Diante da crescente penetração da energia elétrica gerada por unidades eólicas no sistema elétrico de inúmeros países, a presente dissertação de mestrado investiga os problemas de estabilidade transitória, para geradores síncronos, de estabilidade de tensão, para geradores síncronos e aerogeradores e de estabilidade de velocidade, para aerogeradores, em sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica, frente a grandes perturbações. São estabelecidas comparações entre os diferentes comportamentos dinâmicos de cada tipo de unidade eólica, referentes aos tipos A, B, C e D. Também, são verificados os efeitos de contingências aplicadas a sistemas teste, na presença de sistemas de geração convencionais dotados de geradores síncronos e parques eólicos compostos pelos tipos de unidades eólicas citadas, a fim de verificar a relação entre os diferentes sistemas de geração. As simulações realizadas contemplam aspectos dinâmicos de modelos genéricos de aerogeradores. São estudadas as partes constituintes de aerogeradores, realizadas as modelagens e discutidos os métodos de controle usuais. As principais características dos modelos genéricos de unidades eólicas, assim como os respectivos diagramas de bloco para cada modelo são apresentados. As simulações são realizadas no programa computacional PSS/E, cujos modelos, já validados, representam aerogeradores reais de fabricantes distintos. É observado que as diferentes características dos modelos de unidades eólicas e as estratégias de controle empregadas para atenuar os efeitos negativos de contingências impostas ao sistema, influenciam significativamente o perfil da tensão e o fluxo de potência na rede elétrica. Este fato é refletido em diferentes respostas dos sistemas de geração. As unidades eólicas mostram-se resistentes à perderem a estabilidade e apresentam-se capazes de estabilizar um sistema elétrico de potência, devido aos mecanismos de controle de velocidade e potência dos mesmos. A violação da curva LVRT mostra-se a principal causa da desconexão de aerogeradores da rede elétrica. Verifica-se neste trabalho que os aerogeradores somente tornam-se instáveis quando os geradores síncronos perdem o sincronismo, ou quando o controle do torque aerodinâmico é desconsiderado. / Considering the growing penetration of electrical energy generated by wind turbines in the power system of numerous countries, the present masters dissertation investigates the problems of transient stability, for synchronous generators, voltage stability, for synchronous generators and aerogenerators, and velocity stability, for aerogenerators, in transmission systems, before large disturbances. Comparisons are made between the different dynamic behaviors of each type of wind energy conversion system, namely types A, B, C and D. The effects of contingencies in some test systems in the presence of wind farms with different types of aerogenerators and conventional synchronous generators are verified, whose aim of the simulations is to analyze the relation between the different generation systems. The simulations performed contemplate dynamic aspects of generic models of wind turbines. The components of wind turbines are studied, the modeling of these components is elaborated and the usual control methods are discussed. The main characteristics of generic wind models and the diagram blocks are presented. The simulations were performed in software PSS/E, whose models already validated, represent real machines. The different characteristics of aerogenerator models and the control strategies employed to mitigate the negative consequences, from several contingencies, significantly influence the voltage profile and the power flow network. This fact implies in different responses of generation systems. It is verified that wind generators are very robust to perturbations and contribute to the stabilization of synchronous generators in a power system, increasing the average critical clearing times. Unstable modes related to the acceleration of the wind generator rotor are hardly ever observed due to the existing mechanisms of control of speed and generated power. It is observed that violation of the LVRT curve is the main cause of disconnection of wind turbines from the grid and it consists of the main cause of power system collapse triggered by problems in this type of generators.

Cette thèse propose tout d’abord une méthode originale, appelée 2 en 1, de construction contrôlée, couche-par-couche, de films de polyélectrolytes, basée sur le dépôt d’un unique complexe polycation-polyanion. Détaillée dans le cas du poly(éthylènedioxythiophène)-poly(styrènesulfonate) PEDOT-PSS, la méthode est ensuite étendue avec le même succès à d’autres complexes (poly(éthylèneimine) branché-poly(4 styrènesulfonate), poly(diallyldiméthylammonium)-poly(4 styrènesulfonate) et poly(allylamonium)-poly(4 styrènesulfonate)).Les films 2 en 1 de PEDOT PSS sont robustes vis-à-vis d’un recuit thermique et possèdent une conductivité électronique indépendante de leur épaisseur. Cette conductivité peut être améliorée en utilisant un composite contenant des nanoparticules d’or Au Np PEDOT PSS. Des superstructures alternant dépôts de PEDOT PSS et de composite ont, en outre, pu être construites.La construction est contrôlée non seulement sur des substrats rigides (verre, wafer de silicium) mais également sur des substrats élastomère de type silicone (polydiméthylsiloxane PDMS). Le traitement du PDMS par polymérisation plasma d’EDOT sous vide permet le dépôt subséquent de films 2 en 1 de PEDOT PSS. Par ailleurs, la pulvérisation cathodique d’or sur le PDMS permet d’obtenir des conducteurs étirables, de surcroît utilisables comme substrats de films 2 en 1 de PEDOT PSS.Enfin, de nouveaux complexes aqueux synthétisés par voie chimique à partir d’EDOT et d’un polysaccharide (sulfate de chondroïtine A) ont conduit à des films présentant une très bonne conduction qui peut être augmentée par inclusion de nanoparticules d’or. Ces nouveaux composés sont porteurs d’un potentiel très prometteur. / This thesis proposes firstly an original method, called 2 in 1 method, for controlled, layer-by-layer, polyelectrolytes film buildup, based on the deposition of a sole polycation-polyanion complex. Detailed on the case of poly(ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS), the method was then extended with the same success to other complexes (branched poly(ethyleneimine)-poly(4 styrenesulfonate), poly(diallyldimethylammonium)-poly(4 styrenesulfonate) and poly(allylamonium)-poly(4 styrenesulfonate)).The 2 in 1 PEDOT PSS films are robust regarding thermal annealing and have an electronic conductivity independent of their thickness. This conductivity can be improved by using a composite containing gold nanoparticles Au Np PEDOT PSS. Superstructures alternating PEDOT PSS and composite depositions were also obtained.Film buildup is controlled not only on rigid substrates (glass, silicon wafer) but also on elastomeric substrates of the silicon type (polydimethylsiloxane PDMS). The treatment of PDMS by vacuum plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of EDOT allows subsequent deposition of 2 in 1 PEDOT-PSS films. Besides, gold sputter deposition on PDMS reaches stretchable conductors. Gold sputtered PDMS can further act as a substrate for 2 in 1 PEDOT-PSS films.Finally, new aqueous complexes, chemically synthesized from EDOT and a polysaccharide (chondroitin sulfate A), lead to films which exhibit a very good conduction, which can be improved by the inclusion of gold nanoparticles. These new complexes are very promising in the field of conductive biomaterials.

Determinações de tensão superficial (γ) na interface ar-água e espessuras médias elipsométricas in situ (d), foram usadas para estudar as interações entre dispersões de lípides (em forma de bicamadas) e filmes de poliestireno sulfato produzidos por revestimento rotacional sobre placas de óxido de silício. A adição de NaCl para uma concentração final de 50 mM em uma dispersão de 0.2 mM de lípide catiônico sintético produziu instantaneamente uma camada de 6 nm de espessura que permaneceu estável com o tempo, indicando uma cinética de adsorção muito rápida, determinada possivelmente, pela atração hidrofóbica entre defeitos sobre a bicamada, induzidos pelo sal, e a superfície do filme. Contudo, em água a adsorção de DODAB cresceu monotonicamente alcançando no máximo uma espessura de 1.6-1.8 nm (após 15 horas de interação) em função do tempo, a qual não foi consistente com deposição de bicamada. Nos estágios iniciais em água pura, a adsorção do anfifílico aumentou linearmente com a raiz quadrada do tempo, mostrando um processo controlado por difusão de vesículas, com coeficiente de difusão(D), aproximadamente igual a 1.0 x 10-11 m22s-1 em boa aproximação com valores determinados para vesículas de outros lípides por outros autores. Medidas elipsométricas sob o ar (ex- situ) de adsorção de DODAB, DHP e PC foram difíceis de realizar devido ao aumento da espessura média do filme polimérico durante o ciclo de lavagem e secagem. Na faixa de concentração de 0.1- 1.0 mM o filme adsorvido de DODAB em ar foi mais hidrofóbico (ângulo de contato de avanço ΘA= 84° ± 3°) do que aquele para o filme puro de polímero (ΘA=71 ° ± 4°). Nenhum efeito do filme de DHP sobre a molhabilidade do filme de PSA foi observado, apenas um aumento de rugosidade revelado pela mudança em ΔΘ de 2° para 11° (tabela 3). Filmes planos de PSA são hidrofóbicos(ΘA= 86° ± 5°). Após interação com PC, as superfícies tornam-se menos hidrofóbicas (ΘA= 75° ± 3°). A tensão superficial em ar-água para uma dispersão lipídica em água pura diminuiu rapidamente sob adição de sal (7-50 mM de NaCl), sugerindo a ocorrência de fusão de vesículas, induzida por sal, com a interface ar-água.O estudo da interação entre sais de DODA e partículas poliméricas por medidas de tamanho e potencial-zeta das partículas permitiu observar deposição de bicamadas optimizada por adição de sal a baixas concentrações (0.05-5.0 mM NaCl). / Determinations of surface tension (γ) at the air--water interface, contact angles (Θ), and in and ex-situ ellipsometric mean thickness (d) were used to study the interaction between dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) small vesicles and spin-coated polystyrene sulfate (PSS) films on silicon wafers. Upon the adition of NaCl (50 mM final concentration) to a 0.2 mM DODAB dispersion, adsorption from vesicles on PSS films immediatly yielded a DODAB layer 6.0 nm thick which remained stable as a function of time. However, in water, in situ DODAB adsorption monotonically increased reaching at most 1.6--1.8 nm as a function of time (from 15 mm of interaction), which were not values consistent with bilayer deposition. At early stages in pure water, DODAB adsorption linearly increased with the square root of time, indicating a vesicle difision controlled process with ca. 1.0 x 10-11 m2s-1 as the vesicle diffusion coeficient (D) in nice agreement with reported D for similar vesicles. In contrast, adding 50 mM salt, resulted in a very fast adsorption kinetics determined by the hydrophobic atraction between salt-induced defects on lhe bilayer and the film surface. Ex situ measurements of DODAB, DHP e PC adsorption were difficult because wetting/drying cycles of the polimeric fiIms increased its mean thickness. From 0.1 up to 1.0 mM DODAB, the adsorbed film in air was more hydrophobic (advancing contact angle, ΘA = 84 ± 3°) than the bare PSS film (ΘA = 71 ± 4°). No effect of DHP film on the wettability of PSA film could be observed, just a increase of rougness revealed by the change of ΔΘ from2° to 11°( table 3). Pure PSA films are hydrophobic, as revealed by the mean advancing angle ΘA = 86 ± 5°. After interaction with PC, the surfaces turn less hydrophobic with a mean ΘA = 75 ± 3°. Air-water surface tension for a DODAB dispersion in pure water rapidly decreased upon salt addition (7-50 mM NaCI), suggesting salt-induced vesicle fusion wilh the air--water interface occurred, in nice agreement with saIt-induced vesicle fusion at the hydrophobic polymer-water surface.The investigation of the interaction between DODA salts and polymeric particles from diameter and zeta- potential measurements, allowed us to detect bilayer deposition optimized by salt adition in low concentration(0.05-5.0 mM NaCl).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Raimundo Nonato Diniz.pdf: 3599082 bytes, checksum: 5e6a5df5d6046a848205e71a3d63c95f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work the influence of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) Controllers and power system stabilizers (PSS) on electromechanical stability of electrical power systems (EPS) is analyzed considering their technical and economic impact in the operation and planning. FACTS Controllers most employees in practical applications were considered in this study, the Static VAr Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), in addition to the PSS. For the technical and economic evaluation of the impact of FACTS and PSS in power systems a methodology based on indices of electromechanical small-signal and transient stability has been developed. Software packages PacDyn and ANATEM, including ANAREDE, all produced by CEPEL (Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica), were used to analyze the technical impact of SVC, TCSC and PSS on electromechanical stability enhancement. The economic analysis was based on the use of software package PSAT (Power Systems Analysis Toolbox). As part of the technical evaluation, coordination and tuning of the parameters of PSS and FACTS Controllers were conducted using artificial intelligence techniques in order to obtain the best optimal values. The proposed methodology was applied to test systems and a configuration of the Brazilian Interconnected System (SIN - Sistema Interligado Nacional) modeled with 50 generators and 616 buses. / Neste trabalho é analisada a influência dos Controladores FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) e dos estabilizadores de sistemas de potência ou PSS (Power System Stabilizers) na estabilidade eletromecânica dos sistemas de energia elétrica (SEE), considerando o seu impacto técnico e econômico na operação e planejamento. Os Controladores FACTS mais empregados na prática foram considerados nesta pesquisa, o compensador estático de potência reativa ou SVC (Static VAr Compensator) e o capacitor série controlado a tiristores ou TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor), além dos PSS. Para a avaliação técnico-econômica do impacto dos FACTS e PSS nos SEE foi desenvolvida uma metodologia baseada em índices de estabilidade eletromecânica a pequenas perturbações e de estabilidade transitória. Na análise técnica foram utilizados os programas PacDyn e ANATEM, além do ANAREDE, todos desenvolvidos pelo CEPEL (Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica). A análise econômica baseou-se no uso do aplicativo PSAT (Power Systems Analysis Toolbox). Como parte da avaliação técnica a coordenação e sintonização dos parâmetros dos PSS, SVC e TCSC foram conduzidas utilizando métodos de inteligência artificial de forma a obter os melhores valores ótimos. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada a sistemas teste e a uma configuração do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN) modelado com 50 geradores e 616 barras.

Empresas de manufatura tradicionalmente concentram os seus esforços em concepção, desenvolvimento, fabricação e comercialização de produtos físicos. No entanto, alguns fabricantes têm alterado suas estratégias de negócio, complementando a venda de produtos com o fornecimento de serviços, incorporando conhecimentos e atividades associados ao seu uso, e gerando maior percepção de valor por parte dos seus clientes. Com isso, a competição estratégica por meio de serviços tem se tornado uma marca distintiva das empresas de manufatura inovadoras, proporcionando à empresa um meio robusto para proteger o seu mercado dos concorrentes. Assim, observa-se um interesse crescente em pesquisas sobre o papel dos serviços para sustentar a competitividade da indústria. Abordagens orientadas a serviço, que incorporam esta mudança de foco do negócio, da oferta de produtos isolados para soluções integradas, têm sido tratadas na comunidade acadêmica como servitização, e tipicamente acarretam inovações no modelo de negócios (MN) da empresa. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar como as empresas podem promover inovações em seus MNs para suportar suas estratégias de servitização, e propor um conjunto de artefatos para apoiá-las na implantação destas estratégias, a partir do seguinte problema de pesquisa: \"Como inovar o MN de uma empresa que adota a estratégia de servitização?\", que se desdobra nas seguintes questões: (i) quais são os principais fatores motivadores para uma empresa adotar a estratégia de servitização?; (ii) como representar o MN de uma empresa incorporando a lógica dominante de serviço, mais adequada para servitização?; (iii) como inovar o MN de uma empresa para implantar sua estratégia de servitização?; e (iv) como aplicar os artefatos propostos para apoiar a implantação da estratégia de servitização em uma empresa? Realiza-se uma pesquisa de natureza exploratória e prescritiva, baseada no método design scienceresearche amparada por uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre os temas correlatos, visando propor artefatos em resposta às questões colocadas. A demonstração de um dos artefatos propostos é feita com suporte de um estudo de caso em uma empresa multinacional, fabricante de equipamentos médicos, seguida por uma avaliação empírica desta demonstração, suportada pelo método thinkingaloud. A partir das quatro questões de pesquisa, são obtidos os seguintes resultados: (i) identificação, análise e categorização dos principais fatores motivadores para adoção da servitização; (ii) proposição de uma arquitetura de MN incorporando a lógica dominante de serviço, para facilitar o estudo da servitização; (iii) proposição de um processo de inovação do MN da empresa, para implantar a servitização. e (iv) demonstração e avaliação da arquitetura proposta de MN para servitização. A pesquisa oferece contribuições à literatura de MN e servitização, e aos gestores de empresas, propondo os artefatos canvas do modelo de negócios para servitização (CMNS) e o processo IPIDI para inovação do MN para servitização, além de contribuições metodológicas relativas a design scienceresearch e thinking aloud. / Manufacturing companies traditionally are focused on designing, developing, manufacturing and marketing physical products. However, some manufacturers are changing their business strategies, complementing the sale of products by providing services, adding knowledge and activities associated with their use, and creating a higher perception of value by their customers.Strategic competition through service delivery has become a hallmark of the innovative manufacturing companies, providing the companies with a robust means to protect their market from competitors. Thus, there is a growing interest in researching the role of services in sustaining the competitiveness of manufacturing industry.Service-oriented approaches, which incorporate this shift in business\' focus from offering isolated products, to proposing integrated solutions, have been addressed in the literature as servitization, and typically entail innovations in the company\'s business model (BM). The goal of this research is investigating how companies can promote transformations in their BMs to support their servitization strategies, and proposing a set of artifacts to support them in the implementation of these strategies, since the following research problem: \"How to innovate the BM of a company which adopts the servitization strategy? \", which unfolds in the following questions: (i) what are the main motivating factors for a company to adopt the servitization strategy?; (ii) how to represent the BM of a company incorporating the service-dominant logic, more suitable for servitization?; (iii) how to innovate a company\'s BM to implement its servitization strategy ?; and (iv) how to apply the proposed artifacts to support the implementation of the servitization strategy in a company? An exploratory and prescriptive research is carried out, based on the design science research methodology, and supported by a systematic literature review on the related subjects, aiming at proposing artifacts in response to the questions posed. The demonstration of the proposed artifacts is done by means of a case study in a multinational company, which manufactures medical devices, followed by an assessment of this demonstration, supported by the thinking aloud method. From the four research questions, the following results are obtained: (i) identification, analysis and categorization of the main motivating factors for servitization adoption; (ii) proposing a BM architecture according to the service-dominant logic, to help the servitization study; (iii) proposing an innovation process for the company\'s BM, to implement the servitization; and (iv) demonstration and assessment of the proposed BM architecture for servitization. The research offers contributions to the literature of BM and servitization, and to practitioners, proposing the artifacts business model canvas for servitization (BMCS) and the IPIDI process for innovation of BM for servitization, besides some methodological contributions related to design science research and thinking aloud.

Die Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss des pH - Wertes auf die Fluoreszenzintensität von Multischichtsystemen während des Beschichtungsvorgangs von Siliziumdioxidpartikeln mit kovalent an Polyallylaminhydrochlorid (PAH) gebundenem Rhodamin - B - Isothiocyanat. Durch eine konsequente Pufferung mit 2 -(N - Morpholino)ethansulfonsäure während der Beschichtung kann eine Verbesserung der Homogenität der Schichtbildung und eine Erhöhung der Fluoreszenzintensität erreicht werden. Außerdem liegt eine lineare Steigerung der Fluoreszenzintensität proportional zur Anzahl der fluoreszenten Schichten vor. Weiterhin sollen kolloidale Partikel unter konstanter Pufferung zusätzlich zu Rhodamin – B – Isothiocyanat mit an PAH – gebundenem Fluoresceinisothiocyanat beschichtet werden. Dieses Farbstoffpaar weist bei Annäherung eine Fluoreszenzsteigerung durch einen Fluoreszenzresonanzenergietransfer aus. Durch Variation von Schichtanzahl und Abstand wurden verschiedene Partikelpopulationen hergestellt, die sich in Ihrer Fluoreszenzintensität analog zu einem Bead Array Assay im Durchflusszytometer klar differenzieren lassen und dabei auch eine gleichmäßige Steigerung der Fluoreszenzintensität analog zur Anzahl der fluoreszenten Schichten aufweisen.

Det arbetas mer och mer gränslöst, där gränserna mellan privatliv och arbetsliv suddas ut parallellt medsjukskrivningarna för reaktioner på stress ökar. Hur kan personlighetsdrag predicera upplevd stress ochvälmående? Detta kan tillämpas vid arbete med friskfaktorer som bidrar till välmående på arbetsplatsen.Perceived Stress Scale är den mest använda självskattningen inom stress, välmåendeformuläret visarutmärkt reliabilitet och god validitet. Inom personlighetsteorier representerar femfaktormodellen(neuroticism, extraversion, öppenhet, vänlighet och samvetsgrannhet) personlighetsdragen. Enligttidigare forskning utgör neuroticism en särskild sårbarhet för stress. Tre hypoteser prövades där syftetmed studien var att predicera hur personligheten påverkar välmåendet samt benägenheten att upplevastress. Deltagarna som svarade på enkäten var 1545 till antalet i åldrarna 18-71 år utspridda i Sverige.Korrelationsanalyser och multipla regressionsanalysen genomfördes. Hypotesen får stöd i studien,personlighetsdrag kan predicera upplevd stress och välmående. En tydlig korrelation fanns mellanvariablerna stress och samtliga personlighetsdimensioner. / The working life gets more and more boundaryless, the line between private and working life is blurred out and at the same time the sick leave for stress increases. Can personality traits predict perceived stress and well-being? It could be applied to the workplace and contribute to a more healthy life style. Perceived stress scale is the most used questionnaire for stress, the well-being form shows excellent reliability and good validity. Within personality theories, the big five Inventory model (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, kindness and conscientiousness) represents the traits of personality. According to previous research, neuroticism been predicted as a stress factor. Four hypotheses were tested and the purpose of the study was to predict how different personality traits can affect well-being and the tendency to experience stress. The study involved 1545 participants between 18-71 years old in Sweden. Correlation analyzes and multiple regression analyzes were performed. The question is supported in the study, personality traits can predict perceived stress and well-being. There was a clear correlation between the variables stress and all personality dimensions.

Rising penetration of renewable energy sources in electric power grids isboth a challenge and an opportunity to optimally utilize the potential of eitherwind or PV energy sources, to stabilize operation of future power systems.Bi-directional ows between distribution and transmission system operatorscause signicant problems with keeping the voltages in the grid within admissiblelimits. This paper contains description of Oland's island mediumandlow-voltage electric power grid, ranging from 0.4 kV to 130 kV in thepurpose of quasi-static analysis of active and reactive power ows in the system.Goal of the analysis is to optimize reactive power exchange at the pointof connection with the mainland grid. In the analyzed grid system, thereis an enormous, 190 % penetration of wind sources. Capacity of the windparks connected to dedicated buses totals to 136.1 MW, that supply up to90.5 MW of load. With industry-wise reactive power capability limits, totalcontribution of wind parks reaches almost 66 MVAr, enabling to compensatedecits and extra surpluses of the reactive power in the grid. Presentedsystem is connected to the mainland's grid through one point of connection,which is simulated as Thevenin equivalent circuit. Main objective of thethesis is to test and analyze viable solutions to minimize reactive power exchangeat the point of connection at Stavlo substation connecting Oland'sand Sweden's electric grid keeping valid all necessary contingencies enforcedby current grid codes applied in Sweden as well as thermal limits of the linesand voltage limits of the system. Furthermore, state of the art of currentreactive power compensation methodologies and most promising techniquesto eciently and eectively control reactive power ow are outlined. Droopcontrol methodologies, with focus on global and local objectives, and smartgrid solutions opportunities are being tested and modeled by the authors andare comprehensively presented in this paper. Moreover, economic costs ofcontrol methods are compared. Analysis of active power losses in the systemas well as cost of implementation of alternative solutions is presented, wheremost nancially viable solutions are outlined, giving brief outlook into futureperspectives and challenges of electric power systems. It is shown that controllabilityof reactive power support by wind turbine generators can enhanceoperation of electric power grids, by keeping the reactive power ow minimizedat the boundary between grids of distribution and transmission systemoperators. Furthermore, results indicate that extra reactive power supportby wind turbine generators can lead to diminishment of active power losses inthe system. Presented system is being modeled in the PSS/E software dedicatedfor power system engineers with use of Python programming languages.Analysis of data was done either in Python or R related environments. Thesiswas written with cooperation between KTH and E.On Energidistribution AB. / Hogre genomslagskraft av förnyelsebara energikällor i elnäteten är bådeen utmaning och möjlighet för att optimalt kunna utnyttja potentialen av vindkraft och PV källor, med avseende på att stabilisera driften av framtida elkraftsystem. Tvåvägsflöden mellan distributionoch transmissionsoperatörer orsakar betydande problem att hålla spänningen i nätet inom tillåtna gränsvärden.Denna uppsats innehåller en beskrivning av Ö lands mellanoch lågspänningsnät,på 0.4 kV till 130 kV i syftet att utföra en kvasistatisk analys av aktiva och reaktiva effektflöden i systemet. Målet med analysen är att optimera det reaktiva effektutbytet i kopplingspunkten med fastlandets nät. I det analyserade systemet, finns det en enorm potential på 190% genomslagskraft av vindkraft. Kapaciteten på vindkraftsparker kopplade till medtagna samlingsskenor i systemet uppgår till 136,1 MW, som tillgodoser upp till 90.5 MW last. Med industrimässigt begränsad reaktiv effektkapabilitet, uppgår vindkraftsparkernas bidrag till nästan 66 MVAr, vilken möjliggör kompensation för underskott och överskott av reaktiv effekt i nätet. Det presenterade systemet är kopplat till fastlandet genom en kopplingspunkt, där fastlandet är simulerat som en Thevenin ekvivalent. Huvudsakliga målet med denna uppsats är att testa och analysera gångbara lösningar för att minimera det reaktiva effektutbytet vid kopplingspunkten i Stävlö, som kopplar ihop Ö land med resterande nät i Sverige, samtidigt som alla nödvändiga villkor enligt nuvarande nätkoder i Sverige bibehålls, liksom termiska gränser för ledningarna och spanningsgränser för systemet. Ytterligare beskrivs den bästa tillgängliga tekniken som finns idag för reaktiv effektkompensation, och de mest lovande teknikerna för att effektivt och verkningsfullt kontrollera reaktiva effektflöden. Droop-kontroll-metodologier, med fokus på globala och lokala tillämpningar, och smarta nät-möjligheter testas och modelleras av författarna och presenterar djupgående i detta arbete. Dessutom jämförs ekonomiska kostnader för olika kontrollmetoder. Analyser av aktiva effektförluster i systemet samt kostnader för implementation av alternativa lösningar presenteras, där de flesta gångbara losningar behandlas, och ger en överskådlig bild av framtida perspektiv och utmaningar i elkraftsystemet. Det visas att vindturbiners kontroll av reaktiv effekt, kan förbättra driften av elnäten, genom att minimera det reaktiva effektflödesutbytet i gränsen mellan distributionoch transmissionsoperatörers nät. Ytterligare pekar resultat på att extra understöd av reaktiv effekt från vindturbiner kan leda till förminskning av aktiva förluster i systemet. Det presenterade systemet modelleras i mjukvaruprogrammet PSS/E dedikerat för elkraftsingenjörer med hjälp av Python. Analys av data gjordes antingen i Pythoneller R-relaterade miljöer. Detta arbete har gjorts tillsam-mans med KTH och E.ON Energidistribution AB.

This thesis investigates the integration of digital technologies (DT) within Product-Service Systems (PSS) and their role in promoting Circular Economy (CE) practices. Despite increasing recognition of digitalization in industries with PSS offerings, research on DT as a catalyst for CE, especially across organizations of various sizes, remains limited. This study explores how DT can revolutionize PSS, leading to more sustainable and efficient operations aligned with CE principles across varying industries sizes. The research employs a qualitative, multiple-case study approach, examining various industries to comprehend the diverse applications and implications of DT in PSS. Through an extensive review of existing literature and empirical data from case studies, the study identifies the implications, challenges, opportunities, and strategic dimensions of leveraging DT in PSS for CE. Key findings reveal that DT significantly enhances the efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability of PSS operations, aiding a transition towards CE. The study emphasizes the critical role of DT in resource optimization, waste reduction, and value creation, which are essential for sustainable business practices. However, it also underscores the diverse challenges faced by organizations, including technological adaptability, cost implications, and the need for tailored strategies across different organizational sizes. The thesis concludes with strategic insights for organizations, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to maximize the benefits of DT in PSS for promoting CE values. The study also advocates for a future where digital technologies are central to achieving a circular business model, and underlines the importance of strategic and effective technology adoption in the PSS sector. / Denna avhandling undersöker integrationen av digitala teknologier (DT) inom Produkt-Tjänstesystem (PSS) och deras roll i främjandet av praxis för cirkulär ekonomi (CE). Trots ökat erkännande av digitaliseringens roll inom industrier med PSS-erbjudanden, är forskningen om DT en katalysator för CE, särskilt för organisationer av olika storlekar, begränsad. Denna studie utforskar hur DT kan revolutionera PSS, vilket leder till en mer hållbar och effektiv verksamhet och metoder i linje med CE-principer över varierande industristorlekar. Forskningen använder en kvalitativ flerfallsstudieansats, och undersöker olika industrier för att förstå de mångsidiga applikationerna och implikationerna av DT i PSS. Genom en omfattande granskning av befintlig litteratur och empiriska data från fallstudier, identifierar studien implikationerna, utmaningarna, möjligheterna och de strategiska dimensionerna av att utnyttja DT i PSS för CE. Huvudsakliga slutsatser visar att DT avsevärt förbättrar effektiviteten, flexibiliteten och hållbarheten i PSS-verksamheter, vilket underlättar en övergång mot CE. Studien betonar DT:s kritiska roll i optimering av resurser, minskning av avfall och vidare värdeskapande, vilket är avgörande för att skapa en hållbar affär. Den lyfter dock också fram de mångfaldiga utmaningar som organisationer står inför, inklusive teknologisk anpassningsförmåga, kostnadsimplikationer och behovet av skräddarsydda strategier för olika organisatoriska storlekar. Avhandlingen avslutas med strategiska insikter för organisationer, beslutsfattare och forskare, och betonar behovet av samarbetsinsatser för att maximera fördelarna med DT i PSS för att främja CE-värderingar. Den förespråkar en framtid där digitala teknologier är centrala för att uppnå cirkulära affärsmodeller, och understryker vikten av strategisk och effektiv teknologiimplementering i PSS-sektorn.

Manufacturing companies have begun developing Product Service Systems to provide customers with enhanced product-service offerings. Transitioning to a service-oriented development process allows companies to restructure risks, responsibilities, and costs normally associated with owning products. They potentially allow companies to sell products through different channels and offer additional elements of differentiation to their competitors. However, PSS comes with a lot of challenges that manufacturing companies have struggled to overcome. Some of these challenges include switching away from traditional hardware-focused mindset and the service manufacturing paradox. This thesis focused on challenges regarding integrating services within product development processes. A Swedish manufacturing company was considered as the primary case study for investigation. 14 people from different functions were interviewed. The investigation revealed 17 challenges categorized into five main themes. These themes were lack of clear company messaging regarding services, immature service development process, sub-optimal division of tasks and responsibilities, resources issues, and lack of integration in processes. Additionally, three external companies were interviewed to investigate their service maturity level and how they were able to overcome common challenges in service integration. Based on the insights gained from both internal and external interviews three solutions were created. These solutions are new roles and updated responsibilities, a new integrated service process, and a Product-Service Readiness Level chart. Future considerations for the investigated company were also submitted to provide a guide for further development of these solutions. / Tillverkningsföretag har börjat utveckla produktservicesystem för att ge kunderna förbättrade produkttjänster. Övergången till en tjänsteorienterad utvecklingsprocess tillåter företag att omstrukturera risker, ansvar och kostnader som normalt är förknippade med att äga produkter. De tillåter potentiellt företag att sälja produkter genom olika kanaler och erbjuder ytterligare inslag av differentiering till sina konkurrenter. Men PSS kommer med många utmaningar som tillverkande företag har kämpat för att övervinna. Några av dessa utmaningar inkluderar att byta bort från traditionella hårdvarufokuserade tänkesätt och tjänstetillverkningsparadoxen. Detta examensarbete fokuserade på utmaningar när det gäller att integrera tjänster i produktutvecklingsprocesser. Ett svenskt tillverkningsföretag ansågs vara den primära fallstudien för utredning. 14 personer från olika funktioner intervjuades. Undersökningen avslöjade 17 utmaningar kategoriserade i fem huvudteman. Dessa teman var brist på tydliga företagsmeddelanden om tjänster, omogen tjänsteutvecklingsprocess, suboptimal fördelning av uppgifter och ansvar, resursfrågor och bristande integration i processer. Dessutom intervjuades tre externa företag för att undersöka deras mognadsnivå för tjänster och hur de kunde övervinna vanliga utmaningar inom tjänsteintegration. Baserat på insikterna från både interna och externa intervjuer skapades tre lösningar. Dessa lösningar är nya roller och uppdaterade ansvarsområden, en ny integrerad serviceprocess och ett diagram för produkt-tjänstberedskapsnivå. Framtida överväganden för det undersökta företaget lämnades också in för att ge vägledning för vidareutveckling av dessa lösningar.