<p>Bakgrund: I massmedia har det på senare tid börjat uppmärksammas ett nytt fenomen inom internetbaserad marknadsföring som kallas för viral marknadsföring. Det har dock inte gjorts några studier om vad begreppet egentligen innebär. </p><p>Syfte: Att ge en innebörd åt begreppet viral marknadsföring och att undersöka de faktorer som kan påverka möjligheten att kunna utnyttja viral marknadsföring. </p><p>Avgränsningar: I denna studie har vi avgränsat oss genom att säga att teorierna kring viral marknadsföring endast går att applicera på Internet. I studien behandlas endast konsumentrelaterade produkter. Genomförande: Undersökningen har genomförts via studier av artiklar och litteratur och med en empirisk del som består av enkätundersökning, intervju samt data från ett fallföretag. </p><p>Resultat: Viral marknadsföring handlar om att låta utomstående personer marknadsföra det egna företaget via Internet. Spridning av viral marknadsföring kan ske aktivt eller passivt. I uppsatsen identifieras olika typer av viral marknadsföring beroende på vilken typ av produkt eller tjänst som marknadsförs. Avslutningsvis redovisas en modell som beskriver de faktorer som bör beaktas vid utformandet av en viral marknadsföringsstrategi, detta med avseende på produkten, kunden och marknaden.</p>

Bakgrund: I massmedia har det på senare tid börjat uppmärksammas ett nytt fenomen inom internetbaserad marknadsföring som kallas för viral marknadsföring. Det har dock inte gjorts några studier om vad begreppet egentligen innebär. Syfte: Att ge en innebörd åt begreppet viral marknadsföring och att undersöka de faktorer som kan påverka möjligheten att kunna utnyttja viral marknadsföring. Avgränsningar: I denna studie har vi avgränsat oss genom att säga att teorierna kring viral marknadsföring endast går att applicera på Internet. I studien behandlas endast konsumentrelaterade produkter. Genomförande: Undersökningen har genomförts via studier av artiklar och litteratur och med en empirisk del som består av enkätundersökning, intervju samt data från ett fallföretag. Resultat: Viral marknadsföring handlar om att låta utomstående personer marknadsföra det egna företaget via Internet. Spridning av viral marknadsföring kan ske aktivt eller passivt. I uppsatsen identifieras olika typer av viral marknadsföring beroende på vilken typ av produkt eller tjänst som marknadsförs. Avslutningsvis redovisas en modell som beskriver de faktorer som bör beaktas vid utformandet av en viral marknadsföringsstrategi, detta med avseende på produkten, kunden och marknaden.

I den tillverkande industrin ställer idag kunder krav på korta leveranstider samtidigt som de tillverkande företagen ser tid som en begränsad resurs. Detta innebär att företag tvingas fokusera på att reducera ledtiden och däribland produktionsledtiden. Vid tillverkning av kundanpassade produkter finns inte möjligheten att hålla lager för att snabbt kunna besvara kunders efterfrågan och därför måste dessa företag sträva efter att effektivisera sina processer för att reducera ledtiden. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur ledtiden kan reduceras i ett produktionssystem för kundanpassade produkter. Två frågeställningar har upprättats för att uppfylla syftet: 1. Vilka möjliga orsaker finns till långa ledtider i ett produktionssystem som tillverkar kundanpassade produkter? 2. Hur kan långa ledtider reduceras i ett produktionssystem som tillverkar kundanpassade produkter? För att kunna besvara dessa två frågeställningar har författarna genomfört en fallstudie samt litteraturstudier. I fallstudien har observationer, intervjuer, dokumentstudier samt en följesedel använts för att samla in empiri. Empirin har strukturerats, bl.a. i en värdeflödeskarta, och sedan analyserats mot teori som tagits fram i de litteraturstudier som genomförts. I den analys författarna genomfört har hög nivå av PIA identifierats som huvudorsak till lång ledtid. Vidare har en djupare analys bidragit till att författarna kunnat utröna underliggande orsaker till uppbyggnaden av PIA, fem i fallstudien och fyra i litteraturstudierna. De underliggande orsakerna författarna identifierade både i fallstudien och i litteraturstudierna var varierande materialflöden, pushbaserad materialstyrning, flaskhals och partiformning. Den femte identifierade orsaken i fallstudien var prioriteringsregler. Författarna har sedan tagit fram lösningsalternativ för respektive orsak och därefter diskuterat vilka lösningsalternativ som bäst kunde tillämpas i det studerade produktionssystemet. De lösningsalternativ som valts för att eliminera respektive orsak är omläggning av materialflöden för att minska variationerna, implementering av CONWIP för huvudflödet genom produktionssystemet, eliminering av flaskhals genom att tillämpa ett extra skift för denna maskin, användning av FIFO som prioriteringsregel samt tillämpning av överlappning för batcher av höga kvantiteter. Genom att tillämpa dessa förändringar anser författarna att ledtiden i det studerade produktionssystemet kan reduceras. / In the manufacturing industry today, customers require short lead times at the same time that manufacturing companies consider time as a scarce resource. This means that companies are forced to focus on reducing lead time, including production lead time. When manufacturing customized products there is not possible to keep stock to quickly answer customer demand and therefore, these companies strive to streamline their processes to reduce lead time. The purpose of this study is to examine how the lead time can be reduced in a manufacturing system for customized products. Two issues have been established to answer the purpose of this study: 1. What are the possible reasons for long lead time in a manufacturing system that produces customized products? 2. How can long lead times in a manufacturing system that produces customized products be reduced? In order to answer these two questions, the authors conducted a case study and literature reviews. In the case study observations, interviews, document studies, and a delivery note have been used to collect empirical data. The empirical data have been structured, for example in a value stream map, and then analyzed on theory developed in the conducted literature studies. In the conducted analysis the authors identified a high level of WIP as the main cause of the long lead time. Furthermore, a deeper analysis contributed by the authors have been able to determine the underlying causes for the development of WIP, in the case study five causes were identified and in the literary studies four causes. The underlying causes identified by the authors in the case study as well as in the literature studies were material flow variation, push-based material handling, bottleneck and lot sizing. The fifth identified cause in the case study was priority rules. The authors then developed optional solutions for each cause and then discussed the different solutions that could be applied in the manufacturing system the authors studied. The chosen solution for eliminating each cause is reduce diversion of material flows to reduce variability, implementation of CONWIP for the main flow through the manufacturing system, eliminating the bottleneck by applying an extra shift for this machine, using the FIFO priority rule and the application of overlapping batches of high quantities. By applying these changes, the authors consider that the lead time in the studied manufacturing system can be reduced.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-02-05T23:00:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LiviaDeLourdesDeSousaPinto_DISSERT.pdf: 1563914 bytes, checksum: afff2cde0e6703ffa7b4fae03c2036ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-16T22:03:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LiviaDeLourdesDeSousaPinto_DISSERT.pdf: 1563914 bytes, checksum: afff2cde0e6703ffa7b4fae03c2036ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-16T22:03:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LiviaDeLourdesDeSousaPinto_DISSERT.pdf: 1563914 bytes, checksum: afff2cde0e6703ffa7b4fae03c2036ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Condroitim sulfato (CS) ? um glicosaminoglicano natural presente na matriz extracelular de tecidos conectivos, podendo ser extra?do e purificado desses tecidos. O CS est? envolvido em diversas fun??es biol?gicas, o que pode estar relacionado ? variabilidade estrutural que possui, apesar da simplicidade da cadeia linear dessa mol?cula. Pesquisas na ?rea biotecnol?gica e farmacol?gica com rejeitos provenientes da aquicultura vem sendo desenvolvidas no Brasil. Nas ?ltimas d?cadas, a til?pia (Oreochromis niloticus), peixe nativo da ?frica, tem sido uma das esp?cies mais cultivadas em v?rias regi?es do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. A tilapicultura ? uma atividade economica cujo principal inconveniente ? a grande quantidade de res?duos que s?o descartados pelos produtores. Entende-se que o material descartado pode ser aproveitado em pesquisas como fonte de mol?culas com importante aplica??o biotecnol?gica, o que tamb?m contribui na redu??o de impactos ambientais e favorece o desenvolvimento dessa atividade de maneira ecologicamente correta. Dessa forma, v?sceras de til?pias nil?tica foram submetidas ? prote?lise, em seguida os glicosaminoglicanos foram complexados com resina de troca i?nica (Lewatit), fracionados com volumes crescentes de acetona e purificados atrav?s da cromatografia de troca i?nica DEAE-Sephacel. Na sequ?ncia, a fra??o foi analisada atrav?s de eletroforese em gel de agarose e resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (RMN). O perfil eletrofor?tico do composto, a an?lise dos espectros 1H de RMN e a correla??o do HSQC permitem afirmar que o composto corresponde a uma mol?cula de condroitim sulfato. O ensaio de MTT foi utilizado para avalia??o da viabilidade celular na presen?a do CS isolado de til?pia e mostrou que o composto n?o ? citot?xico a c?lulas normais provenientes do fibroblasto de embri?o de camundongos (3T3). Ent?o, o composto foi testado quanto a capacidade de reduzir o influxo de leuc?citos em modelo de peritonite aguda (in vivo) induzida por tioglicolato de s?dio. Nesse contexto, foi realizada a contagem total e diferencial de leuc?citos do sangue e l?quido peritoneal coletadas, respectivamente, da veia cava e do lavado peritoneal de cada animal submetido ao experimento. O condroitim sulfato, pela primeira vez isolado de til?pia (CST ), foi capaz de reduzir a migra??o de leuc?citos ? cavidade peritoneal de camundongos inflamados em at? 80,4% na dose de 10?g/kg. Os resultados mostram ainda que houve redu??o significativa (p<0,001) da popula??o de polimorfonucleares do lavado peritoneal nas tr?s doses testadas (0,1?g/kg; 1?g/kg e 10?g/kg) quando comparado ao controle positivo (apenas tioglicolato). Portanto, uma vez que a estrutura e o mecanismo de a??o do CST tenham sido totalmente elucidados, esse composto pode apresentar potencial para uso terap?utico em doen?as inflamat?rias. / Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a naturally glycosaminoglycan found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues and it may be extracted and purified those tissues. CS is involved in various biological functions, which may be related to the having structural variability, despite the simplicity of the linear chain structure from this molecule. Researches in biotechnology and pharmaceutical field with wastes from aquaculture has been developed in Brazil. In recent decades, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), native fish from Africa, has been one of the most cultivated species in various regions of the world, including Brazil. The tilapia farming is a cost-effective activity, however, it generates large amount of wastes that are discarded by producers. It is understood that waste from tilapia can be used in research as a source of molecules with important biotechnological applications, which also helps in reducing environmental impacts and promote the development of an ecofriendly activity. Thus, nile tilapia viscera were subjected to proteolysis, then the glycosaminoglycans were complexed with ion exchange resin (Lewatit), it was fractionated with increasing volumes of acetone and purified by ion exchange chromatography DEAE-Sephacel. Further, the fraction was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The electrophoretic profile of the compound together the analysis of 1H NMR spectra and the HSQC correlation allow to affirm that the compound corresponds to a molecule like chondroitin sulfate. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability in the presence of CS tilapia isolated and showed that the compound is not cytotoxic to normal cells such as cells from the mouse embryo fibroblast (3T3). Then, this compound was tested for the ability to reduce the influx of leukocytes in model of acute peritonitis (in vivo) induced by sodium thioglycolate. In this context, it was done total and differential leukocytes counting in the blood and peritoneal fluid collected respectively from vena cava and the peritoneal cavity of the animals subjected to the experiment. The chondroitin sulfate for the first time isolated from tilapia (CST ) was able to reduce the migration of leukocytes to the peritoneal cavity of inflamed mice until 80.4 per cent at a dose 10?g/kg. The results also show that there was a significant reduction (p<0.001) of the population of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from peritoneal cavity in the three tested doses (0.1?g/kg; 1?g/kg and 10?g/kg) when it was compared to the positive control (just thioglycolate). Therefore, since the CST structure and mechanism of action has been completely elucidated, this compound may have potential for therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-17T14:02:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Gabriela Nunes Mattos.pdf: 1178206 bytes, checksum: 6807a11fca850794a1c7f5b18bbed4c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-17T14:02:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Gabriela Nunes Mattos.pdf: 1178206 bytes, checksum: 6807a11fca850794a1c7f5b18bbed4c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / During vinification process a large volume of waste is generated, being the grape pomace, the main by-product. Due to its composition, rich in phenolic compounds and other nutrients, grape pomace can be considered as a low cost source of inputs, for example, in obtaining additives for the reduction of microbial contamination and lipid oxidation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of using an extract of grape pomace from the vinification of Alicante bouschet grapes on the microbiological quality and the oxidative stability of tilapia sausages stored under refrigeration for 60 days. The powder of the extract of the grape pomace was obtained by hydroethanolic extraction and subsequent spray drying. The liquid and powder extracts were analyzed for the content of phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins and monomeric and antioxidant capacity by ABTS and ORAC methods. The sausage was produced using as raw material fillet and mechanically separated meat (CMS) of tilapia. Five sausage formulations were tested: Control (without antioxidant), Positive control (addition of synthetic antioxidant), T1% (addition of 1% of powdered extract), T0.5% (addition of 0.5% powdered extract) And T0.5% SC (addition of 0.5% powdered extract and curing salt). Tilapia sausages were analyzed for their centesimal composition, amino acid and fatty acids concentrations and lipid oxidation. The microbiological quality of the sausages was evaluated for 60 days. The bagasse extracts showed a high concentration of anthocyanins, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, and after microencapsulation, the powders also showed adequate anthocyanin retention. Sausages formulated with powdered grape pomace extract presented the moisture content as recommended by Brazilian legislation, high ash and protein content, low lipid concentration, presence of essential amino acids, and it was rich in monounsaturated fatty acids. Sausages can be considered a nutritional food, as their ratio of saturated / polyunsaturated fatty acids was high. It was not verified the occurrence of lipid oxidation in all the samples along the storage, which was justified by the low concentration of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid content. The grape pomace extract, the BHT and the curing salt promoted the maintenance of the microbiological quality of the sausages throughout the useful life. The acceptance test was carried out with 77 tasters and showed that the control, positive control, T1% and T0.5% SC sausages were accepted, unlike the T0.5% formulation. Considering the results obtained, the grape pomace extract showed to be a natural antioxidant potential to be used by the food industry as an additive. / No processo de vinifica??o ? gerado um grande volume de res?duo, sendo o baga?o de uva, o principal coproduto. Devido ? sua composi??o rica em compostos fen?licos e outros nutrientes, o baga?o de uva pode ser transformado em uma fonte de insumos de baixo custo, por exemplo, na obten??o de aditivos para a redu??o da contamina??o microbiana e oxida??o lip?dica. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplica??o do extrato de baga?o de uva Alicante bouschet em p?, oriundo de vinifica??o de uvas tintas, na qualidade microbiol?gica e na estabilidade oxidativa de salsichas de til?pia armazenadas sob refrigera??o durante 60 dias. O extrato do baga?o de uva em p? foi obtido por extra??o hidroetan?lica e subsequente secagem por spray drying. Os extratos do baga?o de uva l?quido e em p? foram analisados quanto ao teor de compostos fen?licos, antocianinas totais e monom?ricas e capacidade antioxidante por ABTS e ORAC. A salsicha foi produzida usando como mat?ria-prima o fil? e a carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de til?pia. Foram testadas cinco formula??es de salsicha: Controle (sem antioxidante), Controle positivo (adi??o de antioxidante sint?tico), T1% (adi??o de 1% de extrato em p?), T0,5% (adi??o de 0,5% de extrato em p?) e T0,5%SC (adi??o de 0,5% de extrato em p? e sal de cura). As salsichas de til?pia foram analisadas quanto ? sua composi??o centesimal, conte?do de amino?cidos, ?cidos graxos e oxida??o lip?dica. A qualidade microbiol?gica das salsichas foi avaliada por 60 dias. Os extratos do baga?o apresentaram elevada concentra??o de antocianinas, compostos fen?licos e capacidade antioxidante, e ap?s a microencapsula??o, os p?s tamb?m mostraram reten??o de antocianinas adequada. As salsichas formuladas com extrato de baga?o de uva em p? apresentaram teor de umidade conforme preconizado pela legisla??o brasileira, alta concentra??o de cinzas, baixo conte?do lip?dico e alto teor proteico, presen?a de amino?cidos essenciais, al?m de serem ricas em ?cidos graxos monoinsaturados. As salsichas podem ser consideradas de boa qualidade nutricional, uma vez que sua rela??o ?cidos graxos polinsaturados: saturados foi elevada, al?m do baixo teor de lip?dios encontrado. N?o foi verificada a ocorr?ncia de oxida??o lip?dica em todas as amostras ao longo do armazenamento, o que foi justificado pela baixa concentra??o dos ?cidos graxos polinsaturados e teor lip?dico. O extrato de baga?o de uva, o BHT e o sal de cura promoveram a manuten??o da qualidade microbiol?gica das salsichas ao longo da vida ?til. O teste de aceita??o, realizado com 77 provadores, mostrou que as salsichas controle, controle positivo, T1% e T0,5%SC foram aceitas, ao contr?rio da formula??o T0,5%. Considerando os resultados obtidos, o extrato de baga?o de uva mostrou-se um potencial antioxidante natural a ser utilizado pela ind?stria aliment?cia como aditivo.

More and more Swedish municipalities are adopting approaches that target ‘vulnerable EU citizens’ and the ‘passive collection of money’. This thesis analyses begging permits, bans, and other approaches, motivated by the positions supported in Eskilstuna, Katrineholm and Norrköping. The approaches analysed are irrespective of the municipalitiesthat implemented them. This thesis follows a ‘problem’ questioning approach, taking into consideration the context and the system under which the ‘problems’ are constructed and aims to find the implicit and explicit aims of the various approaches.

Den här rapporten dokumenterar ett examensarbete för högskoleingenjörsprogrammet iinnovationsteknik och design. Kursen omfattar 22,5 högskolepoäng och utförs vårterminen2019 vid Karlstads universitet. Projektet har genomförts i samarbete med RZ Zampart AB. De befintliga processerna i RZ Zamparts produktion har setts över och det finns möjligheter förförbättringar. Uppdragstagarens syfte med projektet är att effektivisera en rengöringsprocessi produktionslinan. I den befintliga rengöringsprocessen används en alkalisk lösning som ärnödvändig för att få detaljerna tillräckligt rena för vidare bearbetning. I dagsläget rengörsaluminiumdetaljerna på ett konventionellt sätt som innebär lagerhållning för att nyttja denbefintliga tvättanläggningen maximalt. Den konventionella metoden leder till ökat antalprodukter i arbete som innebär bundet kapital och användade av värdefull golvyta. Målet var attta fram en lösning som ersätter den första rengöringen i processledet som ska bidra med lägregenomloppstid, minskat bundet kapital i lagrade detaljer och minskad användning av golvyta.Projektet har tillämpat designprocessen med en projektmodell som innehåller faserna, förarbete,förstudie, kravspecifikation, konceptgenerering, konceptval och en layoutkonstruktion. Kreativaoch systematiska metoder som trädteknik, morfologisk analys, modeller och konstruktionsteknikhar använts. Resultatet är en kompakt konstruktion som använder varmvattenånga som tvättmedie iställetför alkaliska lösningar och tvättas direkt efter svarvningen. Konstruktionen skapar bättreförutsättningar för en effektivare produktion där genomloppstiden minskar, mindre arbetskraftoch mindre produkter i arbete. / This report documents a bachelor thesis in the course engineering program in innovationtechnology and design. The course comprises 22.5 credits and is conducted in the spring term2019 at Karlstad University. The project has been carried out in collaboration with RZ ZampartAB The existing processes in RZ Zampart's production have been reviewed and there areopportunities for improvement. The contractor's purpose with the project is to streamline one ofthe cleaning processes in a production line. In the existing cleaning process, an alkaline solutionis used which is necessary to get the details sufficiently clean for further processing. At present,the aluminum parts are cleaned in a conventional manner, which means storing the parts inorder to make maximum use of the existing washing plant. The conventional method leads toan increased number of products in work that involve tied capital and used by valuable floorspace. The aim was to develop a solution that replaces the first cleaning in the process stage,which leads to lower throughput time, reduced tied capital in stored parts and reduced use offloor space.The project has applied the design process with a project model that includes the phasespreparatory work, feasibility study, requirement specification, concept generation, conceptselection and a layout design. Creative and systematic methods such as tree technology,morphological analysis, models and structural engineering have been used. The result is a compact design that uses steam as a washing medium instead of alkaline solutionsand the parts are washed immediately after the turning operation. The construction createsbetter conditions for a more efficient production where the throughput time decreases, less laborand smaller products in work.

Les matériaux nanométriques ont fait l'objet d'un intérêt de recherche important car ils présentent de nouvelles propriétés physiques et chimiques par rapport aux échantillons massifs. En ce qui concerne les nanomatériaux, l'effet de taille et l'énergie de surface sont généralement invoqués, même si les concepts sous-jacents ne sont pas clairs. Dans cette thèse, la question principale à laquelle nous voulons répondre est : quels sont les principaux paramètres qui régissent la stabilité structurelle du SnO2 à l’échelle nanométrique sous haute pression comparé aux échantillons de SnO2 massifs ? La combinaison de la haute pression et de la taille des particules est particulièrement importante pour comprendre la structure de ces nanoparticules et l'effet des défauts et de l'énergie de surface sur leur stabilité de phase, car, en gardant la taille des particules constante, l'augmentation de la pression permettra l'exploration les paysages énergétiques du système. De plus, la pression et la taille sont deux paramètres qui peuvent être utilisés conjointement pour stabiliser les nouvelles phases. L'intérêt de l'étude des nanoparticules sous haute pression est au moins double : (i) acquérir une compréhension fondamentale de la thermodynamique lorsque l'énergie interfaciale devient de la même ampleur que l'énergie interne (ii) pour stabiliser de nouvelles structures potentiellement potentielles intérêt en tant que matériaux fonctionnels. Dans ce travail, nous avons utilisé la spectroscopie Raman comme principale méthode de caractérisation. Pour les échantillons de SnO2 massif, nous avons utilisé la théorie de la percolation pour expliquer la désordre « partiel » du sous-réseau oxygène qui apparaît lorsque la pression augmente, ce qu’on appelle désordre « partiel » induite par la pression. Et, en étudiant les nanoparticules de SnO2, nous avons utilisé des simulations ab initio pour expliquer l'apparition de ce type de désordre, cet à dire, le désordre du sous-réseau anionique lorsque la pression augmente. De cette façon, nous proposons d'obtenir une compréhension fondamentale du SnO2 massif et nanométrique, sous pression / Nanosized materials have been the focus of an extensive interest research as they present new physical and chemical properties in comparison to their bulk equivalent. When dealing with nanomaterials, the size effect and the surface energy are generally invoked, even though the underlying concepts are not clear. In this thesis, the main question that we want to answer is: what are the main parameters which govern the structural stability at the SnO2 nanometric under high pressure in comparison to its bulk counterpart? The combination of high pressure and particle size is particularly important in order to understand the nanoparticle structure, and the effect of the defects and of the surface energy on phase stability. By maintaining the size of the particle constant, the pressure will allow the energy landscapes of the system to be explored. In addition, pressure and size are two parameters that can be used conjointly in order to stabilize new phases. So, the interest of studying nanoparticles under the high-pressure is at least two-fold: (i) to gain a fundamental understanding of thermodynamics when the interfacial energy reaches the same magnitude as the internal energy (ii) to stabilize new structures that may have potential interest as functional materials. In this work, we used Raman spectroscopy as the main characterization method. In the study of SnO2 bulk samples, we used percolation to explain the “partial” disorder of the oxygen sublattice which appears in the powders when the pressure increases; and for studying SnO2 nanoparticles, we used ab initio simulations to explain the appearance of this kind of disorder, i.e. the anionic sublattice disorder in SnO2 nanoparticle samples. In this way, we propose to obtain a fundamental understanding of SnO2 bulk and nanoparticles under pressure

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-19T16:40:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_InstituicaoPiaNossa.pdf: 4284659 bytes, checksum: b25f50ddb4327a49bc8fbb9e424ebb35 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-19T16:40:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_InstituicaoPiaNossa.pdf: 4284659 bytes, checksum: b25f50ddb4327a49bc8fbb9e424ebb35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T16:40:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_InstituicaoPiaNossa.pdf: 4284659 bytes, checksum: b25f50ddb4327a49bc8fbb9e424ebb35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar e analisar a relevância assistencial, filantrópica e educativa da Instituição Pia Nossa Senhora das Graças no atendimento às crianças pobres, órfãs e abandonadas em Belém. Para tal pretende-se: 1) Identificar e analisar a finalidade política, educacional e religiosa da IPNSG; 2) Destacar as práticas educativas e de assistência voltadas ao atendimento à infância pobre; 3) Relacionar quais as ações de parceria a IPNSG realizou para se manter ativa na assistência e educação de crianças; 4) Caracterizar o perfil das crianças atendidas na IPNSG; O estudo localiza-se no campo da história das instituições educativas, onde será analisado pelo viés da História Cultural de Roger Chartier, que vê as relações sociais por meio das Práticas e Representações. A pesquisa é documental, utilizou-se como fontes históricas os Recortes de Jornais, Atas da Instituição, Balancetes, Estatutos, Relatórios, Fichas de Admissão das Crianças, Fotografias e Testamento de Ilda Martins, que tratavam sobre a Instituição. Após mapear o teor dos assuntos tratados nos documentos, elegeram-se as seguintes categorias de análise para esse estudo: Instituição, Infância, Assistência, Educação e Internato. A origem da IPNSG se dá com a criação da Associação da Juventude Antoniana (1943 a 1949), ligada a Ordem dos Frades Menores Capuchinhos e transforma-se em instituição no ano de 1950. A instituição promoveu muitas campanhas religiosas e tentativas de angariar recursos para a construção da Casa da Criança Pobre em Belém. Constatou-se que a partir de 1959 ocorre o atendimento de crianças em regime de internato e concluem-se as obras do prédio em 1961. Inicialmente a instituição atendia meninos e meninas de diversas idades, ofertava-se educação primária, ensinamentos religiosos cristãos, amparo material e educação doméstica somente para as meninas. Identificamos que a Instituição para se manter viva teve como principais convênios as parcerias com Secretaria de Educação, LBA, FBESP, FUNABEM, FUNPAPA, políticos e empresários. A partir de 1967 o atendimento em regime de internato é destinado somente às meninas e externato a ambos os sexos, ofertava-se o ensino primário, educação doméstica, amparo espiritual e material. A instituição surgiu em um período crítico em Belém, onde a saúde pública era precária e a pobreza era condição social recorrente entre as famílias belenenses. Assim, entre muitas famílias o internato era a solução para que as crianças pobres recebessem proteção e educação. A Instituição Pia Nossa Senhora das Graças baseada na doutrina cristã amparou, educou e protegeu crianças do abandono, da orfandade e da pobreza. / This research aims to identify and analyze the relevance assistance, philanthropic and educational of the Instituição Pia Nossa Senhora das Graças in attendance poor children, orphans and abandoned in Belém. For this is intended to: 1). Identify and analyze the purpose political, educational and the religious IPNSG; 2) Highlight the educational practices and assistance for the attendance poor childhood; 3) Relate the partnership actions that the institution held to remain active in the assistance and education of children’s.; 4) Characterize the profile of children seen in IPNSG; The study is located in the field of history of the educational institution, it will be reviewed by the bias of Cultural History of Roger Chartier, who sees social relations through practices and representations. The research is documentary, was used as historical sources clippings newspapers, minutes of the institution, balance sheets, statutes, reports, children admission sheets, photos and testament of Ilda Martins, who treated on the institution. After mapping the content of the matters discussed in the documents, the following categories of analysis for this study were elected: Institution, Childhood, Assistance, Education and boarding school. The origin of IPNSG happens with the creation of Antoniana Youth Association (1943-1949), linked to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins and becomes institution in 1950. The institution promoted many religious campaigns and attempted to raise funds for the construction of the poor child's home in Belém. It was found that from as 1959 start attendance of children in boarding school and finished the construction of the building in 1961. Initially the institution assisted boys and girls of different ages, gave primary education, Christian religious teachings, shelter materials and household education only for girls. We found that the institution remained active partnerships with Department of Education, LBA, FBESP, FUNABEM, FUNPAPA, politicians and businessmen. From 1967 onwards, the service in boarding is meant only to girls and day school for both sexes, was offered primary education, household education, spiritual support and material. The institution came at a critical time in Belem, where public health was precarious and poverty was recurrent social condition among resident families in the city Belém. Like this, the boarding school for many families was the solution to that poor children receive protection and education The Instituição Pia Nossa Senhora das Graças based on Christian doctrine, worked for educate and protect children of the abandonment, orphanhood and poverty.

Detta examensarbetet har utförts vid Scania AB i Södertälje. Syftet var att genom en fallstudie undersöka möjligheter till ökad produktivitet och minskade slöserier genom införandet av en ny verkstadslayout. Examensarbetet baseras dels på en litteraturstudie där ett antal leanprinciper, olika sorters produktionssystem och layoutarbete behandlas samt en empirisk studie på Scania AB. Fallstudien var uppdelad i tre faser:  Kartläggning av nuläget  Layoututformning  Analys av den föreslagna layouten Till kartläggning av nuläget utfördes en datainsamling. Datainsamlingen bestod av både tillhandahållen sekundärdata från fallföretaget samt primärdata från egna mätningar, observationer och intervjuer för öka arbetets trovärdighet. Utifrån datainsamlingen gjordes en analys av nuläget där problemområden identifierades och dokumenterades. Analysen visade främst att Scania AB hade problem med långa ledtider och svårigheter att hålla FIFO på grund av höga PIA-nivåer. En stor anledning till de höga PIA-nivåerna gällde en organisatorisk uppdelning av produktionen i två delar med en stor mellanbuffert mellan de båda delarna. De identifierade problemområdena, cykeltider samt prognos för framtida behov användes sedan som inputparametrar vid layoutarbetet som följde Muthers (1961) metod Systematisk Layoutplanering (SLP) . Slutresultatet blev ett layoutförslag som ökade produktiviteten med ca 37% och minskade mängden slöserier på flera plan. Bland annat uppskattades ledtiden kunna sänkas från cirka 5.4 dagar till cirka 1.5 dagar och mellanbufferten helt byggas bort. / This thesis has been carried out at as a single case study at Scania AB in Södertälje, Sweden. The purpose of the study was to examine possibilities to increase the productivity and eliminate waste through the implementation of a new workshop layout at Scania’s crankhaft production. The thesis was based on a literature study where different lean principles, production systems and layout shaping were covered as well as an empirical study at Scania AB. The case study was divided into four phases:  Mapping of present state  Layout shaping  Analysis of the proposed layout A data collection was carried out before mapping the current state. The data collection consisted of both given secondary data from the case company and the primary data from own measurements, observations and interviews in order to gain credibility to the study. With the collected data an analysis of the current state was done where problem areas were identified and documented. The analysis mainly showed that Scania AB had problems with long lead times and difficulties to maintain FIFO due to high WIP-levels. A significant reason to the high WIP-levels was the result of a big inventory between the two organisational departments in the workshop. The identified problem areas, cycle times and future sale forecasts were then used as input parameters to develop a new layout using Muther’s (1968) method Systematic Layout Planning (SLP). The final result rendered in a new layout proposal which increased the productivity with 37% and eliminated waste in different areas. The lead time was estimated to decrease from the initial 5,4 days to 1,5 days with a significant decrease in the inventory mentioned above.