Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nosso estudo, QUE FIZERAM ELLAS? As Filhas de Maria e a Boa Imprensa no Recife, 1902-1922, teve por objetivo analisar a participação das jovens associadas da Pia União das Filhas de Maria, na imprensa católica, durante as duas primeiras décadas do século XX, no Recife. A atuação das Filhas de Maria interessa às Ciências da Religião, pelo fato de que suas associadas ao mesmo tempo em que defendiam e propagavam estruturas conservadoras de origem religiosa, como a moral, os bons costumes e a vida no lar, também se destacaram por exercerem atividades leigas e modernas, como uma forte participação na imprensa católica. Nesta análise estabelecemos a relação entre o particular (a associação) e o geral (a sociedade). Assim, analisamos documentos específicos da Pia União das Filhas de Maria, bem como documentos referentes a sociedade como um todo. Como referencial teórico, adotamos o conceito de habitus, proposto por Pierre Bourdieu; e a ideia de disciplina, sugerida por Michel Foucault. Isso nos permitiu uma melhor compreensão das estruturas da Pia União, e da atuação de suas sócias na imprensa. Ao final deste trabalho, chegamos a conclusão de que a presença das Filhas de Maria no campo da imprensa foi uma conquista destas jovens devido aos exemplos de vida e devoção das mesmas, bem como de seus esforços na propagação da boa imprensa neste período / Our study, WHAT ARE THEY DOING? The Daughters of Mary and the Good Press in Recife, 1902-1922, analyzes the participation of the young members of the Pious Union of the Daughters of Mary, in the catholic press during the two first decades of the Twenty- First Century in Recife. The activity of the Daughters of Mary interests the Sciences of Religion because while defending and propagating conservative religious structures as well as good customs and family life, they were also engaged in modern activities in the participation in the catholic press. In this analysis we establish the relation between the part (an association) and the whole (society). Using the idea of habitus of Pierre Bourdieu and the concept of discipline from Michel Foucault, we analyze specific documents of the Pious Union of the Daughters of May as well as those referring to society at large. This gives us a better comprehension of the structures of the Pious Union and the activity of their members in the press. In conclusion, we show that the presence of the Daughters of Mary in the press was a victory for them due to examples of their life and devotion as well as their efforts in the propagation the good press in this period

Submitted by MARCELLA TRAMONTE null (marcellatramonte@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-28T19:13:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação mestrado Marcella Tramonte 2017.pdf: 8390784 bytes, checksum: f9d1c505ad36f02dcb97657b5d8d6776 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-29T17:39:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tramonte_m_me_ia.pdf: 8390784 bytes, checksum: f9d1c505ad36f02dcb97657b5d8d6776 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T17:39:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tramonte_m_me_ia.pdf: 8390784 bytes, checksum: f9d1c505ad36f02dcb97657b5d8d6776 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho tem como foco o Coro Santa Cecília, coro feminino pertencente à associação católica Pia União das Filhas de Maria na cidade de São João da Boa Vista, na primeira metade do século XX. O grupo vocal, “moderno” para sua época, chegou a obter considerável projeção regional e desempenhou importante papel na transmissão de conhecimento na cidade e contexto em questão. Visto que os estudos direcionadas à educação feminina e à participação de mulheres na educação musical ainda se encontra em processo de crescimento, se comparado aos demais estudos sobre história da música e educação musical em geral, este trabalho propõe um estudo da função socioeducacional do Coro Santa Cecília associado à Pia União das Filhas de Maria a partir de fontes documentais primárias presentes no Acervo do Museu de Arte Sacra da Diocese de São João da Boa Vista – partituras, atas de reunião, listas de chamada, cartas, artesanato, fotografias, entre outros - e entrevistas realizadas com ex-integrantes do coro e da associação que o abrigava. Assim, a partir da análise desses documentos buscou-se investigar uma possível contribuição dessas mulheres para a formação de uma elite intelectual na cidade de São João da Boa Vista, e que perdura até os dias atuais. / This work focuses on the Santa Cecilia Choir, a female choir belonging to the Catholic Association Pia União das Filhas de Maria in the city of São João da Boa Vista, in the first half of the twentieth century. The vocal group, "modern" for its time, came to obtain considerable regional projection and played an important role in the transmission of knowledge in the city and context referred. Since studies on female education and on the participation of women in music education are still in the process of growth, if compared to other studies on the history of music and music education in general, this work proposes a study of the social and educational function of the Santa Cecilia Choir associated with Pia União das Filhas de Maria, from primary documentary sources present in the collection of the Museu de Arte Sacra da Diocese de São João da Boa Vista – music sheets, meeting minutes, attendance lists, letters, craft items, among others - and interviews with former members of the choir and the association which sheltered it. Thus, the analysis of these documents sought to investigate a possible contribution of these women to the formation of an intellectual elite in the city of São João da Boa Vista, which continues to this present day.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PabloLRCS_DISSERT.pdf: 1228218 bytes, checksum: b276b915fd466efaf9aba5529ad6c0f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is an important omnivorous fish in the reservoirs of the semi-arid region of Brazil. Throughout its growth tilapia s feeding behavior changes from a visual predator of zooplankton to a filter-feeder, collecting suspended particulate matter, including planktonic organisms, through pumping. This feature results in different impacts of tilapia on plankton community as the fish grows. Aiming to quantify the functional response of different sizes of Nile tilapia on zooplankton experiments in microcosms scale in the laboratory and in mesocosm scale in the field were carried out. The data were fitted to four different models of functional response. The best fits were obtained for nonlinear models in laboratory experiments. While the experiments in mesocosms were the best settings for responses of type I (juvenile and adult tilapia) and type III (fry). The Manly's alpha index was used to evaluate the feeding selectivity of tilapia on the three main groups of the zooplankton in the experiments in mesocosms. The results show that: (i) rotifers were the preferred prey of fingerlings,(ii) copepods were rejected by fry and juvenile tilapia and (iii) adult fish fed non-selectively on copepods, cladocerans and rotifers. The functional response models obtained in this research can be applied to population models and help in modeling the dynamics of interactions between Nile tilapia and the planktonic communities in the reservoirs of the semi-arid / A til?pia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, ? um peixe on?voro importante nos a?udes do semi-?rido nordestino. No decorrer de seu crescimento este peixe passa de um predador visual do zoopl?ncton para um organismo filtrador, coletando part?culas em suspens?o, incluindo organismos planct?nicos, atrav?s de suc??o. Esta caracter?stica resulta em impactos distintos da til?pia sobre a comunidade planct?nica ? medida que o peixe se desenvolve. Com o objetivo de quantificar a resposta funcional de diferentes tamanhos de til?pia do Nilo sobre organismos zooplanct?nicos foram realizados experimentos de resposta funcional em escala de microcosmos em laborat?rio e em escala de mesocosmos no campo. Os dados obtidos foram ajustados a quatro diferentes modelos de resposta funcional. Os melhores ajustes foram obtidos para modelos n?o lineares nos experimentos em laborat?rio. Enquanto nos experimentos em mesocosmos os melhores ajustes foram para respostas do tipo I (til?pias juvenis e adultas) e do tipo III (alevinos). O ?ndice alfa de Manly foi usado para verificar a seletividade alimentar da til?pia sobre os tr?s principais grupos do zoopl?ncton nos experimentos em mesocosmos. Os resultados sugerem que:(i) alevinos apresentam prefer?ncia por rot?feros,(ii) cop?podes s?o rejeitados por alevinos e juvenis e (iii) peixes adultos se alimentaram de forma n?o seletiva de cop?podes, clad?ceros e rot?feros. Os modelos de resposta funcional obtidos nesta pesquisa poder?o ser aplicados a modelos populacionais e ajudar na modelagem das din?micas das intera??es entre a til?pia do Nilo e as comunidades planct?nicas nos a?udes do semi-?rido nordestino

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:55:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JandesonBD.pdf: 265292 bytes, checksum: d4fbc7a92d52b2fadd6a1f5960d4fb57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The stocking of exotic fish, especially the tilapia, has become a common practice in the public reservoirs of the Brazilian semi-arid region. The stocking of tilapias has had as its main aim the improvement of the fisheries in the reservoirs and consequently the improvement of the socio-economic conditions of the families that have fishing as the main source of income. However, the environmental risks associated with this practice are high and can lead to a loss in aquatic biodiversity and to changes in the quality of the water. The object of this work was to quantify the socio-economic and environmental effects of the introduction of the Nile tilapia in the public reservoirs of the semi-arid northeastern Brazil. The analysis of the fish yield of 100 public reservoirs from 1970 to 2000 demonstrated that the introduction of the Nile tilapia apparently contributed to an increase in the total fish yield from the late 1970 s until the mid-1980 s. Nevertheless, from that time onwards the fish yield in these reservoirs has fallen into decline to levels inferior to those observed prior to the introduction of the til?pia. The analysis of the fishing activity statistics of the Gargalheiras reservoir located in the city of Acari, Rio Grande do Norte, demonstrated that the introduction of the Nile tilapia in the reservoir has not significantly increased the fish yield, the gross overall income, the gross per capita income nor the number of fishermen actively fishing in the reservoir. On the other hand, the analysis of the fishing activity statistics of the Gargalheiras reservoir has revealed a significant reduction in the captures of other commercially important fish species after the introduction of the tilapia. This result suggests that the Nile tilapia could have negatively affected other species of fish in the reservoir, contributing to the decline in their stocks. In order to assess the perception of the fishermen concerning the effects of the Nile tilapia over other species of fish and the quality of the water, questionnaires containing open and multiple choice questions were applied with 30 fishermen from the colony of the Gargalheiras reservoir. The great majority of the local fishermen stated that the tilapia is currently the most important species of fish to those who depend on fishing as a source of income and that they have not caused damage to other species of fish nor to the quality of the water in the reservoir. However, the results of the present work indicate that the alleged socio-economic benefits, employed to justify the introduction of the Nile tilapia in the reservoirs, are overestimated while the environmental impacts of the introduction of this exotic species are underestimated / A estocagem de peixes ex?ticos, principalmente de til?pias tem sido uma pr?tica comum nos a?udes p?blicos da regi?o semi-?rida brasileira para melhoria da pesca. Por?m os riscos ambientais associados a esta pr?tica podem levar a perda da biodiversidade aqu?tica e deterioriza??o da qualidade da ?gua, colocando em conflito a atividade da pesca de til?pias com o uso dos a?udes para fins de abastecimento p?blico. Com isso, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: verificar os efeitos da til?pia do Nilo sobre a qualidade da ?gua (turbidez, transpar?ncia, biomassa algal e de cianobact?rias potencialmente t?xicas), avaliar a produ??o pesqueira total de 100 reservat?rios monitorados pelo DNOCS, com ?nfase especial no papel desempenhado pela til?pia, analisar os benef?cios s?cio-econ?micos advindos da introdu??o da til?pia no a?ude Gargalheiras, verificar os impactos da til?pia sobre as demais esp?cies de peixes e verificar a percep??o dos pescadores com rela??o aos estoques pesqueiros e ? qualidade da ?gua ap?s a introdu??o da til?pia. Para avaliar o efeito da til?pia sobre a transpar?ncia da ?gua foi realizado um experimento no a?ude da Esta??o Ecol?gica do Serid? entre junho e julho de 2004 em 20 mesocosmos distribu?dos aleatoriamente entre cinco tratamentos com diferentes densidades de til?pia. Os dados de produ??o pesqueira e n?mero de pescadores numa escala de tempo de 30 anos foram estimados a partir das estat?sticas de pesca do DNOCS. Tamb?m foram aplicados question?rios com quest?es abertas e fechadas a 30 pescadores experientes da col?nia do a?ude Gargalheiras. Os resultados mostraram que os mesocosmos com til?pia apresentaram maior turbidez e menor transpar?ncia da ?gua os quais devem aumentar os custos para o seu tratamento. Os resultados mostraram que n?o houve aumento da produ??o pesqueira total, da renda bruta total e per capita e no n?mero de pescadores ap?s a introdu??o da til?pia no a?ude Gargalheiras. Al?m disso, ocorreu uma redu??o nas capturas de esp?cies nativas e da pescada, que era a esp?cie comercialmente mais importante e mais abundante antes da introdu??o da til?pia. Mesmo assim, a grande maioria dos pescadores locais afirmou que a til?pia ? atualmente a principal esp?cie para quem sobrevive da pesca e que a mesma n?o prejudicou outras esp?cies de peixes nem a qualidade da ?gua no a?ude. Por?m, os resultados deste trabalho indicam que os alegados benef?cios s?cio-econ?micos, utilizados para justificar as pol?ticas de peixamento dos a?udes com a til?pia do Nilo, s?o superestimados enquanto que os impactos ambientais da introdu??o desta esp?cie ex?tica s?o subestimados

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A presente pesquisa analisa a Pia UniÃo das Filhas de Maria, irmandade leigo-religiosa de mulheres solteiras catÃlicas em Limoeiro, Cearà (1915 â 1945). Visando formar modelos femininos de conduta moral, essa irmandade era lugar de disciplina, norma e distinÃÃo social. O estudo examina as prÃticas de leitura das associadas Pia UniÃo, articulando dimensÃes devocional, exemplar, instrutiva, educativa, moralizadora e de entretenimento. Tais prÃticas sÃo prescritas centralmente no periodismo catÃlico, classificando e distinguindo as leituras entre edificantes e perniciosas. A linguagem do cinema tambÃm à abordada no estudo. A Biblioteca da Pia UniÃo participa desta pesquisa, formando um corpus documental que inclui desde as obras piedosas e exemplares aos romances. A pesquisa aborda ainda a atuaÃÃo das Filhas de Maria no campo pedagÃgico como professoras e no proselitismo catÃlico como catequistas. / The present research analyzes the Pious Union the Daughters of Mary, religious brotherhood of single women catholics in Limoeiro, Ceara (1915 - 1945). Aiming to form feminine models of moral behavior, this brotherhood was place of disciplines, norm and social distinction. The study examines practical of reading of the associates Pious Union, articulating dimensions: devotional, exemplary, informative, educational, entertainment and moralizing. Such practices are centrally prescribed in Catholic journalism, classifying and distinguishing between the good and the bad readings. The language of cinema is also broached in the study. The Library of the Pious Union participates of this research, forming a documentary corpus that includes pious and exemplary books and novels. The research still considers the performance of the Daughters of Mary in the educational field as teachers and as catechists in the Catholic proselytism.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_walter_amaral.pdf: 1913264 bytes, checksum: 1ac81db86196d5fe94869c05a2816ede (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Our study, WHAT ARE THEY DOING? The Daughters of Mary and the Good Press in Recife, 1902-1922, analyzes the participation of the young members of the Pious Union of the Daughters of Mary, in the catholic press during the two first decades of the Twenty- First Century in Recife. The activity of the Daughters of Mary interests the Sciences of Religion because while defending and propagating conservative religious structures as well as good customs and family life, they were also engaged in modern activities in the participation in the catholic press. In this analysis we establish the relation between the part (an association) and the whole (society). Using the idea of habitus of Pierre Bourdieu and the concept of discipline from Michel Foucault, we analyze specific documents of the Pious Union of the Daughters of May as well as those referring to society at large. This gives us a better comprehension of the structures of the Pious Union and the activity of their members in the press. In conclusion, we show that the presence of the Daughters of Mary in the press was a victory for them due to examples of their life and devotion as well as their efforts in the propagation the good press in this period / Nosso estudo, QUE FIZERAM ELLAS ? As Filhas de Maria e a Boa Imprensa no Recife, 1902-1922, teve por objetivo analisar a participação das jovens associadas da Pia União das Filhas de Maria, na imprensa católica, durante as duas primeiras décadas do século XX, no Recife. A atuação das Filhas de Maria interessa às Ciências da Religião, pelo fato de que suas associadas ao mesmo tempo em que defendiam e propagavam estruturas conservadoras de origem religiosa, como a moral, os bons costumes e a vida no lar, também se destacaram por exercerem atividades leigas e modernas, como uma forte participação na imprensa católica. Nesta análise estabelecemos a relação entre o particular (a associação) e o geral (a sociedade). Assim, analisamos documentos específicos da Pia União das Filhas de Maria, bem como documentos referentes a sociedade como um todo. Como referencial teórico, adotamos o conceito de habitus, proposto por Pierre Bourdieu; e a ideia de disciplina, sugerida por Michel Foucault. Isso nos permitiu uma melhor compreensão das estruturas da Pia União, e da atuação de suas sócias na imprensa. Ao final deste trabalho, chegamos a conclusão de que a presença das Filhas de Maria no campo da imprensa foi uma conquista destas jovens devido aos exemplos de vida e devoção das mesmas, bem como de seus esforços na propagação da boa imprensa neste período

As of writing this thesis, the EU’s new data protection laws (GDPR) will start to apply within one year. The new regulations are poorly understood by many and rumours of varying accuracy are circling the IT industry. This thesis takes a look at the parts of the GDPR concerning system design and architecture, clarifying what they mean and their consequences for system design. The new regulations are compared to the old data protection laws (Directive 95/46/EC), showing how companies must alter their computer systems in order to adapt. Using evaluations of the old data protection laws predictions are made for how the GDPR will affect the IT industry going forward. One of the more important questions are what tools are available for companies when adapting to privacy protection regulations and threats. This thesis aims to identify the most common processes for this kind of system modification and compare their effectiveness in relation to the GDPR. / Vid framställningen av denna avhandling är det mindre än ett år innan EUs nya dataskyddsförordning (GDPR) träder i kraft. Många har bristande förståelse av de nya förordningarna och rykten av varierande korrekthet cirkulerar inom IT industrin. Denna avhandling utför en kritisk undersökning utav de delar inom GDPR som berör system design och arkitektur och beskriver dess innebörd för system design. De nya lagarna jämförs med de föregående dataskyddslagarna (Direktiv 95/46/EC) för att påvisa de modifikationer som kommer krävas för att anpassa datorsystem till de nya förordningarna. Genom att undersöka de äldre dataskyddslagarnas effekt på industrin görs även förutsägelser kring hur GDPR kommer påverka IT industrin inom den närmaste framtiden. Än av de intressantare frågorna är vilka metoder som finns tillgängliga för att underlätta systemanpassningar relaterade till dataskyddsförordningar. Denna avhandling syftar att identifiera de mest etablerade av dessa typer av processer och jämföra deras lämplighet i förhållande till GDPR.

På grund av rådande livsmedelstrender har efterfrågan på premiumvaror, som ekologiska och kolhydratfattiga livsmedel, ökat. Trenderna sätter tryck på livsmedelsföretag att erbjuda ett brett utbud av produkter. Detta får till följd att behovet av effektiva försörjningskedjor ökar samtidigt som det bundna kapitalet behöver minskas för att få ökad lönsamhet. För att identifiera var slöserier som driver upp ledtiden finns i ett produktionsflöde, kan värdeflödesanalys användas. Genom användning av värdeflödesanalys kan värdeskapande tid ställas mot icke värdeskapande tid för att upptäcka moment som inte tillför värde för kunden utan endast driver upp kostnader. Analys av dessa moment kan leda till identifiering av möjligheter för reduktion av kapitalbindning i form av minskade nivåer av produkter i arbete och lager. Kapitalbindning kan även reduceras genom ABC-klassificering av artiklar. Syftet med detta kandidatexamensarbete är att undersöka reduktion av ledtider i Lantmännen Cerealias pastafabrik med hjälp av värdeflödesanalys. Utöver detta undersöks hur kapitalbindningen kan reduceras samtidigt som ledtidsreduktionen genomförs. Slutligen ABCklassificeras produkterna. Dels för att minska kapitalbindningen, dels för att underlätta vid fluktuationer i efterfrågan hos fabriken. Slutsatsen svarar på om det är möjligt att reducera ledtiden i fabriken samtidigt som en reduktion av kapitalbindning görs. Värdeflödesanalys visade sig vara ett bra verktyg för att identifiera eventuella slöserier och förbättringsmöjligheter i produktionen. Svårigheten med analysen i detta fall låg i att finna korrekta siffror till analysen eftersom data för detta mottogs i sin helhet och ej mättes upp i fabriken. ABC-klassificeringens valda parametrar visades lämpliga då uppdelningen blev tydlig. Denna tog hänsyn till problem både rörande efterfrågefluktuationer och kapitalbindning. Slutsatsen drogs att om lagerhållningen styrs enligt denna uppdelning kan kapitalbindningen minskas samtidigt som företaget enklare kan möta fluktuationer i efterfrågan. Den reducerade ledtiden som värdeflödesanalysen resulterade i, gav effekten att medel-PIAnivån i produktionen kunde minskas. Detta skulle kunna ske genom att minska mellanlagringstiden i silos. Möjlighet saknas att på kort sikt reducera medel-PIA-nivån till den kritiska volymen av PIA, dock leder den möjliga minskningen till en reduktion av kapitalbindning. Den viktigaste slutsatsen som dras är att reduktion av ledtid ofta har en positiv inverkan även på kapitalbindningen. I detta fall visade sig lagerhållning ha stor betydelse för reduktion av både ledtid och kapitalbindning. Att reducera lagringstiden i färdigvarulagret ger större effekt på kapitalbindningen än en reduktion av mellanlagringstiden i silos då produktens värde är större i detta skede / Due to the prevailing food trends, customers demand premium goods such as organic and low carb products in addition to simpler alternatives. The trends puts pressure on food businesses to offer a wide selection of products, which leads to an increasing need for efficient supply chains as well as decreases in capitalization. Value stream mapping is a tool used to identify wastes. These wastes increases lead times in a production flow. The results gathered from the analysis can be used to compare value adding time with non-value adding time, in order to discover processes that drives up expenses without adding value for customers. Detailed analysis of these processes can identify possible reductions in capitalization, through reduced levels of work in process and stock. Capitalization can also be reduced by ABC classification of products. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how value stream mapping can help reduce lead times at Lantmännen Cerealias pasta production plant in Järna. Reduction of capitalization through reducing the amount of work in progress and stock is also studied. Furthermore, the effects of ABC classification are examined in order to ease fluctuations in demand and reduce capitalization at the plant. The conclusion answers whether or not it is possible to reduce the lead time in the production and simultaneously reduce capitalization. Value stream mapping proved to be an efficient tool to identify possible sources of waste and improvements in the production. In this case, the absence of accurate numbers made the analysis challenging and led to inaccurate results. The parameters used for the ABC classification led to a proper partition of products since it took both fluctuations in demand and problems regarding capitalization into account. This partition of products is assumed to reduce both capitalization and ease the effects of fluctuations in demand. Reducing the storage time of WIP using value stream mapping can result in reduced levels of WIP. Reducing WIP to the lowest possible level proved to be impossible in the short term. However, the possible reduction of WIP levels would result in reduced capitalization. The most important conclusion drawn from the analysis, is that a reduced lead time often has a positive impact on capitalization. Transformation of stockkeeping proved to be of great importance when reducing both lead times and capitalization. Since the value of finished goods are higher than the value of WIP, reducing storage time for inventory of finished goods proved to have a greater impact on capitalization.

This scientific essay begins with three stories that portrays situations where different ways to view and understand the learning process of children in preschool. In the first two stories The Cakegame and Still life the aim is to describe how me, and my colleagues can have different perceptions on our role as preschool teachers. The purpose of the third story Have you done something fun today? is to present how daily interactions with the children’s guardians can create difficulties describing the process of teaching. Considering these differing views, I have, by reflecting, tried to figure out what it is that has brought on these individual perspectives. I have also looked at how the lacking of a common approach in how the teaching is carried out affects the children in questions. In the essay there is a common thread that to a great part is about the practical knowledge but also about the too varying view on children's learning in preschool, things that was revealed to me through my stories. The essay is also about how to compare between how I and other educators choose to support children in their learning through theoretical and practical knowledge but also through our own experiences and approaches. In this essay I will approach the concept of teaching and I will try to unravel what it means especially for myself, but also for other people that will in some way come in contact with the education system. I will compare the forthcoming pre-school curriculum with the current one to see if that will bring any answers to my questions. The theoretical perspectives I have analysed in relation to my own stories is based on concepts on preschool educators competencies described by researches Sonja Sheridan, Anette Sandberg and Pia Williams. A brief analysis about the concept of scaffold play has also been done, which refers to the supportive education while playing. The reflection is divided into two parts and are based on these two questions: How can the educator understand and interpret the learning assignment? as well as How can the educator describe and mediate the learning assignment? / Min vetenskapliga essä börjar med tre berättelser som gestaltar situationer där det framträder olika sätt att både se på, och förstå barns lärande i förskolan. I de första två berättelserna Tårtspelet och Stilleben vill jag beskriva händelser där jag och mina kollegor har skilda uppfattningar om våra roller som lärare i förskolan. I den tredje berättelsen Har ni gjort något roligt idag? vill jag visa på hur svårt det kan vara att i den dagliga kontakten med barnens vårdnadshavare beskriva undervisningsprocessen. Utifrån de skiftande synsätten har jag sedan, genom reflektion, försökt nysta i vad som bidragit till dessa enskilda perspektiv. Jag har även tittat på hur det påverkar barnen i verksamheten då det ofta saknas ett gemensamt förhållningssätt till hur undervisningen praktiseras. I texten framträder en röd tråd som handlar till stor del om praktisk kunskap men även om den alltför varierande syn på barns lärande i förskolan som jag fått syn på i mina berättelser. Den handlar också om att jämföra hur jag och andra pedagoger i förskolan kan stötta barnen i deras lärande genom teoretiska och praktiska kunskaper men också genom egna erfarenheter och förhållningssätt. I min essä närmar jag mig begreppet undervisning och försöker reda ut vad det kan betyda, framförallt för mig själv men även för andra människor som kommer i kontakt med förskolan. Jag jämför den kommande läroplanen med den nuvarande, för att se om den kan ge några svar på mina frågor. De teoretiska perspektiv jag undersökt i förhållande till mina berättelser utgår bland annat från några av de begrepp om förskollärares kompetenser som framlagts av forskarna Sonja Sheridan, Anette Sandberg och Pia Williams. Jag har även kortfattat tittat på begreppet scaffold play som handlar om stöttande undervisning i lek. Reflektionen är uppdelad i två delar utifrån mina frågeställningar; Hur kan pedagogen förstå och tolka lärandeuppdraget? samt Hur kan pedagogen beskriva och förmedla lärandeuppdraget?

Ο S. epidermidis αποτελεί κύριο μέλος της χλωρίδας του δέρματος και των βλεννογόνων του ανθρώπου, ενώ συνιστά ένα από τα συχνότερα παθογόνα που προκαλούν νοσοκομειακές λοιμώξεις, ιδιαίτερα σε ανοσοκατασταλμένους ή ασθενείς φέροντες προσθετικά υλικά. Κύριος λοιμογόνος παράγοντας του S. epidermidis είναι ο σχηματισμός βιομεμβράνης. Διάφοροι πολυσακχαρίτες έχουν απομονωθεί από την εξωκυττάρια ουσία του S. epidermidis και έχουν συσχετισθεί με το σχηματισμό βιομεμβράνης καθώς και με την παθογόνο δράση τους. Ο πλέον μελετημένος και εδραιωμένος είναι ο ΡΙΑ, ενώ οι άλλοι πολυσακχαρίτες (PS/A ή PNSG ή PNAG και το SSA) απεδείχθησαν τελικώς ότι είναι ταυτόσημοι ή χημικώς ανάλογοι του ΡΙΑ. Ο ΡΙΑ είναι μία ομογλυκάνη αποτελούμενη από μονάδες Ν-ακετυλογλυκοζαμίνης συνδεδεμένες με β-1,6-γλυκοζιτικό δεσμό και η σύνθεσή του ελέγχεται από ένζυμα που κωδικοποιούνται από τον icaADBC γενετικό τόπο. Η εξωκυττάρια ουσία του S. epidermidis περιέχει επίσης έναν πολυσακχαρίτη, τον 20-kDaPS, ο οποίος απομονώθηκε από ερευνητές του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών και αποτελείται κυρίως από γλυκόζη, Ν-ακετυλογλυκοζαμίνη, και είναι μερικώς θειωμένος. Ο 20-kDaPS αντιορός αναστέλλει την προσκόλληση του S. epidermidis στα ενδοθηλιακά κύτταρα και την εμφάνιση βακτηριακής κερατίτιδας σε κουνέλια. Με βάση αναλύσεις κλινικών στελεχών, ο 20-kDaPS εκφράζεται σε μεγάλο ποσοστό στελεχών S. epidermidis, ενώ δεν ανευρέθηκε σε στελέχη άλλων πηκτάση αρνητικών σταφυλοκόκκων. Η παρεμβολή αλληλουχιών εισδοχής σε διάφορα σημεία του icaADBC οπερονίου, το οποίο ελέγχει τη σύνθεση του ΡΙΑ, δεν παρεμβάλλεται στην έκφραση του 20-kDaPS. Η κατεργασία βακτηριακών κυττάρων S. epidermidis με το ένζυμο dispersin B, το οποίο διασπά ειδικά τον β-1,6-γλυκοζιτικό δεσμό που συνθέτει το πολυμερές του ΡΙΑ, και με μετα-περιοδικό νάτριο που διασπά το δεσμό μεταξύ των ατόμων άνθρακα C-3 και C-4 των μονομερών Ν-ακετυλογλυκοζαμίνης, οδηγεί σε διάσπαση της βιομεμβράνης, χωρίς όμως να διαφοροποιείται αντιγονικά ο 20-kDaPS. Τα κλάσματα, μετά την έκλουση της εξωκυττάριας ουσίας του S. epidermidis από στήλη Q-Sepharose, που εμφανίζουν τη μεγαλύτερη ανοσοδραστικότητα για τον ΡΙΑ, στερούνται πλήρως 20-kDaPS. Η προεπώαση κλινικού στελέχους που δεν εκφράζει τον 20-kDaPS με τον πολυσακχαρίτη αναστέλλει την ενδοκυττάρωση, ενώ η προεπώαση του πρότυπου στελέχους ATCC35983 που συνθέτει τον 20-kDaPS με ειδικό αντιορό ενισχύει την ενδοκυττάρωση από τα ανθρώπινα μακροφάγα. Κατά συνέπεια, ο icaADBC γενετικός τόπος δεν εμπλέκεται στη σύνθεση του 20-kDaPS. Οι ανοσοχημικές και χρωματογραφικές ιδιότητες του PIA και του 20-kDaPS είναι διακριτές. Ο 20-kDaPS πιθανό να επιδεικνύει αντιφαγοκυτταρική δράση, ενώ τα ειδικά αντισώματα έχουν δράση οψωνίνης. Η οργάνωση των βακτηρίων εντός βιομεμβράνης προστατεύει από τις αντιμικροβιακές ουσίες και το σύστημα ανοσίας. Τα βακτήρια εντός βιομεμβράνης περιέχουν στην εξωκυττάρια ουσία τους μεγαλύτερα ποσά ΡΙΑ από τα ελεύθερα αναπτυσσόμενα, πλαγκτονικά κύτταρα. Τα βακτήρια εντός βιομεμβράνης επιδεικνύουν μεγαλύτερη ικανότητα για προσκόλληση και επιβίωση εντός των ανθρώπινων μακροφάγων από τα πλαγκτονικά κύτταρα. Τα βακτήρια εντός βιομεμβράνης επάγουν την παραγωγή μικρότερων ποσών φλεγμονωδών κυτταροκινών, όπως ο TNFα, καθώς και Th1 κυτταροκινών, όπως οι IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and IFN-γ, ενώ ενισχύουν τις IL-8, GM-CSF και IL-13. Οι συγκεκριμένες παρατηρήσεις αφορούν ζωντανά βακτηριακά κύτταρα καθώς και βακτηριακά κύτταρα μονιμοποιημένα με φορμαλδεΰδη. Τα ανωτέρω δεδομένα συνάδουν με την ήπια συμπτωματολογία των σχετιζόμενων με βιομεμβράνη λοιμώξεων S. epidermidis και τη διαφυγή της επιτήρησης του ανοσολογικού συστήματος. Συμπερασματικά, ο 20-kDaPS αποτελεί κύριο συστατικό της εξωκυττάριας ουσίας του S. epidermidis με αντιφαγοκυτταρικές και ανοσορρυθμιστικές ιδιότητες. Οι ανοσοχημικές και χρωματογραφικές ιδιότητες του 20-kDaPS είναι πλήρως διακριτές του ΡΙΑ, του κύριου πολυσακχαρίτη που σχετίζεται με το σχηματισμό βιομεμβράνης, ενώ ο γενετικός τόπος icaADBC δε ρυθμίζει τη σύνθεση του 20-kDaPS. Η οργάνωση των βακτηρίων εντός βιομεβράνη εξασφαλίζει αντίσταση στην ενδοκυττάρια θανάτωσή τους από τα μακροφάγα και καταστολή της ανοσιακής απόκρισης. / The skin commensal and opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of hospital-acquired and biomaterial-associated infections. The polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), a homoglycan composed of β-1,6-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues, synthesized by enzymes encoded by the icaADBC operon is a major functional factor in biofilm accumulation, promoting virulence in experimental biomaterial-associated S. epidermidis infections. Extracellular mucous layer extracts of S. epidermidis contain another major polysaccharide, referred to as 20-kDa polysaccharide (20-kDaPS), composed mainly out of glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and being partially sulfated. 20-kDaPS antiserum prevents adhesion of S. epidermidis on endothelial cells and development of experimental keratitis in rabbits. Here we provide experimental evidence that 20-kDaPS and PIA represent distinct molecules and that 20-kDaPS is implicated in endocytosis of S. epidermidis bacterial cells by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Analysis of 75 clinical coagulase-negative staphylococci from blood-cultures and central venous catheter tips indicated that 20-kDaPS is expressed exclusively in S. epidermidis but not in other coagulase-negative staphylococcal species. Tn917-insertion in various locations in icaADBC in mutants M10, M22, M23, and M24 of S. epidermidis 1457 are abolished for PIA synthesis, while 20-kDaPS expression appears unaltered as compared to wild-type strains using specific anti-PIA and anti-20-kDaPS antisera. While periodate oxidation and dispersin B treatments abolish immuno-reactivity and intercellular adhesive properties of PIA, no abrogative activity is exerted towards 20-kDaPS immunochemical reactivity following these treatments. PIA polysaccharide I-containing fractions eluted from Q-Sepharose were devoid of detectable 20-kDaPS using specific ELISA. Preincubation of non-20-kDaPS-producing clinical strains with increasing amounts of 20-kDaPS inhibits endocytosis by human macrophages, whereas, preincubation of 20-kDaPS-producing strain ATCC35983 with 20-kDaPS antiserum enhances bacterial endocytosis by human macrophages. In conclusion, icaADBC is not involved in 20-kDaPS synthesis, while the chemical and chromatographic properties of PIA and 20-kDaPS are distinct. 20-kDaPS exhibits anti-phagocytic properties, whereas, 20-kDaPS antiserum may have a beneficial effect on combating infection by 20-kDaPS-producing S. epidermidis. As stated above, biofilm formation is a major virulence factor of S. epidermidis. Biofilm protects bacterial cells from antimicrobial agents and components of the immune system. Interactions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte derived macrophages with planktonic or biofilm phase S. epidermidis cells were also studied. Biofilm phase bacteria exhibited higher attachment, as well as, a ten fold higher intracellular survival in monocyte-derived macrophages than their planktonic counterparts. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte derived macrophages was performed with live or formalin-fixed bacterial cells. Supernatant concentration of selected cytokines was measured by Luminex® xMAP™ technology at different time points. As compared to planktonic phase, biofilm phase bacteria elicited lower amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and Th1 response cytokines, such as TNFα, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and IFN-γ, whereas, they enhanced production of IL-8, GM-CSF and IL-13. This phenomenon was independent of formalin pretreatment. Taken together, these results may contribute to interpretation of observed silent course of biofilm associated infections. In conclusion, 20-kDaPS represents a major component of S. epidermidis extracellular matrix and data show that 20-kDaPS posseses antiphagocytic and immunomodulatory properties. 20-kDaPS and PIA are immunochemically and chromatographically discrete molecules, whereas icaADBC locus is not involved in 20-kDaPS synthesis. Biofilm mode of growth ensures higher resistance rates to intracellular killing and down regulation of immune responses.