Bakgrund Trycksår definieras som ett sår orsakat av ischemi i vävnaden och kan indelas i olika kategorier. I Sverige beräknades omkring 11% av alla patienter utveckla sjukhusförvärvade trycksår och beräknas kosta runt 450 miljoner svenska kronor avseende förlängda vårdtider inom somatisk specialistvård. Förutom förlängda vårdtider skapar även trycksår ett stort lidande och sänkt livskvalitet för den drabbade. Kunskapen om trycksårsprevention och möjligheten till utbildning gällande trycksår tycks skilja sig runt om i världen. Säker vård handlar om att förebygga vårdskador och risk för vårdskador, säker vård är en del sjuksköterskans kärnkompetenser. Syfte Syftet med litteraturstudien är att identifiera hinder i det preventiva arbetet av trycksår inom sjukhusvård Metod En strukturerad litteraturstudie med inslag av den metodologi som används vid systematiska översikter. Resultat Hindren som identifierats för trycksårsförebyggande arbete var kunskapsbrist, organisatoriska faktorer, patienter och det praktiska utförandet. Kunskapsbrist identifierades av majoriteten av de länder som ingick i studien. Organisatoriska problem som fanns var bristen på riktlinjer, teamarbete, materialbrist, arbetsmiljö och utbildning. Patienter kunde även ses som ett hinder i arbetet med trycksårsprevention, det kunde då handla om exempelvis sjukdomstillstånd. Utförandet av trycksårsprevention sågs som bristfällig i flertalet studier där personal inte utförde riskbedömningar på patienter i riskzonen, det framkom även att all personal inte utför trycksårsprevention av oklar anledning vilket är ett hinder. Slutsats Denna litteraturstudie beskriver hinder i det trycksårsförebyggande arbetet. En stor del av problemen berör organisationer, det finns potential till förbättring inom området trycksårsprevention. / Background Pressure ulcer is defined as a wound caused by ischemia in the tissue and can be seperated into different categories. In Sweden around 11% of all patients were estimated to develop hospital aquired pressure ulcers, these were estimated to cost around 450 million swedish crowns in regard somatic specialty care. Disregarding length of care pressure ulcers also casues great patient suffering and lowers quality of life. The knowledge about pressure ulcer and the possibility to recieve training about pressure ulcers seems to vary between different countries. Safe care is used to prevent healthcare injuries and near miss healthcare injuries. Safe care i one of the core competencies for registered nurses. Aim The aim of the study is to identify barriers of pressure ulcer prevention in hospital care. Method A structured litterature review with elements of the methodology used in systematic reviews. Results The barriers wich were identified to pressure ulcer prevention were lack of knowledge, organisational factors, patients and in the practical work. Lack of knowledge were identified in the majority of studies included in the review. Organisational barriers were lack of guidelines, flaws in teamwork, lack of material, working environment and in education. Patients could be seen as a barrier to pressure ulcer prevention, such barrier could for example be the patients condition. The practical use of pressure ulcer prevention was viewed as flawed, in mulitple studies the personel did not use risk assessement tools on patients with a risk of pressure ulcer development, in some cases there appeared to be no reason as to why some personel did not use any risk assesment tools. Conclusions This litterature review describes barriers to pressure ulcer prevention. A large part of the problem is located in organizations, there is room for improvement in the field.

No description available.

Mémoire de fin d'études de maitrise réalisé par l'étudiante Clerveau Vanessa, sous la direction du professeur Denis Jean-Louis et Johri Mira pour l'obtention de la maitrise en administration des services de santé, option santé mondiale / La pénurie de main-d’œuvre en santé représente une problématique de santé mondiale et sa gestion par les pays de destination pourrait entraîner de graves conséquences sur les systèmes de santé des pays d’origine. Afin d’en atténuer certaines, l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) a créé le Code de pratique mondiale. Nous avons exploré le potentiel des accords bilatéraux proposés par ce Code dans le processus de migration des infirmiers haïtiens au Québec. Une analyse qualitative exploratoire a été menée avec des données de la littérature grise, scientifique et du grand public, ainsi que des entrevues semi-dirigées d’experts d’Haïti et de Québec selon un échantillon raisonné, au moyen d’un guide d’entrevue. Elles ont été transcrites manuellement, enregistrées sur Teams et analysées sur Nvivo. La formation des infirmiers haïtiens nécessaire au renouvellement de la main-d’œuvre, le renforcement des capacités du système de santé haïtien, le transfert de connaissances et de compétences, et l’intégration du personnel infirmier haïtien font partie des éléments clés évoqués par les experts en vue d’explorer le potentiel des accords bilatéraux. Haïti et le Québec devraient désigner des éléments nécessaires définissant clairement les besoins respectifs de leur système de santé. Cependant, la mise en œuvre pourrait être compromise par les enjeux d’équité, de dynamique, de pouvoir et d’instabilité en Haïti. Les accords bilatéraux dans le processus de migration des infirmiers haïtiens pourraient servir de levier d’amélioration des politiques de santé publique et de la coopération internationale entre Haïti et le Québec. / The shortage of healthcare workers is a global health issue, and its management by destination countries could impact healthcare systems in countries of origin. The World Health Organization (WHO) has taken steps to mitigate some of these issues by implementing the Global Code of Practice. We explored the potential of the bilateral agreements proposed by this Code in the migration process of Haitian nurses to Quebec. An exploratory qualitative analysis was conducted using data from the grey, scientific, and public literature, as well as semi-structured interviews with experts from Haiti and Quebec based on a purposive sample, using an interview guide. They were manually transcribed, recorded on Teams, and analyzed on Nvivo. The training of Haitian nurses needed to renew the workforce, capacity building of the Haitian healthcare system, transfer of knowledge and skills, and integration of Haitian nurses were among the key elements raised by experts to explore the potential of bilateral agreements. Haiti and Quebec should identify the necessary elements that clearly define the respective needs of their healthcare systems. However, implementation could be compromised by issues of equity, dynamics, power, and instability in Haiti. Bilateral agreements in the Haitian nurse migration process could serve as a lever for improving public health policies and international cooperation between Haiti and Quebec.

The aim of this study was to describe the nurses‘ perception of termination of pregnancy and her perception of her conduct towards clients that request termination of pregnancy guided by Kings‘ Systems Approach and Goal Attainment Theory. A non-experimental quantitative descriptive correlational design was used. A non-probability purposive sampling method was used consisting of institutions in the Western Cape, available to participate in this study, which deliver termination of pregnancy services, gov ernment health care institutions (21) and Marie Stopes clinics (3). Non-probability convenience sampling was used consisting of registered nurses who are working in termination of pregnancy units in these facilities (N=82). Data were collected through the administration of a self-designed questionnaire. The main findings of the study indicate that respondents (personal system) appear to feel positive about the work they are doing. Formal improvement and development are however not utilised optimally. Regarding the interpersonal system, respondents also show a positive orientation to both the woman opting for termination of pregnancy and the foetus. The potential towards transaction and ultimately goal attainment reside within this system. The respondents are also positive about legislation, employers and policies (social system) relating to termination of pregnancy. This orientation creates a milieu that is conducive to transactions, interactions and goal attainment.The main recommendation is that three systems as proposed by King be continuously integrated within the termination of pregnancy setup through, amongst other measures: values clarification, management support, in service education, the inclusion of termination of pregnancy in undergraduate programmes, focus groups and the like. / Die doel van hierdie studie was om die verpleegkundige se persepsie van terminasie van swangerskap en haar persepsie van haar houding en gedrag teenoor kliёnte wat terminasie van swangerskap versoek, aan die hand van King se Sisteembenadering en Doelwitbereikingsteorie te ondersoek en te beskryf. `n Nie-eksperimentele kwantitatiewe beskrywende korrelasie navorsingsontwerp was gebruik. `n Nie-waarskynlike doelbewuste-steekproefneming van die staatsgesondheidsorg-instansies wat terminasie van swangerskapdienste aanbied, is geneem en wat beskikbaar vir hierdie studie was (21) asook die Marie Stopesdienste (3), in die Wes-Kaap. `n Nie-waarskynlike gerieflikheidsteekproefneming is van verpleegkundiges geneem wat swangerskappe in hierdie afdelings termineer of moet termineer (N=82). Data is met behulp van `n selfontwerpte vraelys ingesamel. Die hoofbevindings van die studie dui daarop dat respondente (persoonlike sisteem) positief voel oor hul werk. Formele ontwikkelingshulpbronne word egter nie optimaal deur die sisteem benut nie. Wat die interpersoonlike sisteem betref, toon respondente ook ‗n positiewe oriëntasie tot beide die vrou wat terminasie van swangerskap aanvra en die fetus. Die potensiaal tot transaksie-sluiting en uiteindelike doelwitbereiking is binne hierdie sisteem geleë. Die respondente is ook positief oor wetgewing en die werkgewer en beleid (sosiale siteem) ten opsigte van terminasie van swangerskap. Hierdie oriëntering laat ‗n milieu wat bevorderlik is vir transaksie-sluiting, interaksie en doelwitbereiking. Die hoofaanbeveling is dat voortdurend gepoog moet word na die integrasie van King se drie sisteme binne die terminasie van swangerskapafdelings deur onder meer: waarde-uitklaringswerkswinkels, ondersteuning van bestuur, indiensopleiding, die insluiting van terminasie van swangerskap in voorgraadse kurrikula, fokusgroepe en so meer. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Gesondheidstudies)

The aim of this study was to describe the nurses‘ perception of termination of pregnancy and her perception of her conduct towards clients that request termination of pregnancy guided by Kings‘ Systems Approach and Goal Attainment Theory. A non-experimental quantitative descriptive correlational design was used. A non-probability purposive sampling method was used consisting of institutions in the Western Cape, available to participate in this study, which deliver termination of pregnancy services, gov ernment health care institutions (21) and Marie Stopes clinics (3). Non-probability convenience sampling was used consisting of registered nurses who are working in termination of pregnancy units in these facilities (N=82). Data were collected through the administration of a self-designed questionnaire. The main findings of the study indicate that respondents (personal system) appear to feel positive about the work they are doing. Formal improvement and development are however not utilised optimally. Regarding the interpersonal system, respondents also show a positive orientation to both the woman opting for termination of pregnancy and the foetus. The potential towards transaction and ultimately goal attainment reside within this system. The respondents are also positive about legislation, employers and policies (social system) relating to termination of pregnancy. This orientation creates a milieu that is conducive to transactions, interactions and goal attainment.The main recommendation is that three systems as proposed by King be continuously integrated within the termination of pregnancy setup through, amongst other measures: values clarification, management support, in service education, the inclusion of termination of pregnancy in undergraduate programmes, focus groups and the like. / Die doel van hierdie studie was om die verpleegkundige se persepsie van terminasie van swangerskap en haar persepsie van haar houding en gedrag teenoor kliёnte wat terminasie van swangerskap versoek, aan die hand van King se Sisteembenadering en Doelwitbereikingsteorie te ondersoek en te beskryf. `n Nie-eksperimentele kwantitatiewe beskrywende korrelasie navorsingsontwerp was gebruik. `n Nie-waarskynlike doelbewuste-steekproefneming van die staatsgesondheidsorg-instansies wat terminasie van swangerskapdienste aanbied, is geneem en wat beskikbaar vir hierdie studie was (21) asook die Marie Stopesdienste (3), in die Wes-Kaap. `n Nie-waarskynlike gerieflikheidsteekproefneming is van verpleegkundiges geneem wat swangerskappe in hierdie afdelings termineer of moet termineer (N=82). Data is met behulp van `n selfontwerpte vraelys ingesamel. Die hoofbevindings van die studie dui daarop dat respondente (persoonlike sisteem) positief voel oor hul werk. Formele ontwikkelingshulpbronne word egter nie optimaal deur die sisteem benut nie. Wat die interpersoonlike sisteem betref, toon respondente ook ‗n positiewe oriëntasie tot beide die vrou wat terminasie van swangerskap aanvra en die fetus. Die potensiaal tot transaksie-sluiting en uiteindelike doelwitbereiking is binne hierdie sisteem geleë. Die respondente is ook positief oor wetgewing en die werkgewer en beleid (sosiale siteem) ten opsigte van terminasie van swangerskap. Hierdie oriëntering laat ‗n milieu wat bevorderlik is vir transaksie-sluiting, interaksie en doelwitbereiking. Die hoofaanbeveling is dat voortdurend gepoog moet word na die integrasie van King se drie sisteme binne die terminasie van swangerskapafdelings deur onder meer: waarde-uitklaringswerkswinkels, ondersteuning van bestuur, indiensopleiding, die insluiting van terminasie van swangerskap in voorgraadse kurrikula, fokusgroepe en so meer. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Gesondheidstudies)

À coté de l’objectif immédiat d’uniformiser les législations des États membres, l’OHADA s’est fixée un objectif médiat, celui de créer un vaste marché sans frontière. Or au regard des difficultés pour les sociétés commerciales de déplacer leurs sièges sociaux d’un État membre à un autre, nous ne pouvons que constater que l’existence de ce marché intégré n’est pas encore une réalité pour elles. Il apparaît alors que la seule uniformisation du droit des sociétés commerciales par l’OHADA ne suffit pas à leur permettre de réaliser des opérations de restructuration transfrontalière. Cette thèse a ainsi montré que l’OHADA a besoin d’évoluer et de se transformer pour mettre en place un véritable droit à la mobilité pour les sociétés commerciales au sein son espace communautaire. Elle doit pour cela compléter son intégration juridique par une intégration économique consacrant un libre établissement dont les opérations de mobilité seraient des modalités d’exercice, comme l’a fait l’Union européenne. Ce droit à la mobilité ne devra toutefois pas s’exercer de manière abusive. L’OHADA devra donc trouver un équilibre entre une mobilité fluidifiée et une protection efficace des actionnaires, salariés et tiers. De même il conviendra de rechercher un équilibre dans la gestion de la coexistence des normes communautaires qui ne manquera pas de se présenter dans le régime des opérations de mobilité puisqu’il s’agit d’un problème récurrent dans l’espace OHADA. / Apart from the direct objective of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) to standardize the law, its indirect objective relates to the creation of a large common market. However, regarding the difficulties for companies to transfer their registered office from one member state to another, we can see that the existence of such market is still not a reality for them. Therefore, it appears that the only standardizing of the corporate law by OHADA is not sufficient to allow them to perform their cross-border mergers. This research shows thus that OHADA needs to change and to transform itself to put in place a real right to mobility in the community area for the companies. Like the European Union, it should complete the legal integration by an economic integration setting up a freedom of establishment, including border restructuring operations. But this right to mobility should not be abused. OHADA will have to find a balance between facilitating the mobility and protecting efficiently minority shareholders, employees and third parties rights. Similarly a balance must be struck to solve the conflict of community norms in the restructuring operations legal regime, since it is a recurrent problem for OHADA space.

L’objectif de la présente étude est de documenter la fécondité des Indiennes inscrites au Canada en fonction du traité historique d’affiliation. Les traités historiques sont des ententes légales qui lient le gouvernement du Canada et certains membres des Premières Nations et qui décrivent, notamment, les dispositions prévues à leur égard pour compenser la cession de leurs terres. Mêmes si les traités ont principalement une fonction légale, ils regroupent aussi des individus qui partagent des caractéristiques communes sur le plan culturel, linguistique, socioéconomique, territorial et historique. À partir de données extraites du Registre des Indiens, nous avons produit l’indice synthétique de fécondité (ISF) pour chacune des populations affiliées aux traités historiques pour les périodes 1994-1998, 1999-2003 et 2004-2008. Nous voulions savoir si la fécondité des Indiennes inscrites différait en fonction du traité d’affiliation, si on observait des changements dans le temps et si de grandes tendances pouvaient être identifiées selon les régions couvertes par les traités. Des différences importantes sont relevées, particulièrement entre les traités numérotés qui couvrent les Prairies et les traités de l’est du pays. Étant donné l’absence dans le Registre des Indiens, d’informations sur les caractéristiques sociales, culturelles et économiques des populations affiliées aux différents traités, il n’est pas possible d’avancer des explications précises concernant ces écarts. Toutefois, il est possible de proposer une association entre la fécondité du moment et certaines caractéristiques des populations affiliées aux traités historiques et les dimensions géographique et historique des traités. / This research aims to document the fertility of registered Indians in Canada in relation to their affiliation with historic treaties. The historic treaties are legal agreements, between the government of Canada and certain members of the First Nations, which describe lands surrendered and related compensation. Although the treaties have mainly a legal role, they apply to Indigenous peoples sharing similar characteristics along cultural, linguistic, socioeconomic, territorial and historical lines. We used anonymized data extracted from the Indian Register to produce the total fertility rate (TFR) for the population concerned by each historic treaty for the periods 1994-1998, 1999-2003 and 2004-2008. We wanted to know if the fertility of registered Indians differed by treaty memberships, if we observed changes over time and if notable trends could be identified depending on the regions covered by the treaties. Our analyses show that important differences exist, particularly between the numbered treaties, which cover the Prairies provinces, and the treaties populations of Eastern Canada. Since the data collected by the Indian Register do not contain information on social, cultural and economic characteristics of Indigenous peoples that could explain these differences, it is not possible to develop precise explanations of these variations. However, it is possible to propose an association between the fertility rate and the geographical and historic aspects of the treaties populations.

La recherche de la loi applicable à la société, lex societatis, est incontournable carc’est de cette loi dont dépendront les règles de constitution, de fonctionnement et dedissolution de la société. Mais la problématique de la détermination de la lex societatis enDroit International des Affaires réside dans l’identification d’un mode adéquat derattachement des sociétés transfrontalières à un territoire national. Le caractère transfrontalierdes sociétés actuelles accentue le conflit entre les différents systèmes de rattachement dessociétés traditionnellement retenus par les législations. La pluralité de système derattachement des sociétés est à l’origine de conflits auxquels l’uniformisation de la règle deconflit de lois en matière de détermination de la lex societatis peut être une solution.Le droit des sociétés doit être un instrument au service des affaires, et non un frein àleur évolution et à leur développement. Ainsi pour répondre aux besoins des affairesinternationales, outre l’élimination des entraves aux échanges il faut envisager une adaptationdu contenu des règles de conflit de lois actuelles qui permettent la détermination de la lexsocietatis ainsi qu’une modification de leur source. / The search of the law applicable to the company, lex societatis is a must because it isthis law which will depend on the rules of formation, operation and dissolution of thecompany. But the problem of determining the lex societatis in International Business Law isthe identification of a suitable method of attachment of cross-border companies on a nationalterritory. The transboundary nature of today’s societies accentuates the conflict between thedifferent companies of connecting systems traditionally retained by the legislation. Theplurality of connecting corporate system is causing conflicts that standardization of the rulesof conflict of laws determining the lex societatis can be a solution.Company law should be a tool for business, not a hindrance to their development andtheir development. So to meet the needs of international business, besides the elimination ofbarriers to trade should be considered an adaptation of the contents of the current conflict oflaws rules that allow the determination of the lex societatis and a change of their source.

The South African government promulgated the Choice on Termination of pregnancy Act (CTOP Act, 92 of 1996). This was a dramatic declaration of intent unprecedented in the African continent and globally. This act changed the outlook of the practice of termination of pregnancy by ensuring that services play a critical role in the delivery of the service. This study, which is qualitative in nature, explored the experiences of Termination of Pregnancy service providers working in three designated public health institutions in the Limpopo Province. Interviews were conducted with six service providers to look at how they construct their practice of providing termination of pregnancy services. The information was analyzed and interpreted by means of a thematic analysis method. Major themes that emerged from the participants’ experiences centred on their relationship with family, colleagues, management, clients, and the community reflecting a sense of alienation and lack of adequate infrastructural support. Inadequate support has been found to greatly contribute to the loss of interest in the work around abortion. / Psychology / M. A. (Clinical Psychology)

This dissertation looks at selected matters covered by the statutory provisions on the shareholders protection as set out in the Commercial Code. It focuses mainly on the matters contained in Section 196a of the Commercial Code, Section 193 (2) of the Commercial Code, and on the issue of financial assistance. In addition, this dissertation deals with the legal protection of shareholders under the Business Corporations Act which is to take effect on 1 January 2014, and provides a brief outline of how these matters are regulated under certain foreign laws. As well, it provides a comparison with the legal regulations of the European Union. This dissertation is comprised of three sections, each having several parts. The parts are further divided into articles. Section 1 analyses the statutory provisions on the protection of shareholders as given in the Commercial Code, and is divided into four parts. The introduction, given in Part I, focuses on the protection of shareholders under the Commercial Code in the general sense. The remaining three parts concentrate on the above said selected statutory provisions. In each of those three parts, I attempt to discuss the key purpose of the provisions, describe how they developed including respective amendment (novelizations) of the Commercial Code and, in this context,...