This research aimed to investigate the democratic aspects of procedural negotiation clause recently inserted into the Brazilian legal system by Article 190 of Law n. 13,105, of March 16, 2015 (New Code of Civil Procedure). The rule allows, in certain situations, that the parties negotiate on procedural rules, before or during the process in which demands law allows autocomposição. The rule, in effect, by giving autorregramento of powers between the parties in the development process, eases some publicists aspects of the Brazilian legal system. It is observed, therefore a paradigmatic breakthrough that is inclined to empower parts. Without forgetting its controversial aspects, we intend to analyze the institute as a democratic instrument under the cooperative process. From this perspective, the work is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, we analyze the methodological stages of civil procedure in order to rescue some marginalized traditions throughout modernity to then rethink a new grammar for contemporary jurisdiction. In the second chapter, we point out a correlation between the normative model of deliberative-procedural democracy (Habermas) and the cooperative process and traced the main assumptions of a democratic legal proceedings. Were their assumptions that served to analyze aspects of the general principle of negotiating share in the third chapter of the work. / A presente pesquisa pretendeu investigar os aspectos democráticos da cláusula geral de negociação processual recentemente inserida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro pelo artigo 190 da Lei n. 13.105, de 16 de março de 2015 (Novo Código de Processo Civil). A regra permite, em determinadas situações, que as partes negociem sobre regras processuais, antes ou durante o processo, em demandas cujo direito admita autocomposição. A norma, com efeito, ao conferir poderes de autorregramento às partes no desenvolvimento do processo, flexibiliza alguns aspectos publicistas do ordenamento processual brasileiro. Percebe-se, deste modo, um movimento de ruptura paradigmática que se inclina a empoderar as partes. Sem olvidar os seus aspectos controvertidos, pretende-se analisar o instituto enquanto um instrumento democrático no âmbito do processo cooperativo. Nessa perspectiva, o trabalho divide-se em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, analisamos as fases metodológicas do processo civil no intuito de resgatar algumas tradições marginalizadas ao longo da modernidade para, em seguida, repensar uma nova gramática para a jurisdição contemporânea. No segundo capítulo, apontamos uma correlação entre o modelo normativo de democracia deliberativo-procedimental (Habermas) e o processo cooperativo e traçamos os principais pressupostos de um processo jurisdicional democrático. Foram essas as premissas que serviram para analisar os aspectos da cláusula geral de negocia ação no terceiro capítulo do trabalho.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:22:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Saulo Felipe Costa Parte 2.pdf: 361638 bytes, checksum: d21806503737bc697a9763f121ba43ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The research aimed to screen for evidence of the influence of ideals of the international medium on the pattern of public policies in Brazil and Colombia. Through an approach that linked the theory of two levels games and policy paradigm understanding in Kuhn and the mechanism of social learning, it was possible to develop a proxy for the degree of influence of international pressure for the adoption of a given policies. We attempted to analyze the influence of the proposed of solution to the state problems, issued by multilateral agencies, through what became known as the Washington Consensus. The choice of Brazil was due to an increased availability of data, while the choice of Colombia is its function in this country experience a long period of democratic rule, with jarring ideological profile of the Brazilian. For this, the research has focused on the behavior of public spending in both countries, was also performed a more specific case study on the deployment of the managerial model of public administration in Brazil, with the aim of better understanding how this process occurred import and export of ideas and solutions for different problems. The research showed that multilateral organizations have greater power to print your ideas in countries' policies when such changes are first and second order, by type built. In return, changes in third order are only induced by multilateral bodies, since the ideology of society plays a more decisive role for the incorporation or not of such ideas "exogenous . / A pesquisa em tela buscou por evidências da influência de ideais do meio internacional sobre o padrão de oferta de políticas públicas no Brasil e na Colômbia. Através de uma abordagem que uniu a teoria dos jogos de dois níveis à compreensão de mudança de paradigma em Kuhn e ao mecanismo de aprendizagem social (social learning), foi possível elaborar uma proxy para o grau de influência das pressões internacionais pela adoção de determinado conjunto de políticas. Buscou-se analisar a influência das propostas de solução aos problemas estatais, emanadas por agências multilaterais, através do que ficou conhecido como Consenso de Washington. A escolha do Brasil se deu devido uma maior disponibilidade de dados, ao passo que a opção pela Colômbia se deu em função deste país experimentar um longo período democrático, com perfil ideológico destoante do brasileiro. Para tanto, a pesquisa se debruçou sobre o comportamento do gasto público em ambos os países, foi executado também um estudo de caso mais específico sobre a implantação do modelo gerencial de administração pública no Brasil, com o intuito de melhor compreender como se deu este processo de importação e exportação de ideais e soluções para os mais diversos problemas. A pesquisa evidenciou que os organismos multilaterais possuem um maior poder de imprimir seu ideário nas políticas dos países quando tais mudanças são de primeira e de segunda ordem, segundo a tipologia construída. Em contra partida, mudanças de terceira ordem são susceptíveis apenas de indução pelos organismos multilaterais, uma vez que a ideologia da sociedade desempenha um papel mais determinante para a incorporação ou não de tal ideário exógeno .

O paradigma intruso-residente vem sendo intensamente empregado em estudos para avaliar a memória de reconhecimento social em roedores. Tipicamente, ratos adultos, denominados residentes, são expostos a dois encontros sucessivos, de 5 minutos cada, com um mesmo rato juvenil ou com ratos juvenis diferentes, denominados intrusos; o intervalo de tempo entre encontros é 30 minutos. A quantidade de comportamentos sociais do residente (no segundo encontro) em relação a um intruso familiar é substancialmente menor do que o observado no primeiro encontro, o que não ocorre quando o segundo encontro envolve um juvenil novo; esse resultado caracteriza a memoria de reconhecimento social. Se o intervalo de tempo entre os encontros é aumentado para 60 minutos, a redução da investigação social do intruso familiar por parte do residente desaparece, levando à conclusão de que a memória de reconhecimento social seria um mecanismo para retenção temporária de informações. O objetivo central do presente trabalho foi contribuir para o entendimento da memória de reconhecimento social em ratos. Foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se se a expressão de comportamentos sociais e também da memória de reconhecimento social estão sujeitos à modulação temporal. No segundo experimento avaliou-se em que extensão o aumento do tempo de exposição ao intruso durante o primeiro encontro resulta num aumento da duração da memoria de reconhecimento social. No terceiro experimento avaliou-se se um procedimento de rotina na maioria dos laboratorios, o transporte dos animais da sala de experimentos para o biotério, interfere na memória de reconhecimento social, quando realizado 0,5 ou 6 horas após o primeiro encontro. Os resultados mostraram que (1) a expressão de comportamentos sociais e a memória de reconhecimento social estão sujeitos à modulação temporal, sendo mais intensos quando os testes são realizados na fase inativa (Capítulo 2), de modo que este fator deve ser levado em consideração quando do planejamento de experimentos envolvendo sociabilidade, (2) o aumento da duração do primeiro encontro para 2 horas ou mais revelou uma memória de reconhecimento social que dura pelo menos 24 horas (Capítulo 3), permitindo questionar que se trate de um dispositivo de curta duração, e (3) o transporte dos animais para o biotério 0,5 horas, mas não 6 horas, depois do primeiro encontro, prejudica a memória de reconhecimento social (Capítulo 4), indicando que se deve estar atento às rotinas laboratoriais pois as mesmas podem interferir no desempenho dos animais em testes de memória. Em associação com essas relevantes observações experimentais, foram propostas estratégias de análise dos dados gerados com esse tipo de experimentação e também discussões conceituais sobre a caracterização da memória de reconhecimento social, que contribuem marcadamente para essa área de estudos. / The intruder-resident paradigm has been extensively employed in studies of social recognition memory in rodents. Typically, adult rats, named residents, are exposed to two 5-min successive encounters with the same juvenile intruder or with two different juveniles; the time interval between the encounters is 30 min. The amount of social behaviors exhibited by the resident rats towards the same intruder juvenile in the second encounter is substantially smaller when compared to both that seen in the first encounter and that seen towards a different juvenile; these results characterize social recognition memory. When the time interval between encounters is increased to 60 min, that reduction of the investigation towards the familiar juvenile intruder vanishes, which is seen as evidence that social recognition memory corresponds to a short-term memory mechanism. The aim of this study was to contribute for our understanding of social recognition memory in rats. Three experiments were run. The first experiment evaluated to which extent both social behaviors and social recognition memory are influenced by temporal phase effects. The second experiment evaluated to which extent the increase in the duration of the first encounter renders social recognition memory longer. The third experiment evaluated to which extent the transportation of the resident rats from the experimental room to the animal facilities either 0.5 or 6 hours after the first encounter, interferes with social recognition memory. The results showed that (1) the expression of social behaviors and of the social recognition memory are modulated temporal phase effects, being stronger when animals are tested in their inactive phase (Chapter 2); thus, this aspect has to be considered in studies on sociability, (2) the increase of the first encounter duration for 2 hours or longer renders social recognition memory to last at least 24 hours (Chapter 3); this allows to question that social recognition memory corresponds to a short-term memory mechanism, and (3) transportation of the resident rats to the animal facilities 0.5, but not 6 hours, after the end of the first encounter disrupts social recognition memory (Chapter 4), indicating that one has to be cautious about usual laboratory routines, because they may interfere with performance of the memory tasks when executed a short time after training the animals.Associated with these relevant experimental observations, these studies allowed proposing novel strategies for data analysis and discussing conceptual issues about the characterization of social recognition memory that give a substantial contribution for this area.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-14T12:04:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pauloagostinhonogueirabaptista.pdf: 1935507 bytes, checksum: 99e3b3ddfc902811fcb58eb1a0c44fa4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-15T13:28:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pauloagostinhonogueirabaptista.pdf: 1935507 bytes, checksum: 99e3b3ddfc902811fcb58eb1a0c44fa4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T13:28:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pauloagostinhonogueirabaptista.pdf: 1935507 bytes, checksum: 99e3b3ddfc902811fcb58eb1a0c44fa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-26 / O objetivo da tese é demonstrar que, com a introdução do paradigma ecológico, a teologia de Leonardo Boff abre-se à Teologia do Pluralismo Religioso. A pesquisa integrou criticamente, e deu continuidade à investigação realizada no mestrado, que constatou tal mudança paradigmática. Nessa perspectiva, a teologia de L. Boff foi e continua sendo compreendida como uma Teologia Teoantropocósmica. Postula-se, agora, que essa teologia realiza a articulação teológica e praxística entre Teologia da Libertação (TdL) e Teologia do Pluralismo Religioso (TdPR). Antes de 1990/93, apesar de se constatar a abertura dialogal de sua teologia em diversos campos (cristologia cósmica, antropologia, espiritualidade, na visão da trindade e em sua eclesiologia), a centralidade libertadora, suas urgências e mesmo algumas de suas concepções cristológicas, eclesiológicas e antropológicas não permitiram que ela pudesse ser considerada Teologia do Pluralismo Religioso. Como conclusão, defende-se que a teologia de Leonardo Boff, no paradigma ecológico, é uma Teologia Pluralista da Libertação, articulando, portanto, TdL e TdPR. E, dentro dos paradigmas do pluralismo religioso, é categorizada como pluralismo inclusivo teoantropocósmico. Verifica-se também que essa articulação se traduz em práxis: em Diálogo, promotor da Religação, do encontro das religiões, recuperando um cristianismo “universalizável” e postulando o pluralismo de princípio; e em Libertação, através da Dialogação mística, fraterna e ética. Essa dialogação sustenta, fundamenta e promove a ação em seus dois principais desafios: salvaguardar a Terra, em grave crise de sustentabilidade, e garantir a dignidade, a convivência e a paz, lutando pela libertação daqueles que são oprimidos, especialmente os pobres. / The present thesis aims to show that along with the introduction of the ecological paradigm, theological though of Leonardo Boff has been opened to the so called Theology of Religious Pluralism. This research integrates the previous content of Paulo Agostinho Master’s survey which had already pointed out to Leonardo Boff’s paradigm shift. In this way, theology of Leonardo Boff has been interpreted as “Teoanthropocosmic Theology”. The claim here is that this theology has successfully realized practical and theological articulation between Theology of Liberation and Theology of Religious Pluralism. It has also been pointed out that although Theology of Liberation had been opened to dialogue within diverse field like cosmic christology, anthropology, spirituality, trinity understanding and ecclesiology, only after the years of 1990/93 it has started been properly considered as a Theology of Religious Pluralism. This thesis finally claims that Boff’s theology, within ecological paradigm, a “Theology of Liberation and Religious Pluralism” and articulates both Theology of Liberation and Theology of Religious Pluralism. It is also claimed that within Religious Pluralism Paradigm, Boff’s theology could be inserted within the category of “teoantropocosmic inclusive pluralism”. Another claim of the present thesis is that the articulation of “Theology of Liberation” and “Theology of Religious Pluralism” drives us into praxis which takes two complementary directions: the first one is that of dialogue which promotes “re-ligação”, that is to say, the encounter of the variety of world religions, thus recouping the universality of Christianity and postulating the principle of pluralism; the second one is that of Liberation which through mystic, fraternal and ethic “dialogação” sustains and promotes action in this world and provides earth sustainability and makes possible a better world full of peace and human dignity, thus promoting liberation of oppressed human beings, especially poor people.

Submitted by Gabriel Segalis (gabisegalis@hotmail.com) on 2012-05-18T16:20:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 012005011 Pretextual definitivo A.pdf: 76824 bytes, checksum: 1e41b140606a3d5a9651f1f8c1be26c1 (MD5) 012005012 Definitiva.pdf: 1124168 bytes, checksum: 524d55075e6250a88b96422d9fb4d3a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2012-05-18T18:09:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 012005011 Pretextual definitivo A.pdf: 76824 bytes, checksum: 1e41b140606a3d5a9651f1f8c1be26c1 (MD5) 012005012 Definitiva.pdf: 1124168 bytes, checksum: 524d55075e6250a88b96422d9fb4d3a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-21T21:07:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 012005011 Pretextual definitivo A.pdf: 76824 bytes, checksum: 1e41b140606a3d5a9651f1f8c1be26c1 (MD5) 012005012 Definitiva.pdf: 1124168 bytes, checksum: 524d55075e6250a88b96422d9fb4d3a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-21T21:07:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 012005011 Pretextual definitivo A.pdf: 76824 bytes, checksum: 1e41b140606a3d5a9651f1f8c1be26c1 (MD5) 012005012 Definitiva.pdf: 1124168 bytes, checksum: 524d55075e6250a88b96422d9fb4d3a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / This essay aims to verify how the activities developed by Pipeway Engenharia Limitada2 - a service supplier on the oil, gas and energy sector/industry – match the theoretical concepts of the New International Venture Paradigm – NIV (RENNIE,1993; MCDOUGALL et. Al.,1994), during its process of internationalization. The approach assumes significative relevance to the author, since the comprehension of the internationalization process on the Company, which is considered a small business, allows their professional activities to be developed with better comprehension of needs, demands and solutions required for the /small businesses’/company’s internationalization. In order to achieve that purpose, the author has made use of a Single Case Study. This choice may be defined by two reasons: Firstly, it is worth pointing out that , in Brazil, there is not a significant quantity of companies which have similar characteristics with the studied company; Secondly, this method is usually applied when it comes to solving questions such as 'how' and 'why', that is, when the aim is to comprehend individual phenomena. Moreover, it has been necessary to develop a brief study - based on documental and bibliographic analysis – not only to understand the supplier industry evolution on the international market, but also to determine the development and importance of this case as a business development affluence, innovation and support factor.Considering that the analyzed company’s main field is the oil and gas sector, a study based on a national and international scope has been made in order to comprehend this economic sector. Also, apart from other international segments, companies which develop their activities in this area usually face opened and globalized markets, and these characteristics impact significantly on Pipeway. The junction of the first and second analysis has allowed the evaluation of not only the competitive degree, but also other refferences that a company has to follow so as to be considered a New International Venture. Later on – based on case study methodological precepts, data obtained by research and information from interviews with the company´s senior management- a historiographical report of the company´s internationalization process has been elaborated. This work has emphasized events and facts which allow us to prove the adherence or not to the NIV paradigm´s assumptions. Hence, the author has investigated the company´s international evolution according to analysis criteria, which are directly related to NIV paradigm.Actually, this study allowed the statement bound to the conclusion in an empirical manner that Pipeway´s internationalization process responds to NIV´s paradigm in a complete way. One example that may be pointed out is the beginning of internationalization and proven relation between trade income and total revenue. Additionally, some suggestion have been presented for the sake of future research development, enhancement of government programs which support the internationalization process of Small Businesses , as well the author´s professional performance. / O objetivo desta dissertação é verificar a aderência de atividades desenvolvidas por uma empresa prestadora de serviços de base tecnológica, atuante na área de petróleo, gás e energia, a Pipeway Engenharia Limitada , aos conceitos teóricos do Paradigma Novas Empresas Internacionais - NEI (RENNIE,1993; MCDOUGALL et. Al., 1994) durante seu processo de internacionalização. Trata-se de um estudo que assume, para o autor, uma relevância significativa, já que a compreensão do processo de internacionalização da empresa analisada, considerada de porte pequeno, permitirá que suas atividades profissionais venham a ser desenvolvidas com melhor compreensão das necessidades, exigências e soluções que esse tipo de empresa requer para a sua internacionalização. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, a metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso único em função, assim definido, por um lado, pelo fato de não existir no Brasil uma quantidade importante de empresas com características semelhantes à estudada e, por outro, por ser um método que se aplica, quando se deseja ter respostas a questões, tais como: 'como' e 'por que', permitindo a compreensão de fenômenos individuais. Para compreender melhor a evolução do setor de serviços nos mercados internacionais foi necessário fazer um estudo sucinto, baseado em análises documental e bibliográfica, para determinar a evolução e importância do mesmo como fator gerador de riqueza, inovação e sustentação do desenvolvimento empresarial. Considerando que a empresa analisada foca seu trabalho no segmento de petróleo e gás, para melhor compreensão desse segmento econômico, foi realizada análise tanto de âmbito nacional como internacional, de sua atual conformação e situação, pois, diferentemente de outros segmentos internacionais, as empresas que neles desenvolvem suas atividades se deparam com mercados mais abertos e globalizados e essas características têm impacto significativo na empresa analisada. A junção da primeira com a segunda análise permitiu avaliar o grau de competitividade e demais parâmetros a que a empresa estudada teve que atender para ser considerada ou não um Novo Empreendimento Internacional. Posteriormente, com os preceitos metodológicos de estudo de caso, acrescidos dos dados obtidos na pesquisa documental e entrevistas com a alta gerência da empresa, foi efetuado um relato historiográfico da evolução do processo de internacionalização da empresa, destacando os eventos e fatos que possibilitaram verificar a aderência, ou não, aos pressupostos do paradigma NEI. Por fim, foi investigada a evolução internacional da empresa à luz dos critérios de análise, diretamente relacionados com princípios do Paradigma NEI, o que permitiu no capitulo seguinte, vinculado às conclusões em forma empírica, que o processo de internacionalização da Pipeway responde na sua totalidade às características do Paradigma NEI. Um exemplo é a data de início da internacionalização e relação entre as receitas de exportação e faturamento total. Também são apresentadas sugestões para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras, aprimoramento dos programas governamentais de apoio ao processo de internacionalização de Pequenas Empresas e desempenho profissional do autor da dissertação.

Många företag har idag intranät som misslyckas med att möta användarnas behov och det mest förekommande klagomålet är att användarna inte hittar vad de letar efter. Detta leder till att företagen tappar både tid och pengar på att ha personal som inte kan nyttja systemet på ett effektivt sätt, vilket ofta leder till dyra utbildningskostnader och produktivitetsförluster. Den främsta anledningen till att information inte hittas är att det saknas en konsekvent navigation som ger tydliga indikationer på vart användaren ska ta sig för att finna det den letar efter. Design och struktur i gränssnitt spelar även en stor roll för hur användarna förstår och tolkar gränssnitt och ett klassiskt tillvägagångsätt för designers är att utveckla utifrån datorparadigmets grafiska gränssnitt, vars bekymmer oftast är att de tenderar att bli visuellt giriga och minneskrävande. Idag sker även en stark utveckling av mobila enheter och hur dess gränssnitt kan optimeras för att underlätta för användaren till den mobila kontexten och de begränsningar det medför. För att göra detta bör designers utveckla naturliga interaktioner vilket ska främja den kognitiva belastningen. I denna studie undersöks därför hur designriktlinjer för naturliga interaktioner och mobilitet påverkar användbarheten och användarvänligheten för arbete i en stationär datormiljö. Studien har genomförts på uppdrag av CLX Networks som skapar lösningar för bland annat sms, röst och data. Uppdraget har inneburit att förbättra företagets intranäts meny som ansetts bristfällig av CLX. I denna studie genomfördes först ett användartest på CLXs befintliga intranäts meny samt fem stycken intervjuer med de som arbetar med support som använder systemet, inom huvudområdena hittbarhet, handlingsbarhet, användbarhet och mobil användarvänlighet. Vidare gjordes en struktureringsmetod för att låta informanterna själva visualisera en tänkt meny. Resultaten från den empiriska studien användes för att skapa en interaktiv prototyp. Designprinciper för hittbarhet, handlingsbarhet, användbarhet och naturliga interaktioner har nyttjats i skapandet av den nya menyn. Utifrån de undersökningar som har genomförts i denna studie har det framkommit att designprinciper för naturlig interaktion och mobilitet har en positiv inverkan på användarvänligheten gällande menyn i grafiska gränssnitt i en stationär datormiljö. Studien visar även att en kombination av de två synsätten, naturliga interaktioner och datorparadigmet underlättar användandet och den kognitiva belastning som tidigare var ett bekymmer för de anställda. / Today many companies have intranet failing to meet the users need and the most frequent complaint is that users do not find what they are looking for. This leads companies to lose both time and money on having employees that are unable to utilize the system in a sufficient manner, which often leads to expensive educational costs and loss of productivity. The primary reason that information is not found is that there is a lack of a consistent navigation tool that clearly indicates where the user should go to find what he/she is looking for. Design and structure in an interface plays a large role when it comes to how users understand and interpret an interface. However, the difficulty is that it tends to be visually disruptive and provide a cognitive load. Currently are a strong development of mobile devices taking place and questions are raised regarding how these interfaces can be optimized to make it easier for the user. Especially, when it comes to the mobile context and the limitations it causes. To make it easier are designers advised to develop natural interactions which are supposed to ease the cognitive load. This study therefore explores how design principles stemming from natural interactions, together with the mobility, affect the usability and ease of use for work in a desktop environment. The study has been conducted upon request of CLX Networks, a company that provide solutions for, among others, sms, voice and data. The assignment has entailed suggestions of improvements of the company’s intranet menu, which has been considered as inadequate by CLX. In this study, a user test of CLX’s current intranet menu was performed as well as five interviews with employees that work and use the system. The interviews concerned the topics of findability, actability, usability and mobile usability. Continuously was a card sorting performed to let the informants themselves visualize a proposed menu. The results from the empirical investigation were used to create an interactive prototype. Design principles from findability, actability, usability and natural interactions have been utilized in the creation of the new menu. Based on the investigations performed in this study is it possible to conclude that design principles from natural interactions and the mobility have a positive influence on ease of use concerning the menu in the graphical interface in a desktop environment. The study also confirms that a combination of the two viewpoints, natural interactions and desktop paradigm that facilitate the usage and cognitive load, which previously was troublesome for the employees.

Entre 1976 et 1983, la dictature militaire argentine orchestre la disparition d’environ trente mille personnes. Son but n’est pas seulement la mort, mais l’empêchement de toute forme de différence et de toute forme de résistance chez les vivants. Dans un parcours menant d’une esquisse de la terreur à une anthropologie des possibles résistances, cette thèse confronte la recherche à l’effacement, à la déliaison puis à la possible reconstruction. Elle apparaît comme une démarche exploratoire et impliquée, aux côtés de (sur)vivants qui sont parvenus à recréer des liens de sens et des liens sociaux et donc, à refaire émerger du politique. Leurs témoignages, déclinés autour de ceux des « Mères de la Place de Mai », ont permis une résistance par les mots, par les corps et par les images à l’indicible, l’invisible et l’irreprésentable. Au fil de l’émergence d’un réseau de lutte contre l’effacement des traces et des preuves de la disparition, avec en ligne de mire les objectifs utopiques de « mémoire, vérité et justice », les résistants développent une forme de paradigme indiciaire qui n’a de cesse de rappeler à l’anthropologie l’importance des détails et des petits liens. En comprenant le social comme un théâtre, nous parvenons à appréhender diverses modalités de mise en scène de la disparition qui, toutes, révèlent l’importance cruciale de l’articulation entre l’intime et le collectif dans la reconstruction du social.Parce que les gouvernements démocratiques ont perpétué les représentations sociales qui ont rendu possible cette extermination politique, la résistance est toujours soumise à de nouvelles défiances révisionnistes. Elle est toujours renouvelée. Les questions qu’elle soulève restent, quant à elles, toujours aussi brûlantes. / From 1976 to 1983 the military dictatorship in Argentina engineered the “disappearance” of an estimated thirty thousand people. Its aim was not merely to put people to death but to eradicate all forms of diversity and every trace of resistance in the living.By sketching the reign of terror and by proposing an anthropological analysis of the different possible forms of resistance, this thesis confronts the research to effacement, dismemberment and then to the possibilities of reconstruction. It is an explorative and involved research by the side of survivors who succeeded in reconstruct sense and social relationships and have thus contributed to a political renaissance. Their testimonies - with those of the “Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo” as a heart - are resisting to what is unspeakable, impossible to see and to portray: they are based on words, on bodies and on images. A network, whose utopian motto was “memory, truth and justice”, gradually emerged to fight against the concealment of every trace of evidence of the “disappeared”. Its members developed a form of indicative paradigm which serves as a constant reminder to the anthropologist of the importance of details and minor connections.If we see society as theatre we may understand the different ways the forced disappearance was staged, which illustrate the crucial importance of the links between the intimate and the collective in social reconstruction.The resistance network is still constantly subject to revisionist suspicion, because democratic governments have maintained the social representations which made this political extermination possible. Resistance has to bee constantly re-invented. The questions this movement raises are, for their part, still a burning issue.

Les systèmes éducatifs dans leur ensemble sont repensés à l’aune de logiques comptables et de notions de rendement. En parallèle de ces réformes, l’éducation, du primaire au supérieur, est également poussée à satisfaire des attentes politiques, économiques et sociales de plus en plus grandes. Cette vague de transformations entraîne des questionnements quant aux origines et à l’évolution de l’éducation moderne. Si la consolidation des Etats-Nations et la monopolisation scolaire de l’instruction semblent être allées de pair en Europe, comment expliquer que l’on trouve la même forme scolaire dans des territoires situés en dehors de cet Occident ? Et comment rendre compte de l’univocité des trajectoires éducatives des territoires jusqu’aux changements actuels des institutions éducatives ?Notre réflexion s’est attachée à montrer que les formes univoques prises par l’éducation à travers le monde ne résultent pas d’un développementalisme éducatif linéaire ou de la domination du colonisateur européen. Premièrement, le passé et les jeux politiques, religieux et économiques des sociétés non-occidentales jouèrent un rôle dans la construction de leur école moderne. Ensuite, l’influence d’un paradigme politique dominant en termes d’institutions éducatives a délimité le cadre du changement. Il en a fixé des fondamentaux et exclu d’autres possibles. Mais la société réceptrice a, à son tour, refaçonné le paradigme pour construire un système éducatif pluriel, mouvant et unique.Nous avons étayé notre réflexion en étudiant un cas empirique précis, celui de la Thaïlande, et en mêlant une étude socio-historique et politique à un travail de terrain approfondi. Ceci nous a permis de rendre compte de la trajectoire éducative et des changements de paradigmes politiques qui ont conduit ce territoire à passer des enseignements traditionnels à une éducation de l’Etat-Nation et aujourd’hui à celle de la mondialisation. / Worldwide, educational systems have been reshaped on the basis of accountability and efficiency criteria. Together with these reforms, education, from basic to higher levels, has also been summoned up to meet ever-increasing political, economic and social demands. These shifts lead to several questionings regarding the origins and evolutions of modern education: If the consolidation of nation-states and the monopolisation of instruction by schools seem to have occurred concomitantly in Europe, how can we explain that we have found the same school pattern in territories located outside this West? And how can we account for the univocity of trajectories until the current changes in educational institutions?Our study focused on demonstrating that these similar patterns taken by education around the world have not resulted from an educational, linear development or from the domination of the European settler. First, the past and political, religious and economic games in non-Western societies played a role in shaping modern schools. Then the impact of a dominant policy paradigm has been tremendous in delineating the framework of change, even until today. Policy paradigm indeed establishes fundamentals and excludes other possibilities. However the receiving society eventually reshapes this paradigm to build a moving, unique, plural educational system.We have backed up our thinking by focusing on a specific empirical case, Thailand, and by combining a socio-historical and political analysis to an in-depth fieldwork. The aim was to understand the educational trajectory and the shifts in policy paradigms that have led this territory from traditional teachings to a Nation-State education, and nowadays an education of globalisation.

De quelle mise en discours procède l’ensemble des récits pluriels qui narrent les « origines » dans le livre de la Genèse de la littérature biblique pour composer ce qui est présenté comme un « cycle » ordonné ? Cette question conduit à formuler l’hypothèse selon laquelle le premier récit de création ou « septénaire des jours » constitue, tel un paradigme, un système apte à ordonner le déploiement des récits suivants (Gn 2 à 11). Surtout, l’originalité de ce système est de mettre en place des mécanismes d’orientation vers une instance d’énonciation, constituant ainsi une « empreinte ». Et la mise en discours des textes qui suivent dispose, par les parcours discursifs, des « formants-signifiants » d’ordre « figural » propres à rappeler cette empreinte et à fonctionner comme autant d’indicateurs de l’instance d’énonciation. Enfin, au terme du livre biblique, le septénaire des « sceaux » (Apocalypse 5-8) vient réexposer le paradigme, récapituler le « figural », renouveler l’indication de l’instance d’énonciation et redéfinir l’orientation vers cette instance. La mise en discours opère ainsi, par le figural, un véritable « nouage » entre les grandeurs figuratives et l’instance d’énonciation. En son figural, la figure devient achoppement balisant la lecture, orientant le lecteur pour le conduire au plus près des postures des sujets de l’instance d’énonciation. / What procedure of discursivization makes it possible to present the ensemble of varied narratives recounting “origins,” in the book of Genesis of the biblical literature, as an orderly “cycle”? This question leads to the formulation of the hypothesis that the first story of creation, the “septenary of days,” constitutes, as a paradigm, a system capable of structuring the deployment of the following narratives (Gn 2 – 11). The originality of this system consists, above all, in putting in place mechanisms of orientation toward an instance of enunciation which constitutes a “footprint.” Then, the discursivization of the subsequent texts, by means of the discursive path, employs “formant-signifiers” of the “figural” order, likely to recall this footprint and to function as so many indicators of the instance of enunciation. Finally, at the end of the biblical literature, the “septenary of seals” in the book of Revelation (Apocalypse 5-8) reexposes the paradigm, recapitulates the figural, renews the indication of the instance of enunciation, and redefines the orientation toward this instance. Thus, by means of the figural, discursivization ties a veritable “knot” between figurative values and instance of enunciation. In its figural, the figure becomes a stumbling stone along the path of the reading which orients the reader, leading him as close as possible to the positions of the subjects of the instance of enunciation.

Abstract To be able to acquire, produce, and comprehend language, precise central auditory processing (CAP), neural processes utilized for managing auditory input, is essential. However, the auditory environments are not always optimal for CAP because noise levels in children’s daily environments can be surprisingly high. In young children, CAP and its developmental trajectory as well as the influence of noise on it have scarcely been investigated. Event-related potentials (ERPs) offer promising means to study different stages of CAP in small children. Sound processing, preattentive auditory discrimination, and attention shifting processes can be addressed with obligatory responses, mismatch negativity (MMN), and novelty P3 of ERPs, respectively. In this thesis the developmental trajectory of CAP from 2 to 4 years of age as well as noise-induced changes on it, were investigated. In addition, the feasibility of the multi-feature paradigm with syllable stimuli and novel sounds in children was evaluated. To this end, obligatory responses (P1, N2, and N4) and MMNs for consonant, frequency, intensity, vowel, and vowel duration changes, as well as novelty P3 responses, were recorded in a silent condition and with babble noise using the multi-feature paradigm. The participants were voluntary, typically developing children. Significant P1, N2, N4, and MMN responses were elicited at both ages. Also a significant novelty P3, studied at the age of 2 years, was found. From 2 to 4 years, the P1 and N2 latencies shortened. The amplitudes of N2, N4, and MMNs increased and the increment was the largest at frontal electrode locations. During noise, P1 decreased, N2 increased, and the latency of N4 diminished as well as MMNs degraded. The noise-induced changes were largely similar at both ages. In conclusion, the multi-feature paradigm with five syllable deviant types and novel sounds was found to be an appropriate measure of CAP in toddlers. The changes in ERP morphology from 2 to 4 years of age suggest maturational changes in CAP. Noise degraded sound encoding, representation forming, and auditory discrimination. The children were similarly vulnerable to hampering effects of noise at both ages. Thus, noise might potentially harmfully influence language processing and thereby its acquisition in childhood. / Tiivistelmä Kielen omaksumiselle, tuottamiselle sekä ymmärtämiselle on tärkeää tarkka keskushermostollinen kuulotiedon käsittely eli ne hermostolliset prosessit, joita käytetään kuullun aineksen käsittelyyn. Kuunteluympäristöt eivät kuitenkaan aina ole optimaalisia kuulotiedon käsittelylle, sillä melutasot lasten elinympäristöissä voivat olla hyvinkin korkeita. Pienten lasten kuulotiedon käsittelyä, sen kehittymistä ja melun vaikutusta siihen on tutkittu vähän. Kuuloherätevasteet ovat toimiva tapa tarkastella pienten lasten kuulotiedon käsittelyä eri näkökulmista. Äänen käsittelyä, esitietoista kuuloerottelua ja tarkkaavuuden siirtymistä voidaan tarkastella obligatoristen vasteiden, poikkeavuusnegatiivisuuden ja novelty P3 -vasteiden avulla. Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan kuulotiedon käsittelyn kehittymistä kahden vuoden iästä neljän vuoden ikään sekä melun vaikutusta siihen. Lisäksi arvioidaan tavuärsykkeitä ja poikkeavia ääniä sisältävän monipiirreparadigman soveltuvuutta lapsitutkimuksiin. Tutkimuksissa rekisteröitiin monipiirreparadigman avulla obligatorisia vasteita (P1, N2 ja N4); konsonantin, taajuuden, intensiteetin, vokaalin ja vokaalin keston muutokselle syntyneitä MMN-vasteita sekä novelty P3 -vasteita hiljaisuudessa ja taustamelussa. Tutkimuksen osallistujat olivat vapaaehtoisia tyypillisesti kehittyviä lapsia. Molemmilla tutkimuskerroilla P1, N2, N4 ja MMN poikkesivat merkitsevästi nollatasosta samoin kuin kaksivuotiailta tutkittu novelty P3. Kahden vuoden iästä neljään vuoteen P1- ja N2-vasteiden latenssi lyheni sekä N2, N4 ja MMN vahvistuivat, muutoksen ollessa suurinta frontaalisilla elektrodeilla. Melun aikana P1 heikkeni, N2 vahvistui ja N4-vasteen latenssi lyhentyi. Lisäksi MMN-vaste heikkeni. Melun aiheuttamat muutokset olivat samankaltaisia sekä kahden että neljän vuoden iässä. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta viittä eri tavuärsyketyyppiä ja yllättäviä ääniä sisältävän monipiirreparadigman olevan toimiva menetelmä taaperoiden kuulotiedon käsittelyn tutkimiseen. Kahden ja neljän ikävuoden välillä tapahtuvat muutokset vasteissa kuvastavat kehityksellisiä muutoksia kuulotiedon käsittelyssä. Melu heikentää äänitiedon peruskäsittelyä, edustumien muodostumista ja esitietoista kuuloerottelua. Lapset olivat lähes yhtä alttiita melun vaikutuksille sekä kahden että neljän vuoden iässä. Melu voi siis haitata kielen prosessointia ja sen omaksumista.