniquement significative de 2 à 3 dB en termes de RSB après une utilisation régulière de leurs AA. Par conséquent, les nouveaux utilisateurs d’AA devraient être informés de cette possible amélioration au fil du temps, car cela pourrait les inciter à continuer de s’adapter à leurs AA plus longtemps avant de décider de les utiliser ou non. / Hearing aids (HAs) are the primary rehabilitation intervention recommended for older adults with hearing loss, as they provide a wide range of benefits. However, a large proportion of individuals who own HAs does not use or underuse them. The most recurring reason reported by non-HA users is their difficulty to understand conversations in noisy environments even when they use HAs. It is unclear if these individuals tried to use their HAs for an extended period of time before abandoning their use. If they gave up too soon after being fitted with their HAs they may not have benefited from an auditory adaptation to the new auditory stimulation, referred to as auditory acclimatization. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the contribution of HA experience on auditory acclimatization. The first study aimed to determine, by means of a systematic review, if an acclimatization effect occurs after HA use and if so, to establish the magnitude and time-course of this effect. Fourteen articles that assessed acclimatization through behavioural, self-reported and physiological outcomes met the inclusion and the exclusion criteria. Although their general scientific quality was low or very low, the results of systematic review support the existence of an acclimatization effect as calculated by all three types of outcome measures. For speechrecognition- in-noise performance, improvement ranged from 2 to 3 dB in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over a minimum period of 1-month. This study highlights the importance of using the HAs on a regular basis after being fitted with HAs. The goal of the second study was to conduct a longitudinal investigation in order to determine whether acclimatization to HAs by older adults can be assessed data obtained on a speech-recognition-in-noise task and by measures of listening effort. Thirty-two new HA users and 15 experienced HA users were tested over a 38-week period using a dual-task paradigm. For new HA users, the results showed a significant improvement of 2 dB SNR on a speech-recognitionin- noise task after 4 weeks of using the HAs post fitting. Based on the proportional dual-task cost data and by the response time measures recorded on the secondary task. No improvement of speech perception performance in noise was observed for the experienced HA users. 8 The general findings from this thesis support the presence of an acclimatization effect as measured by behavioural, self-reported and physiological measures following regular HA use. Specifically, new HA users show a clinically significant change of 2 and 3 dB SNR on speechrecognition- in noise tasks following their initial fitting. Therefore, new HA users should be informed of the possible improvement in speech recognition over time, as it could entice them to pursue the use of their HAs for a longer period of time before deciding to abandon them.

The aim of this thesis is to research how the functional paradigm can be used for hardware acceleration with an emphasis on data-parallel tasks. The level of abstraction of the traditional hardware description languages, such as VHDL or Verilog, is becoming to low. High-level languages from the domains of software development and modeling, such as C/C++, SystemC or MATLAB, are experiencing a boom for hardware description on the algorithmic or behavioral level. Functional Languages are not so commonly used, but they outperform imperative languages in verification, the ability to capture inherent paralellism and the compactness of code. Data-parallel task are often accelerated on FPGAs, GPUs and multicore processors. In this thesis, we use a library for general-purpose GPU programs called Accelerate and extend it to produce VHDL. Accelerate is a domain-specific language embedded into Haskell with a backend for the NVIDIA CUDA platform. We use the language and its frontend, and create a new backend for high-level synthesis of circuits in VHDL.

Small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs) play an important part in all economies but particularly in developing economies. Growth 'SMMEs seek to grow either in size, revenue and/or asset value by reinvesting available resources; these enterprises tend to spend their available resources on operational when it comes to information and communication technology (ICT). But these systems, whilst necessary are not sufficient. They are geared toward capturing data but not producing information. Business intelligence (BI) can provide decision-makers, who in SMMEs are predominantly owner-managers, with access to information that enables them to make informed decisions on where to apply limited resources. Because BI requires operational systems to be in place to gather the data it is the logical next step. Despite increasing discussion in the press and amongst BI practitioners, academic research with regard to BI in SMMEs remains sparse. Since the potential contribution of BI to SMMEs can only be assessed by first understanding current information practices and needs in such enterprises, the purpose of this study is to explore the use of use of BI to support strategic, tactical and operational decision-making. This research uses an interpretive approach to collect data using semi-structured interviews from the owner-managers of six knowledge-based growth SMMEs in South Africa selected through purposive sampling. The research results suggest that BI can play an important role in knowledge-based growth SMMEs but that support and guidance is needed to ensure that BI is used appropriately to fully exploit available data for decision-making in addition to expanding available data sources. Future research can adopt a more rigorous positivist approach to confirm the findings of this study, expand the population to other sectors in South Africa and/or SMMEs in other countries. An action research methodology can also be used to apply BI interventions in SMMEs to investigate specific BI solutions in-depth. The research may be of value to participating and other SMME owner-managers, policy makers, government agencies, business advisers, and academic researchers. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Information Science / unrestricted

This thesis makes use of biopolitical theory to examine the governmental and organizational response to the covid-19-infodemic. It aims to answer the puzzling research question as to why the infodemic – whose inherent problem is an overabundance of information – is responded to and met with even greater amounts of information by governments and health organizations, and what implications these measures may have on the population. The analysis finds that the question can partly be answered by derivation to previous research within the field of crisis communication: the most efficient way to respond to mis- and disinformation is to respond with correct information and with counter arguments. To answer the question in full an analysis of the subject of security is conducted where what can be interpreted from the material, following a modified version of Carol Lee Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” method, is that the human judgement can be understood as the subject of security. The idea is that by securing the human judgment through improving people’s health literacy, people can be taught to act in a manner which is coherent with the state’s biopolitical goals, i.e. to secure the survival of the population. The analysis also shows that while these measures are made in an effort to secure the population, the measures themselves risk becoming a threat to the very population it is supposed to protect.

Das Phänomen Remake ist so alt, wie die Geschichte des Films selbst. Dennoch wird der Begriff immer wieder leichtfertig benutzt, weshalb sich die Arbeit zunächst um die Entwicklung einer praktikablen Arbeitsdefinition bemüht, welche Remakes im engeren Sinne von anderen Formen der Neuinszenierung abgrenzt, bevor in einem nächsten Schritt ausgewählte Original-Remake-Paare einer ausführlichen strukturellen Analyse unterzogen werden: Dazu werden die jeweiligen Filme in ihre einzelnen Szenen aufgegliedert und mit einem Plotschema - dem sogenannten Paradigma nach Syd Field und Hans-Ulrich Mohr - unterlegt, welches neben der allgemeinen Struktur des Films auch für die Handlung besonders relevante Szenen offenlegt und strukturelle Veränderungen offensichtlich macht, aus welchen Änderungen des Inhalts, der Handlungsrichtung und des Genres resultieren. Dazu werden die Neuverfilmungen ihren filmischen Vorgängern in direkter Weise gegenübergestellt, wodurch stilistische Mittel und inszenatorische Elemente sowie historische und kulturelle Zusammenhänge und strukturelle Unterschiede sauber ausgearbeitet und sichtbar gemacht werden können. Damit leistet diese Arbeit einen Beitrag sowohl zum noch spärlich ergründeten Feld der Remakeforschung als auch zur Debatte um die Existenz und Funktionsweise von Filmstrukturen.

Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Politische Ökonomie von Forstplantagen in den Tropen. Die Analyse der Makroebene zeigt dabei eine globale Perspektive auf, sowie historische Veränderungen von Paradigmen in Bezug zu Waldplantagen. Der zweite Teil der Studie analysierte Plantagen auf der Mikro-Ebene im Hinblick auf divergente geographischen Zusammenhänge, nämlich Paraguay und Indonesien. Fallstudien eignen sich hierbei, um ein vielfältiges Spektrum von Waldplantagen darzustellen, sowie Beispiele für die in der Makroebene abgeleiteten Paradigmen zu illustrieren. Abschließend verbindet die Studie die Entwicklungen der Makro-Ebene mit Belegen aus der Mikro-Analyse. Hierauf ableitend werden Empfehlungen für die Anlage zukünftiger Plantagen getätigt. Die Methodik wurde den Untersuchungsebenen in einem iterativen Prozess angepasst. Der Umfang variiert dabei von Makro- bis Mikroanalysen, sowie vom theoretischen bis zum empirischen Niveau. Auf der Makroebene wurde eine Politische-Ökonomie-Analyse und eine Untersuchung desrelevanten historischen Materials durchgeführt. Weiterhin wurden Plantagen Paradigmen anhand ausgewählter Indikatoren abgegrenzt. Für die Mikroebene wurden Fallstudien mit lokalen Interviews durchgeführt, welche Daten für eine Mehrkriterienanalyse (MCA) lieferten. Die Kombination der Mikro- und Makroanalyse erfolgte durch eine Korrelationsanalyse und wurde durch eine Diskussion abgerundet. Das Forschungsergebnis aus der globalen Analyse ist eine Typologie von sechs Paradigmen und deren Untervarianten, welche als theoretisches und analytisches Werkzeug in der Forschung zu Plantagen dienen können. Die Paradigmen wurden klassifiziert als: i) das vorindustrielle P.; ii) das kolonial industrielle und national industrielle; iii) das Schutzparadigma; iv) das soziale P.; v) das neo-liberale und modifiziert neoliberale P. und vi) das globalpolitische Paradigma. Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudien und MCA zeigen zum einen sichtbare Mängel in Plantagen unter verschiedenen Paradigmen auf und unterstreichen zum anderen positive Effekte bestimmter Paradigmen. Die MCA Bewertungspunkte zeigen zum Beispiel, dass manche Paradigmen mit dem Kriterium Landkonflikt korrelieren, oder präsentieren unterschiedliche lokale Beteiligung auf verschiedenen Plantagen, illustrieren Vorteile, die Plantagen für unterschiedliche Interessengruppen bringen. Die MCA bewertet weiter die Wirtschaftsleistung der Plantagen und vergleicht Faktoren, wie Nutzenverteilung, Rentabilität, Marktzugang und Rahmenbedingungen für Investitionen. Sie analysiert soziale Faktoren, wie Arbeitssicherheit, Zugang zu Dienstleistungen, Beteiligung oder Personalmanagement. Weiterhin werden Umweltprobleme durch die Studie aufgegriffen, z.B. Landnutzungsänderungen, Wasser- oder Boden- Auswirkungen, Lebensraumfunktion usw. Wie die vergleichende Analyse zeigt, ist die modifizierte Neoliberale Paradigma Plantage (Outgrower-Scheme) besonders geeignet, um sowohl soziale als auch wirtschaftliche Vorteile zu sichern (90 % und 84 % in den entsprechenden Feldern gegenüber dem hypothetischen Idealtyp Plantage). Andere Forschungsergebnisse deuten auf wichtige Erkenntnisse bei der Plantagenentwicklung hin, die auf der Plantagen-Ebene und bei der Gestaltung nationaler Rahmenbedingungen für den Plantagensektor berücksichtigt werden sollten. Handlungsempfehlungen für die forstwirtschaftliche, epistemische Gemeinschaft zur Gestaltung der weiteren Diskurse in Bezug auf globalen Plantagen werden ebenfalls diskutiert.:CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH DESIGN 1 1.1 Introduction: The Changing Climate for Plantations 1 1.2 Problems with defining forest plantations 4 1.3 Aim and structure of the study 6 1.4 Theory: Political Economic Approaches to Forestry 8 1.4.1 Political economy’s field of investigation 8 1.4.2 Applications to forestry research 12 1.4.3 Theoretical approach in this study 14 1.5 Research Design 18 1.5.1 Theoretical framework 18 1.5.2 Goals and Objectives of the study 20 CHAPTER 2 – METHODOLOGY 22 2.1 Overview of the methodology and data gathering techniques 22 2.2 Methodology in studying paradigm change 23 2.3 Methodology applied in case-studies 26 2.3.1 Case selection 26 2.3.2 Data gathering for the comparative multiple case-study and MCA 30 2.3.3 Questionnaire design 32 2.4 Methodological issues in integrating the levels 35 2.5 Methodology for alternative explanations to the paradigm concept 35 2.6 Research ethics 36 CHAPTER 3 – TROPICAL FOREST PLANTATIONS AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: FROM TIMBER TRADE TO CARBON OFFSETTING 37 3.1 Raw material for international markets 39 3.2 Adding value domestically: Shift in the role and scale of tropical plantations 42 3.3 From Rio until the present: Certification and carbon forestry? 46 3.4 Necessary expansion of plantations, uncertain impacts 50 3.5 From the political economy to the plantation paradigms 53 CHAPTER 4 – PLANTATION PARADIGMS AND A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON FOREST PLANTATIONS 55 4.1 Roots and applications of the concept of a paradigm in forestry 55 4.2 Global political and social context for plantation forestry 57 4.3 Typology of Plantation Paradigms 60 4.4 Empirical application of the paradigm typology 69 4.4.1 Country Case I: Paradigms and the development of plantations in Paraguay 69 4.4.2 Country Case II: Paradigms and the development of plantations in Indonesia 73 CHAPTER 5 – PLANTATIONS FROM A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE: CASE STUDIES OF SELECTED PLANTATIONS FROM PARAGUAY AND INDONESIA 84 5.1 Plantation case studies in Paraguay 84 5.1.1 Case study I: Smallholder plantation with development aid, San Pedro Department 84 5.1.2 Case study II: Smallholder plantation with Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Paraguarí Department 86 5.1.3 Case study III: Out-grower schemes in Itapúa Department 88 5.1.4 Case study IV: Enterprise POMERA, Alto Parana Department 90 5.2 Plantation case studies in Indonesia 92 5.2.1 Case study V: Community plantation through Community Forest Owners Association APHR, Wonosobo Regency, Java 92 5.2.2 Case study VI: State enterprise Perum Perhutani, Randublatung Reg., Java 94 5.2.3 Case study VII: Enterprise Musi Hutan Persada (MHP), Muara Enim Regency, Sumatra 96 5.3 Multi-Criteria-Analysis of the plantation case studies 99 CHAPTER 6 – INTEGRATION AND DYNAMICS BETWEEN THE GLOBAL, NATIONAL, AND LOCAL LEVELS 104 6.1 Comparative analysis: Global paradigms and the local performance of selected plantations. Assumptions vs. Observations 104 6.1.1 Industrial national paradigm reflected in Case study VI (Perum Perhutani in Randublatung, Indonesia) 105 6.1.2 Social paradigm reflected in Case study I (PMRN in Paraguay) and Case study V (Community Forest Owners Association in Indonesia) 108 6.1.3 Neoliberal paradigm reflected in Case study IV (POMERA in Paraguay) and Case study VII (MHP in Indonesia) 111 6.1.4 Neoliberal modified paradigm reflected in Case study III (Out-grower scheme in Itapúa, Paraguay) 115 6.1.5 Global political paradigm reflected in Case study II (CDM in Paraguay) 118 6.2 Explaining divergences – on the unpredicted observations 121 6.3 Strengths and weaknesses of the studied paradigms 127 CHAPTER 7 – METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES AND ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS 129 7.1 Methodological challenges of the paradigm approach 129 7.2 The paradigm concept and alternative explanations 130 7.3 Other limitations of the political economic research on plantations 133 7.3.1 Problem with reliable data and changing plantation definitions 134 7.3.2 Problems of explorative research 134 7.3.3 Problems with indicator setting 134 7.3.4 Problem of single-case study dominance 135 CHAPTER 8 – LESSONS LEARNED 136 8.1 Lessons from the global historical paradigm analysis 136 8.2 Lessons from the case studies 138 8.2.1 Paraguay 138 8.2.2 Indonesia 140 8.2.3 Best practices from the local plantation case studies 143 8.3 Conclusions 150 8.4 Outlook: The future political economy of tropical forest plantations 154 8.5 Next steps – identifying further research gaps and directions 155 REFERENCES 157 ANNEXES Annex to Chapter 3 178 3.1 Historical global plantations’ development with a focus on the species 178 Annex to Chapter 4 181 4.1 Word Forestry Congresses 1926-2009: Snapshots on key issues in forestry, tropical forestry and plantations 181 4.2 Changing plantation discourse: a content analysis of Unasylva 193 Annex to Chapter 5 199 5.1 Steps of the MCA analysis 199 5.1.1 Data normalization table 199 5.1.2 Clusters of indicators used in the data analysis 202 5.1.3 Final synthetic index 204 5.2 Questionnaires 204 Annex to Chapter 6 208 6.1 Detailed Comparative analysis: Global paradigms and the local performance of selected plantations. Assumptions vs. observations 208 6.1.1 Comparative figures 209 6.1.2 Comparative analysis according to the paradigms 217 6.1.3 Summary of confirmed and unobserved elements 235 6.1.4 Correlation analysis 236

This thesis focus on the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) and its measurement instrument New Ecological Paradigm scale. Thesis introduces the New Ecological Paradigm as opposite type of thinking to the Human Exemptionalism Paradigm and provides historical context of the creation of the revised version of the New Ecological Paradigm scale. We carried out a secondary analysis of the data from survey about the European climate change policy acceptance conducted by Ščasný et al in year 2015. Thesis then examined the extent to which people from the Czech Republic, the Great Britain and the Poland endorse the New Ecological Paradigm and found out that the Czechs have the higher environmental concern than people from the Great Britain and the Poland. Furthermore, this thesis use Cronbach`s and factor analysis to discover, that the New ecological paradigm scale is internally consistent yet multidimensional instrument in case of the three surveyed countries. Regression analysis discovered that not only gender and age are significant socio-demographic predictors for the NEP results as income, education, size of municipality and current occupation are also relevant across the three surveyed countries. Lastly, regression analysis verified that the direct correlation between the general environmental values measured by the...

1 ABSTRACT This analytical-empiric study presents ethical aspects of the intercultural phenomenon in inbound tourism of Czech Republic focused on Russian tourists mapping topic which hasn't been covered in such a wide scope yet. The multicultural and intercultural definition of the words is described in great depth in the theoretical part of the of this study as the terminology is strongly ambiguous. The special attention is not only paid to the interests and preferences of the tourists but also to the history especially aimed to so-called "Russian soul" and delimitation of the position "we" and "they" and "they" and "we". The data, collected by quantitative and qualitative author's research, complete and penetrate the whole theoretical frame of the study. The research part contains quantitative (24 subjects) and qualitative (2 respondents) research. It detects ethic dilemma and presents the specifics of the Russian tourists in inbound tourism of Czech Republic. We present the result as a substantiated constatation that the category "they" has a lot of prejudice from both sides and it causes unpleasant conflicts which can be prevented when the knowledge of when and how the prejudice was created is in place. The ethical problems as the consequence of existing prejudice connected to concrete expressions of...