Abstract Besides affiliative interaction, varied forms of subordination are present in the daily life of many school students; however, research into school violence—particularly into its non-systematic, subtle forms—is still scarce. This work aims to examine how dimensions of violence and caring are related in the pursuit of social status among school boys. The study focuses on the analysis of the ways and prerequisites by which boys acquire and maintain social status in informal student relations. The study also asks how the violence and caring of others are present in acquiring and maintaining status. The study stands on longitudinal qualitative data collected in three Finnish comprehensive schools in the beginning of 2000’s. In the first school, located in northernmost Finland, forty-six Grade 6 students were interviewed and observed for the first phase of the study. In the second phase, a smaller sample of eight students were interviewed individually in Grade 9 and again at nineteen years of age. Additionally, longitudinal qualitative data from two other schools in southern Finland was used in two joint articles. This study draws on recent post-structuralist feminist methodology and uses critical and reflective reading as a tool for analysis. Schoolboys ingratiated themselves with peer groups using local socio-cultural resources, namely physicality/materiality, humour, social relations, performances, sexuality, violence, and caring. The workable strategic utilisation of these resources brought status and high social position in the peer group, while high position brought the possibility to utilise the resources available through fair power or fear power. The acquisition of status presumed status work, defined as action in which boys used culturally available resources and strategies in ways that brought them ascendancy over others. Communality inside peer groups, caring, and a struggle for power, as well as subordination of alliance with outsiders, proved characteristic of status work. Violence connected with status work was often subtle and normalised in nature and was bound up with caring or being liked. Caring might be a status resource if displayed in forms in line with culturally idealised images of masculinity. Humour and teasing that subordinate others are key phenomena in attempting to identify the mechanisms of violence in schools at a stage in which violence is not directed repeatedly at the same person. The study opens a perspective to consider on what conditions and what levels violence is systematic. Action damaging to another that appears non-systematic on an individual level may prove systematic when viewed on a group and community level. / Tiivistelmä Yhteisöllisen toiminnan ohella hienovarainen ja normalisoitunut toisarvoistaminen on monen kouluoppilaan arkea. Aihetta on kuitenkin tarkasteltu kouluväkivallan tutkimuksessa vähän. Tutkimus tarkastelee sitä, millaisia väkivallan ja välittämisen ulottuvuuksia poikien sosiaalisen statuksen tavoitteluun liittyy. Tutkimuksessa kysytään, millä keinoilla ja edellytyksillä pojat kykenevät hankkimaan ja ylläpitämään sosiaalista statusta informaalin koulun oppilasyhteisöissä paremmin kuin toiset sekä miten väkivalta ja toisista ihmisistä välittäminen ovat mukana tässä statustyössä. Tutkimuksessa käytetään kolmesta suomalaisesta peruskoulusta 2000-luvun alussa hankittua pitkittäistutkimuksellista laadullista tutkimusaineistoa. Ensimmäisestä, pohjoissuomessa sijaitsevasta koulusta 46 oppilasta haastateltiin ja havainnoitiin heidän ollessa kuudennella vuosiluokalla. Tästä oppilasjoukosta kahdeksan oppilasta osallistui uudelleen haastatteluun yhdeksännellä luokalla sekä kolmannen kerran 19-vuotiaana. Lisäksi kahdesta eteläsuomalaisesta koulusta kahdessa vaiheessa hankittua haastattelu-, havainnointi- ja kyselylomakeaineistoa käytettiin kahdessa osatutkimuksessa. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään feminististä metodologiaa ja aineiston analyysissä feminististä lähiluvun otetta. Koulupojat tavoittelivat sosiaalista statusta koulun oppilasyhteisöissä paikallisin sosiokulttuurisin resurssein, joita olivat fyysis-materiaalisuus, huumori, sosiaaliset suhteet, performanssit, seksuaalisuus, väkivalta ja välittäminen. Resurssit ja niiden toimiva strateginen käyttö toivat pojalle sosiaalista statusta ja arvoaseman oppilasyhteisössä. Asema tarjosi mahdollisuuden hyödyntää statusresursseja rakentavan vallan tai pelkovallan keinoin. Statuksen tavoittelu ja ylläpito edellyttivät statustyötä. Statustyö määrittyy toiminnaksi, jossa pojat käyttivät kulttuurisia resursseja ja strategioita asemaa vahvistavalla tavalla. Statustyölle oli ominaista sisäpiiriryhmän keskinäinen yhteisöllisyys, välittäminen ja valtakamppailu sekä poissulkeminen tai liittoutuminen suhteessa ryhmän ulkopuolisiin. Statustyöhön liittyvä väkivalta oli luonteeltaan usein hienovaraista ja normalisoitunutta ja kietoutui välittämiseen tai pidettynä olemiseen. Välittäminen voi olla statusresurssi, mikäli se tuli esiin hyväksytyn maskuliinisuuskuvan ilmiasussa. Toista kyseenalaistava huumori ja kiusoittelu toimivat avainilmiöinä pyrittäessä tunnistamaan kouluväkivallan mekanismeja vaiheessa, jolloin väkivalta ei ole muodostunut toistuvaksi samaan henkilöön kohdistuvaksi toiminnaksi. Tutkimus haastaa myös selvittämään väkivallan systemaattisuutta yksilökeskeisen tarkastelun ylittävästä näkökulmasta. Yksilötasolla ei-systemaattiselta vaikuttava toista vahingoittava toiminta saattaa ryhmä- ja yhteisötasolla tarkasteltuna osoittautua systemaattiseksi.

Masters of Art / In this study, I explored the experiences of gender and power relations among a group of black women holding leadership positions in six government departments in the Western Cape. South Africa is in a process of transition and, to create a departure from the past, key objectives focus around the transformation of gender disparities and the eradication of racism and other forms of inequality and discrimination in all spheres of this society. There are many methods utilized to increase the number of women in leadership positions in the private and public sectors. However, there is a lack of research regarding the social environment for women once they have entered into these structures (Angevine, 2006). This study made use of a feminist qualitative methodology which guided the research. Six semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted in order to carry out an in-depth exploration of participants’ experiences. After the participants had given consent, the interviews were audio-recorded, then transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed in accordance with qualitative thematic analysis. All standard ethical considerations to protect the participants and the researcher were taken into account and practised throughout the research. The findings show evidence that black African women leaders in government departments have internalized learnt subservient characteristics; and that this serves to undermine their authority as leaders. Specifically, larger social power relations and traditional forms of authority undermine their capacity to express authority in work environments. They also experience both subtle and blatant racist and sexist prejudice in the form of stereotypes and hostility in the workplace. A minority of women managers actively oppose the gendered notions that undermine their leadership. Ultimately, black African women managers are not accepted or supported as legitimate leaders in the workplace. Women leaders are perceived to be incapable of performing effectively as leaders because of gender and racial stereotypes that serve as hindrances to their expression of leadership. The study found that some participants conform to the socially constructed notion of maintaining a work-life balance and this poses a challenge for such leaders. Those who are married attempt to balance career and life by maximizing on their management of their time. A number of women had made the personal decision to remain single in order to focus explicitly on their careers. / South Africa

This thesis explores the problem of information systems evaluation by conceptualising it as a process in which the manager comes to an understanding about a system. In other words, information systems evaluation is a hermeneutic process. The thesis explicates this notion through an argument that is itself hermeneutic in its development, beginning with the mainstream functionalist view of information systems evaluation, and then considering an interpretive view of IS evaluation, each of which points to one of two stereotypes of IS evaluation and the manager engaged in this process: the objective/rational manager utilising objective/rational methods versus the subjective/political manager engaged in political manoeuvring, utilising objective/rational methods only as ritual or symbolism. Neither of these opposing stereotypes is satisfactory. Instead, this thesis proposes a dialectic view of information systems evaluation, in terms of which, rather than being a decision maker, the manager is in-the-world, evaluating systems in order to get the job done, on the basis of her thrownness in-the-world. This conceptualisation provides an intuitively appropriate account of evaluation on the part of an individual manager, but we must still consider how managers as members of the organisation, reach a common understanding about a system. This they do through a process of organisational learning as encultured knowing, in terms of which a narrative, situated, pragmatic knowledge is most useful in evaluation. Evaluation, in other words, happens in the course of skilful conversation. Such conversation is, however, not always skilful because the organisation is not just a collection of individuals but also a network of power relations. Conversations as generators of meaning are never held outside of power: systems evaluations as conversations cannot take place outside of a regime of truth. A post-dualist view of action as both constituted by and constituting structure, however, suggests that there is always the potential for genuinely hermeneutic and ethical conversation, provided it is both improvisatory and deconstructive. Having understood the requirement for improvisation and deconstruction, it is possible to suggest some heuristics for information systems evaluation based on these ideas. / Dissertation (Phd (Information Technology))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Informatics / unrestricted

In this thesis, in which I use the stand-alone paper format, I employ a Foucauldian lens to examine Alberta’s Future Leaders (AFL), an Aboriginal youth leadership development program. In the first paper, I identify how power relations shape AFL, including its ambitions and struggles towards developing sustainable programming. In the second paper, I examine AFL’s cross-cultural approach to mentorship and the ways in which failing to address issues of culture (re)produces colonial relations of power. Overall, my findings highlight the importance of recognizing and problematizing the power relations at work within Aboriginal youth leadership development initiatives.

This dissertation investigates how social order was created in the Swedish navy at the end of the Swedish imperial age (1670-1716).  During the period the Swedish navy went through many changes that led to an expanding and re-structuring of both the administration of the Admiralty and the naval activities. These changes contributed to shape the life on board ships and at shipyards in more fixed ways than before. The dissertation analyses the social order on the basis of three overlapping themes, inspired by Michel Foucault’s theories on power relationships and the exercise of power. First it investigates how the navy upheld its hierarchy and formed the relations between superior officers and subordinate men, second how the Admiralty and officers exercised power in order to make the subordinates behave in the desired way and third how the subordinates reacted to the control; especially how they formed different strategies of resistance to challenge or escape it. Using micro-history methodology, in-depth analyses have been made of individuals and situations mostly found in judicial cases from the navy’s own court (the admiralty court).     Social relations were however not only a result of naval control. They were also highly guided by social orders that existed in civil society. Thus naval rank emerged with marital status, age, experience and masculinity ideals into a complex and shifting hierarchy that was constantly questioned. The dissertation shows that upholding naval social order was dependent on the fact that the Admiralty and officers used both productive and repressive power strategies simultaneously. The naval order offered opportunities and careers to those who were obedient and skilful but could threaten the disobedient troublemaker with severe punishments. The order was also highly dependent on individual relations and situations. Since order primarily was challenged in face to face- situations the superiors had to devise power strategies to control those situations. By doing that they at the same time reduced all resistance to separate, single events and repeatedly rejected the slightest implication of any criticism towards the general social order. The power relations thus were a delicate theater were both superiors and subordinates pretended their actions meant something else than it did. From the point of view of the subordinates the social order always was about obligations and rights but from the superiors’ perspective social order basically was the main difference between chaos and control.

Orientador: Maria José Rodrigues Faria Coracini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T12:09:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RubboR.Rondelli_Daniella_D.pdf: 1806535 bytes, checksum: f5c1aaf9ccb0f20ce4d7e6c0a05dd716 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho, apoiado em uma perspectiva discursivo-desconstrutivista e em referenciais psicanalíticos, analisa as representações de ciência que se constroem nos dizeres do programa de televisão Fantástico a partir de suas possíveis aproximações com representações religiosas, problematizando o pressuposto da cultura logocêntrica ocidental que dicotomiza esses dois campos. Tal trabalho analítico ocorre sobre um corpus constituído por matérias relacionadas à medicina veiculadas no programa durante o período de um ano. Considerando, com Foucault, que toda verdade advém de relações sempre fluídas e dinâmicas de poder-saber, apontamos que desde o século XVII, com Descartes, as relações de poder-saber mobilizam-se no sentido de fortalecer o papel da ciência em detrimento da religião na produção de saberes. Porém, na contemporaneidade, a cultura do espetáculo surge como outra força importante que afeta essas relações já que, por um lado, cientistas, gozam de credibilidade e do status peculiares na sociedade atual, não porque sejam capazes, como promete a ciência, de desvendar verdades pré-existentes, mas porque as formações discursivas contemporâneas dão lugar privilegiado ao discurso da ciência, que opera de maneira a fazer crer nas verdades que cria e, por outro lado, considerando que o jornalista também tem um lugar de destaque nas formações discursivas contemporâneas, não apenas por sua credibilidade, muitas vezes colocada em xeque, mas pelo alcance multitudinario do que diz e, principalmente, por seu poder de decidir a quem será dado o direito de falar, refletimos sobre como as representações de ciência construídas no Fantástico engendram relações de poder e possibilidades de resistência / Abstract: Based on a discursive-deconstructivist theoretical perspective, and working with some psychoanalytical references, this thesis aims at analyzing representations of science that emerge in the Brazilian TV Show named Fantástico, by looking for their possible similarities with religious representations, and questioning the assumption of Western logocentric culture that has dichotomized these two fields. For that, our analytical work consisted in the analysis of medicine-related news that were conveyed in the TV show within the period of one year. Agreeing with Foucauldian terms that all truth comes from relations of power-knowledge, which are always fluid and dynamic, we pointed out that since the seventeenth century, with Descartes, the relations of power-knowledge have been mobilized to strengthen the role of science at the expense of religion in knowledge production. However, in contemporary times, the spectacle culture emerges as another important force that seems to affect these relationships in two ways. Firstly, in a way that scientists enjoy credibility and a peculiar status in our society, not because they are the promised ones by science, which are said to unravel pre-existing truths, but because contemporary discursive formations offer a privileged place to the science¿s discourse, which operates in order to make us believe in truths that it creates. Secondly, in a way that accredits journalists a prominent place in contemporary discursive formations, not only because of their given credibility, often confronted, but also due to their multitudinous reach, and especially for their power to decide who will be given the right to speak. All things considered, we intend to reflect on how representations of science built up on Fantástico tv show engender power relationships and possibilities of resistance / Doutorado / Linguagem e Tecnologia / Doutora em Lingüística Aplicada

Tendo por objetivo investigar o processo de invenção de Florianópolis como cidade turística, analiso as relações de poder e a construção discursiva em torno do turismo na cidade, desde a década de 1970. Para as análises, dentre outros/as autores/as, estabeleço um diálogo entre as concepções teóricas e conceitos de Michel Foucault e de James Duncan. Nessa perspectiva, exploro as condições históricas de emergência e transformação das práticas, instituições e estratégias discursivas e analiso narrativas midiáticas, como jornais, revistas e publicidade, além da legislação urbana e turística. Esse conjunto de produções discursivas tramadas às relações de poder compõe a paisagem de Florianópolis e participa da invenção da cidade turística. A paisagem, nesta tese, é compreendida como um discurso, portanto mediada pelas relações de poder. Desse modo, quando vira produto turístico, a paisagem passa a ser analisada considerando escolhas, arranjos políticos e tensões entre os diferentes grupos sociais que disputam o poder pelo uso e significação do espaço. Nesta pesquisa, identifico discursos hegemônicos e contestatórios que moldaram a produção de determinadas paisagens da cidade: o empreendimento-balneário de Jurerê Internacional, como uma expressão do discurso hegemônico, e o balneário do Campeche, como expressão de contestação e resistência. Compreendo que o direcionamento simbólico-material da produção de discursos se deu a partir dos interesses de determinados/as atores/as, modelos e concepções de cidade e por meio de estratégias de legitimação de uma verdade por eles/as próprios/as enunciada, visando o controle do espaço urbano. / With the objective of investigating the process of inventing Florianópolis as a tourist city, I analyze the relations of power and the discursive construction about tourism in the city since the 1970s. For these analyses, I establish a dialog with theoretical concepts of Michel Foucault, James Duncan and other authors. From this perspective, I explore the historic conditions of the emergence and transformation of practices, institutions and discursive strategies and I analyze media narratives found in newspapers, magazines and advertising, as well as urban and tourist legislation. This set of discursive production, interwoven to the power relations, composes the landscape of Florianópolis and participates in the invention of the tourist city. The landscape, in this thesis, is understood as a discourse, and is therefore mediated by power relations. In this way, when it becomes a tourist product, the landscape is analyzed considering political choices and arrangements and tensions between the various social groups that dispute power and the use and signification of space. In this study, I identify hegemonic and questioning discourses that shape the production of certain landscapes of the city: the beach community of the Jurerê Internacional development, as an expression of the hegemonic discourse; and the beach community of Campeche, as an expression of contestation and resistance. I understand that the symbolic material that gives direction to the production of discourses takes place through the interests of certain actors/esses, models and concepts of the city and by means of strategies of legitimation of a truth that they enunciate, in efforts to control the urban space.

This scientific essay is research for how and why exercises of power appear between teachers with different educations but also how much the identity and different experience in a human can affect it? Based on own self-experienced stories that took place in our workplaces for a couple of years ago our investigation in this essay is to look for possible causes for behaviors and situations that arise in the school system. Among other things, we will examine the impact that the school and the background of the leisure center have when it comes to the power relations that we see exist in the school. We will try to understand how it affects our assignment as a leisure center teacher in the compulsory school and what consequences it has for our room for maneuver. We will also reflect and investigate how we by ourselves could bridge the gap that can arise between leisure center teachers and school/subject teachers. The purpose of seeking a deeper understanding of this is also to be able to create a broader knowledge about the struggle for power and status we can see exists between the school and the leisure center. An important part of this essay is to see if it`s the different leadership and teacher roles that exist in the school system that govern power and status, or if it may be the human identity that is the most decisive for how it appears. With the help of Aristotle's theories of knowledge and Michel Foucault's theories of power, we will examine this in the hope of a deeper understanding of the situations that we after-school teachers in school can end up in and knowledge of how these can be understood from different points of view.

Cette thèse s’intéresse au rôle de l’espace en tant qu’outil et enjeu de pouvoir dans le processus de développement des organisations alternatives. Plus spécifiquement, elle examine dans quelle mesure la production d’un espace peut contribuer à la création et à la pérennisation d’une organisation alternative. Pour répondre à cette question, nous menons une étude de cas unique auprès des lieux intermédiaires franciliens dans le secteur du théâtre français. Celui-ci est dominé par deux modèles organisationnels : le théâtre privé marchand et le théâtre public non marchand. Les lieux intermédiaires cherchent à imposer un troisième modèle qui ne relèverait ni du privé ni du public mais de ce qu’ils appellent le tiers secteur. En conjuguant entretiens semi-directifs, observation et données secondaires, nous montrons que ces organisations produisent différents types d’espaces – à la fois individuels et collectifs – à différentes échelles. Cette combinaison permet aux lieux intermédiaires d’être mobiles et de résister aux réactions hostiles de l’espace dominant et ainsi de se pérenniser. / This thesis analyses how the production of space helps to create and sustain alternative organizations. In this study, space is seen as a source of power. In order to answer this question we conduct a single case study: the intermediary places in the French theatre sector. Two organizational models prevail in this sector: the lucrative private sector and the public non-profit one. Intermediary places tend to establish a third model neither private nor public: third sector organizations. We combine semi-structured interviews, observations and secondary data. We show alternative organizations produce different type of individual and collective spaces on multiple scales. Thanks to this combination, intermediary places become mobile and more resistant to dominant space reactions. They are most likely to sustain themselves.

This study aimed to examine the power relations in a TV-show called Kvartsamtalet between the host Parisa Amiri and her guests. The empiric material consisted of four programs which were guested by Ebba Busch, Jason Diakité, Anders Ygeman and Nanna Blondell. The material was analyzed with discursive psychology which is a form of discourse analysis that focuses on psychological themes in text, talk, and images. Our study aimed to analyze the talk between Amiri and her guests. The material is analyzed with theories of power by Michel Foucault, performative gender by Judith Butler, theatrical performance by Erving Goffman and intersectionality by Nina Lykke, Paulina De los Reyes and Diana Mulinari. The result of the study shows that power relations through intersectionality mostly is negotiated between identity categories such as gender and ethnicity. The interviews showed that the power relations through intersectionality are both maintained and contradicted by every individual on the show, and the negotiation also takes place in a larger societal perspective. The analysis has shown that power is created in social interaction depending on how individuals talk to each other.