The aim was to investigate the effects of an intervention, based on education given to staff and implementation of an individualized nutritional programme given to the residents, to compare assessments on admission with a previous study, and to perform diagnostic test and inter-rater reliability of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). A further aim was to identify and describe factors with regard to appetite among the residents. Upon admission, and after a four month intervention period, residents were classified as being either protein energy malnourished (PEM), or not, based on anthropometry and biochemical measurements. On both occasions, the Activity Index and the Mini Mental State Examination were used. In order to identify individuals in need of nutritional care, the MNA was performed. Information about medical data was obtained. A total of 127 residents were consecutively admitted to eight resident homes in a municipality in Sweden. Three resident homes constituted the experimental unit (n = 68) and five the control unit (n = 59). Fifteen residents were interviewed using a qualitative method, to investigate what affects their appetite. On admission 32 % of the residents were classified as PEM, which was similar to in the previous study. A higher frequency of residents in the present study had severe medical diseases and cognitive impairment, compared with the previous study, indicating changed admission criteria in the present study. Between the experimental and the control groups, no differences were seen in any specific anthropometric or biochemical variable. Within the groups, statistically significant differences were seen, as the number of PEM residents in the experimental group decreased, and motor activity and overall cognitive function improved. In the control group, motor activity deteriorated. This indicates that the intervention improved nutritional status and functional capacity in the residents. Diagnostic sensitivity was 73 % regarding MNA versus PEM, and 89 % regarding MNA short form (MNA-SF) versus MNA, which indicates a rather high degree of sensitivity in both tests. Inter-rater reliability of MNA, carried out by simultaneous assessments by registered nurses and researcher showed a moderate agreement of 62 % (kappa 0.41). The interview study showed that the willingness to eat was what affected the residents´ appetite. The willingness to eat contains internal factors, dependent on mood and personal values, as well as external factors, dependent on wholesomeness, food, eating environment and meal fellowship. When planning and realizing residents´ nutritional care, factors affecting the residents´ appetite have to be taken into consideration. In conclusion, the results show that it is important to implement and develop strategies for individual nutritional care, in order to prevent and treat malnutrition in elderly people, which is in line with recommendations given by the European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN) and with the Swedish goal of nursing actions.

The overall aim of this thesis was to provide knowledge on the one handSomalian-born immigrants´ experiences of living with diabetes mellitus (DM)in a new cultural environment, on the other hand their encounter with Swedishdiabetic care – this from both their own point of view and that of the health-care professionals. There was an endeavour to describe methodological aspectsof the interpreter´s role in respect of the trustworthiness of research performedin multicultural societies. A descriptive design was used, involving threequalitative interview studies with an interpreter (Studies II-IV) and onesystematic literature review (Study I). The latter served as a foundation forconducting the interviews with an interpreter and the Matrix Method was used.The same 19 patients with diabetes of Somalian origin participated in StudiesII-IV, joined by five health-care professionals in Study IV. The interviews weresubjected to qualitative content analysis in the case of Studies II and III, and to phenomenograpic analysis in the case of Study IV. In Study I, 13 empirical cross-cultural interview studies with aninterpreter involved were scrutinized. The findings showed that the interpreter’srole in the research process was given little attention. There was usually noaccount either of the style of interpreting, the interpreter’s previous experienceor the seating arrangements for the interviews. On the other hand most of thestudies offered direct or indirect information about the interpreter’s knowledgeof the aim of the research or participation in the transcription of the text or data analysis. The most frequent techniques used to established trustworthiness were prolonged engagement and member checks. A prominent problem for the participants in Study II was to give uptraditional eating habits. Difficulty in managing everyday life was mentionedespecially by women in connection with the need to keep to the diet regimebecause of a lack of understanding and support from family and friends. Tochanging lifestyle was considered as a hard work and a number of barriers wasmentioned especially when it comes to eating habits. The findings showed avariation how the participants managed the fasting month of Ramadan. Thosewho fasted did not see the diabetes as an obstacle, others did so and indicated that fasting was not compulsory for a sick person. In study III the findings showed that women used more supernaturalbeliefs than men when they described their experiences in connection with thediagnosis and their health beliefs. Most of the experiences of receiving thediagnosis consisted of ways of managing this information. Commonlymentioned by the participants, irrespective of gender, when they receiving thediagnosis was a attempt to find some advantages, or positive comparison. Other participants tried to repress the diagnosis and doubted it. Most of theparticipants, irrespective of gender, did not immediately respond with shock orother strong emotion when they received the diagnosis. In study IV the patients conceived the diabetes care as being of highquality but they also conceived limitation with the care. They conceived unmetneeds such as too long waiting times for appointments, not encountering thesame physician every time, lack of contact with specialists and failure toculturally adapt dietary advice. Health-care professionals conceived severalcultural challenges in the encounter such as managing language barriers,illiteracy and traditions such as fasting during Ramadan. In conclusion, this thesis generate knowledge which can serve as afoundation to securing the quality of diabetes care for this patient group andcontribute to working out local diabetic programmes for patients with anotherbackground than the Swedish. In addition the thesis can contribute to makingimprovements when it comes to working with an interpreter in qualitativeinterview studies as well as in clinical settings.

The aim of this study was to explore how professional helpers, who work at a clinic in South Africa, experience and are affected by their work in the assessment and treatment of child sexual abuse. Twelve professional helpers were interviewed using a qualitative, semi-structured interview. The analysis of the interviews resulted in five overall categories. These are; The work with children; Pressures at work; Motivation for doing the job; Influences on a personal level and Coping strategies. Our study reveals that all of the professionals are influenced by their work but most of them not to the extent that they cannot enjoy life. The people who, apart from working with abused children, also work within management seem more affected by their work. Thus one of the conclusions is that the professionals are influenced by the entire work situation and not only by the clients that they meet. Another conclusion is that the work with sexually abused children has an effect on the professionals'private lives and that boundaries between work and private life are hard to keep.

Denna uppsats undersöker den kvantitativa och den kvalitativa forskningsmetoden ur ett kunskapsteoretiskt och ett vetenskapsteoretiskt perspektiv. I fråga om kvalitativ forskning har metoderna hermeneutik och fenomenologi studerats särskilt grundligt. Uppsatsen argumenterar för att kunskapsteoretiska och vetenskapsteoretiska antaganden måste vara gemensamma för de båda typerna av metod, om man anser att båda typerna ska betraktas som vetenskapliga. Vidare hävdas att de kvalitativa metoderna är sammankopplade med en rad problem beträffande objektivitet, generaliserbarhet, rättfärdigande av kunskap och teoriers empiriska stöd. I många fall utger sig dessa metoder för att leva upp till de krav man ställer på vetenskaplig forskning i dessa avseenden i lika hög grad som kvantitativ metod, men en av uppsatsens teser är att de misslyckas med detta. I uppsatsen hävdas att vetenskapens mål är att generera generaliserbar kunskap. På grund av de kunskapsteoretiska problem kvalitativ forskning stöter på, kan sådan forskning inte ensam nå detta mål och således inte ha någon självständig plats i vetenskapen, utan kan endast tjäna ett förvetenskapligt syfte, genom att, i vissa fall, formulera frågor och hypoteser som sedan besvaras respektive testas av kvantitativ forskning. / This paper examines the quantitative and the qualitative research methods with respect to both epistemology and the philosophy of science. With regards to qualitative research, the paper takes a closer look at the hermeneutic and the phenomenological methods in particular. The paper argues that the different types of method must have the same epistemological assumptions, if it is held that both types ought to be considered scientific. It is further claimed that the qualitative methods are connected to several problems concerning objectivity, generalizability, the justification of knowledge and the empirical support of theories. In many cases, these methods purport to live up to the requirements that are made on scientific research in these respects to the same degree as the quantitative method, but one of the theses of this paper is that they fail to do this. In the paper, it is maintained that the goal of science is to generate generalizable knowledge. Due to the epistemological problems qualitative research are faced with, such research cannot reach that goal alone and thus cannot hold an independent position in science, but can only serve a prescientific purpose, by, in some cases, drawing up questions and hypotheses which are then answered and tested respectively, by quantitative research.

Ur ett folkhälsoperspektiv har människors levnadsvanor en central betydelse för hälsa och sjukdomsbörda. Personer med funktionshinder riskerar i större utsträckning att drabbas av försämrad hälsa och sjukdom än övrig befolkningen. Forskning visar dock att fysisk aktivitet förbättrar personer med funktionshinders möjlighet till en bättre hälsa.  Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka möjliggörande och hindrande faktorer vuxna personer med funktionshinder upplever vid organiserad fysisk aktivitet. Datainsamling har skett med en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer. Personer med olika funktionshinder och erfarenheter intervjuades. Studien avgränsades till vuxna personer med funktionshinder vilka är fysisk aktiva. Resultatet visar att flera av de intervjuade tyckte det fanns brist på tillgänglighet till både fysiska faktorer, som exempel lokaler och psykosociala faktorer, som exempelvis bemötande. Personer med funktionshinder upplever att tillgång till information kan förbättras och även utrymmen i lokaler. Dock beskrev intervjupersonerna positiva upplevelser kring delaktighet.  Slutsatserna visar att det behövs flera olika insatser. Det gäller exempelvis den fysiska miljön i omklädningsrum samt större förståelse från anställda i kommuner. Detta för att möta de olika behoven kring fysisk aktivitet för personer med funktionshinder. Tillgänglighet till både information och anläggningar är avgörande för att målgruppen ska vara fysisk aktiva. / From a public health perspective the life style has a central part in determining the health and sickness of a population. People with disabilities risks to a greater extend to suffer ill health and disease rather than other people. Research shows that physical activity improves people with disabilities’ opportunity to a better health. The purpose of this essay is to find out the enabling and discouragement adults with disabilities experience in organized physical activity.  Data was collected with a qualitative method in the form of interviews. People with different disabilities and experiences were interviewed. The study was limited to adults with disabilities who are physical active. The result shows that the majority of the interviewees felt there was a lack of accessibility to both physical and psychosocial factors. They feel that access to information, along with the access to athletic facilities can be improved. However, the interviewees described positive experiences of participation. The result indicates that efforts are needed to meet the disability community needs around physical activity. Access to both information and facilities is crucial for the target group’s engagement in physical activities.

This study deals with the new curriculum GY11 in Swedish and Swedish as a second language, the first course at “Swedish Gymnasium”. The subject is the status and aims of teaching literature and its contents. Eva Hultin’s thesis (2006) Samtalsgenrer i gymnasieskolans litteraturundervisning. En ämnesdidaktisk studie about Swedish and Swedish as a second language in the curriculum before (Lpo94) this new one serves as a frame of my study. I use her concepts of the old curriculum in order to find out whether these are present in the new one or not. To do so I use a qualitative, thematic and textanalytic method. Since there is not much research done on Swedish as a second language as a subject in school I use some of the most common theories about second language acqustion to make my study scientifically relevant and to link my discussion with the readers preunderstanding of it. This study was initiated by my hypothesis, the new Gymnasium as a part of right-wing politician ideas of different education for different purposeses and its reflections in the new curriculums of the subject Swedish. My results show that Swedish as a second language first and foremost is about basic skills in Swedish and not so much about interculture and bringing the students experiences forward for discussions in the classroom when dealing with literature. Or to use Eva Hultins concepts; the formerly known ideal of Swedish as a second language as a democratic and life skills-developing subject has been replacded by a skillorientated concept more to be compared to what students at practical programmes at Swedish Gymnasium traditionally do whereas Swedish still is about cultivation and making students prepared for democratic skills in life outside school. The study of the new curriculums in Swedish compared to Eva Hultins analysis of the older ones also leads to the conclusion that the new gymnasium to greater extent than before means two separated ways of handling literatur teaching Swedish as a second language and Swedish.

Detta arbete syftar till att fördjupa kunskapen om hur violin- och violalärare kan arbeta för att ge sina elever som utövar klassik musik möjlighet att minimera stress och nervositet i samband med provspelning och konserttillfälle. I bakgrundskapitlet presenteras orsaker till samt förebyggande åtgärder för att hantera stress. Dessutom redogörs för musikdidaktiska perspektiv på instrumentalundervisning. Studien har genomförts med kvalitativ intervju som metod. Fyra lärare och musiker har intervjuats. Resultatet i studien styrker tidigare forskning då flera teman är likartade. Dock framkommer nya infallsvinklar på orsaker till stress i resultatet. En av de mer avgörande anledningarna till studenters ökade stressfaktor tydliggörs som avsaknad av mental och praktisk förberedelse. Elevens brist på att se inlärning i en långsiktig process med en utvecklingskurva som inte alltid går parallellt med förväntningarna är en annan orsak som enligt resultatet kan leda till ökad stress. I den förebyggande stresshanteringen betonas vikten av den praktiska förberedelsen som innefattande tekniskt hantverk, övningsmetodik samt att öva på konsertvana inom ramen för gemensam lektion. Vikten av att vara mentalt förberedd för situationen understryks ha betydelse i den förebyggande stresshanteringen. / The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding in how violin teachers can work to provide their students the opportunity to minimize stress and anxiety related to auditions and concerts. In the previous research presented in the background, clear causes and preventive measures to deal with and prevent stress are described. The quantitative interview was the method of the study. Four musicians and teachers were interviewed. The previous research is confirmed by the result that is described in themes by the informants. However, new perspectives on the causes of stress are outlined in the result. One of the more important reasons for an increased stress factor in students is clarified as the absence of mental and practical preparation. A lack in regarding learning as a long term process on behalf of the students, which does not always run parallel with expectations, may lead to increased stress. The importance of the practical preparation includes technical craftsmanship, practice methods, and to practice the concert experience. The importance of being mentally prepared for the situation is a preventive action against stress. The mental preparation before the concert situation, can include relatively simple things like knowing how the room looks like, and that the student has created an image of the audience. Practice in entering the stage, in addition to a presentation approach, are also important factors in reducing stress.

Sedan Internet förändrade hur världen kommunicerar har den teknologiska utvecklingen i dess kölvatten och i synnerhet de sociala medierna inneburit ett paradigmskifte i vår vardagliga kommunikativa verklighet. Även organisationer har hakat på utvecklingen. Men för många råder ovisshet om hur sociala medier påverkar deras verksamhet. I synnerhet våra svenska myndigheter som har att förhålla sig till offentlighetsprincip, yttrandefrihet och ett genomgående medborgarperspektiv. Mot denna bakgrund ville vi undersöka hur sociala medier påverkar arbetet med samhällskommunikation inom en kommunal förvaltning. Vi har därför gjort en kvalitativ studie av en kommunal förvaltning inom Kalmar kommun genom att intervjua de som arbetar med Facebook samt deras ledning. Våra huvudteorier är hämtade från Kent Asp, Jürgen Habermas och John B. Thompson. Vi har kommit fram till att Facebook är en samlingsplats för flera olika typer av interaktion med möjlighet till dialogisk masskommunikation genom nätverk. Medieinnehållet är ett konstant flöde av främst fatisk kommunikation men som för en myndighet öppnar för effektiv kriskommunikation. Informatörsrollen blir mer strategisk och medborgardialogen decentraliserad genom ökad kommunikation via Facebook. Sociala medier skapar ett nytt interaktionsfält som förstärker den borgerliga offentligheten och ökar möjligheten till deliberativ demokrati. På så sätt minskar tendensen för en mediekrati och ökar myndighetens makt över massmedierna. / Since Internet changed how the world communicates the technological development that followed and especially the social medias has meant a change of paradigms in our everyday communication. Even organizations have followed the trend, but for many there is an uncertainty about how social media affects their operations. Especially for our Swedish administrative authorities that have to act according to open records, freedom of speech and the citizen perspective. With this in mind we wanted to study how social medias affect the work with communication to society within a municipality. We therefore have made a qualitative study on Kalmar municipality by interviewing the ones who use Facebook as a work tool and their management. Our main theories are from Kent Asp, Jürgen Habermas and John B. Thompson. We have concluded that Facebook is a meeting place for several types of interaction with possibility to have dialogical mass communication through networks. The media content is a constant flow with mainly phatic communication that for an administrative authority opens up for effective crises communication. The public relations officers role becomes more strategic and the dialogue with the citizens becomes decentralized through increased communication through Facebook. Social medias create a new field of interaction that enhances the public sphere and increases the possibilities for a deliberative democracy. In that way the tendencies for a mediacracy decrease and the administrative authorities power over media increase.

Depression och psykisk ohälsa är idag ett stort hälsoproblem. Trots att motionens positiva hälsoeffekter är välkända är det få inom sjukvården som använder fysisk aktivitet som  kompletterande behandling vid depressionstillstånd. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att identifiera och beskriva personalens erfarenhet och syn på fysisk aktivitet som en del av den psykiatriska omvårdnaden vid depressionstillstånd. Studien var en kvalitativ studie med strukturerande fokusgrupp intervjuer som analyserades med hjälp av innehållsanalys där ett huvudtema; Att ha kunskap och idéer men att inte få till det, två teman och sju subteman utgjorde resultatet. Resultatet från studien visade att vårdpersonalen upplevde att det var bättre förr då det var en mer strukturerad tillvaro med motion och planerade aktiviteter på varje avdelning som patienterna skulle delta i. Resultatet visade både på hinder och möjligheter när det gällde fysisk aktivitet som omvårdnadsåtgärd. Slutsatsen var att personalen hade stora kunskaper kring omvårdnadsåtgärder vid depression men det fanns ett stort behov av förbättrade rutiner för fysisk aktivitet vid depression för linneliggande patienter. / Depression and mental illness is now a major health problem. Although the physical health benefits are well known, there are few in health care that uses physical activity as complementary treatment of depression state. The purpose of this qualitative study was to identity and describe staff's experience and views on physical activity as part of psychiatric care for depression condition. The study was a qualitative study of structuring focus group interviews who were analyzed using content analysis in which a major theme; To have knowledge and ideas but not getting to it, two themes and seven subthemes, was the result. The results of the study showed that nursing staff felt that it was better before when it was a more structured life with exercise and planned activities of each department that the patients would participate in. The results showed both obstacles and opportunities in terms of physical activity as health care measure. The conclusion is that the staff has knowledge of care measures for depression but it is a great need for improved physical activity on depression for patients in psychiatric clinic.

Sedan 2004 har en stor ökning skett av ensamkommande barn i Sverige och år 2014 kom över 7000 barn hit. Ett ensamkommande barn är ett barn som kommer utan sina föräldrar eller någon som företräder föräldrarna. Det vanligaste hälsoproblemet hos ensamkommande barn är psykisk ohälsa, på grund av bland annat traumatiska upplevelser i deras liv. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva vad omgivande aktörer har för uppfattning om ensamkommande barns förutsättningar för god hälsa. Undersökningarna för studien har gjorts med hjälp av åtta kvalitativa enskilda intervjuer. Intervjupersonerna var människor som på något sätt har kontinuerlig kontakt med ensamkommande barn i en mindre kommun i Mellansverige. Intervjuerna analyserades i en manifest innehållsanalys. De etiska forskningsprinciperna samt kvalitetskriteriet tillförlitlighet har beaktats under undersökningens gång. I resultatet framkom att integrering, stöd och engagemang från samhället, skolan och omgivande aktörer upplevdes som förutsättningar för ensamkommande barns hälsa. Flera faktorer ansågs ha påverkan på ensamkommande barns hälsa, exempelvis trauman, utbildning, sociala relationer och möjlighet till fritidsaktiviteter. De omgivande aktörerna upplevde att dessa faktorer även kunde påverka och vara avgörande för varandra. Slutsatserna blev att det finns vissa faktorer som i större utsträckning upplevs påverka ensamkommande barns förutsättningar för hälsa. Trots att de ensamkommande barnen i viss mån anses ha goda förutsättningar finns det flera sätt att förbättra och öka deras möjligheter till god hälsa. / Since 2004, the amount of unaccompanied children in Sweden has increased and 2014 over 7000 children came here. An unaccompanied child is a child who is coming without its parents or someone who can act in their place. The most common health problem among unaccompanied children is mental illness, for instance because of traumatic incidents in their lives. The aim of this study is to describe the involved persons’ opinions about unaccompanied children’s opportunities for good health. The surveys for the study have been conducted by eight qualitative separate interviews. The persons interviewed were people who in some way have continuous contact with unaccompanied children in a smaller district in the middle of Sweden. The interviews were analyzed in a manifest content analysis. The ethic principles for research and trustworthiness have been observed during the study. The result shows that integration, support and engagement from the community, school and persons involved were experienced as conditions for unaccompanied childrens health. Several factors were considered influence unaccompanied children’s health, for example trauma, education, social relations and the possibility of recreational activities. The persons involved considered that these factors also could influence and be crucial for each other. The conclusions were that there are some factors that to a greater extent are experienced to influence unaccompanied children’s opportunities for good health. Even though the unaccompanied children in some degree are considered to have good opportunities, there are several ways of improving and increasing their possibilities for good health.