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1	UEFA Financial Fair Play : Regleringen av fotbolls-Europa Bindå, Tobias, Carlgren, Robin January 2015 (has links) Since 2011 UEFA, the managing organisation of European football, demands that all clubs wanting to participate in the two major European club football tournaments, UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League, has to abide by the rules for UEFA Financial Fair Play. This regulation was developed by UEFA to protect the long-term financial stability of European club football. The thesis focuses on the largely debated break-even requirement, to determine whether UEFA Financial Fair Play will come to affect the competitive balance between clubs in Europe. The main purpose of the study is to conclude whether UEFA Financial Fair Play has affected the market for football clubs and their opportunity to compete sporting success. Further, the study tries to determine if the critics of the regulation are right in saying that the rules preserve the existing power balance on the market. An analysis of the annual reports from 24 European football clubs of the last nine years has been conducted. The 24 clubs were chosen, from four of the biggest football leagues in Europe, by a stratified sampling. The theoretical framework of this study is based on three main theories. Associative competition, Rat-race-theory and regulation theory and these are used to analyse the results. Through hypothesis testing the study shows that, even though the regulation has had a positive effect on the clubs economical results, there are clear signs that the rules has made it harder for smaller clubs to challenge the big clubs for sporting success through economical investments. These results also conclude that the regulation contributes to conserve the existing balance in the market. / Sedan 2011 kräver UEFA, europeisk fotbolls styrande organ, att klubbar som vill delta i europeisk klubbfotbolls två största turneringar, UEFA Champions League och UEFA Europa League, följer regelverket UEFA Financial Fair Play. Detta är ett regelverk framtaget med syfte att förbättra den ekonomiska situationen inom europeisk klubbfotboll. Studien har utgått från det omdebatterade noll-resultat-kravet (Break-even requirement), för att se om UEFA Financial Fair Play kan komma att påverka den konkurrensmässiga situationen inom europeisk klubbfotboll. Syftet är att undersöka om UEFA:s införande av Financial Fair Play har påverkat marknaden för fotbollsklubbar och deras möjlighet att konkurrera om sportsliga framgångar. Vidare undersöks om detta indikerar att den kritik som riktats mot regelverket, att det cementerar befintliga maktstrukturer mellan klubbar, är rättfärdigad. Studien har genomförts genom analys av de nio senaste årens ekonomiska rapporter från 24 klubbar i fotbolls-Europa. Ett stratifierat urval har använts för att välja ut sex representanter var från fyra av Europas största ligor. Den teoretiska referensramen har utgått från associativ konkurrens, hyperaktivitet (rat-raceteorin) samt reglering för att kunna besvara studiens frågeställning och analysera empirin. Med hjälp av hypotesprövning visar undersökningen att, även om regelverket har haft en positiv påverkan på klubbarnas redovisade ekonomiska resultat, så finns det tydliga tendenser till att reglerna har försvårat möjligheterna för mindre klubbar att utmana storklubbar om sportslig framgång genom ekonomiska satsningar och att maktstrukturer på marknaden på så sätt cementeras. Associative competition Football Financial Fair play Correlation Rat-race-theory Regulation theory UEFA Associativ konkurrens Fotboll Financial Fair Play Korrelation Rat-race-teorin Regleringsteori UEFA
2	För AI - i tiden : Googles, EUs och IFLAs förhållningssätt till AI-reglering / For AI - in time : Google's, the EU's and IFLA's position on AI-regulation Craig, Emily January 2024 (has links) Utvecklingen av Artificiell Intelligens (AI) har gått i rasande fart under de senaste åren och har redan tillämpats på en rad olika sätt. Samtidigt har regleringen kring användningen av AI inte haft samma explosionsartade utveckling. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att jämföra de olika förhållningssätten till AI-reglering hos Google, International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) och den Europeiska Unionen (EU), med fokus på de ideologiska teman som synliggörs i spänningen mellan dessa förhållningssätt. Därefter analyseras förhållningssätten med hjälp av den franska regleringsskolans perspektiv på post-fordistisk reglering. Detta görs i form av en dokumentstudie och en efterföljande ideologianalys. Studiens resultat och analys visar att Googles syn på AI-reglering präglas av teknologiskt och ekonomiskt fokus, teknologisk solutionism och optimism samt en liberal och essentialistisk syn på intelligens och samhället. EU beskriver sig i sin tur sträva efter ett robust och flexibelt regelverk, vilket i praktiken framkommer som ett regelverk baserat på flexibla, liberala och kapitalistiskt styrda ideal där endast specifika undantagsfall regleras på ett robust vis. IFLAs förhållningssätt till AI-reglering framstår som högst motsägelsefullt. AI-utvecklingen beskrivs som något oundvikligt och som något IFLA står maktlösa inför, vilket får som konsekvens att IFLAs socialliberala och mänskligt orienterade kritik mot AI-utvecklingen och kapitalismen framstår som mer formell än reell. Generellt präglas alltså alla tre av organisationernas förhållningssätt till AI och AI-reglering starkt av den franska regleringsskolans post-fordistiska ideologier, men sprickor syns genom framförallt EUs och IFLAs osäkerhet kring AI-utvecklingens etiska och mänskliga konsekvenser. Detta gör mänskliga rättigheter till ett centralt fokus och den största kritiken av det kapitalistiska förhållningssättet till AI och AI-reglering. / The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has accelerated rapidly in the last few years and has already been used in an array of different ways. Meanwhile the regulation of AI use has not had the same explosive development. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to compare the different positions to AI-regulation between Google, the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) and the European Union (EU), focusing on the ideological themes revealed in the tension between these positions. Thereafter the positions are analysed with the help of the French regulation school’s perspective on post-fordist regulation. This is done in the form of a document study and a subsequent ideology analysis. The results and analysis of the study show that Google's position on AI-regulation is infused with technological and economical focus, technological solutionism and optimism as well as a liberal and essentialist view of intelligence and society. The EU in turn describe themselves as striving for a robust and flexible regulation, which in practice is articulated as a regulative framework based on flexible, liberal and capitalist-oriented ideals where only specific exceptions are regulated in a robust way. IFLA's standpoint on AI-regulation appears to be highly contradictory. AI-innovation is seen as inevitable and as something IFLA is powerless to affect, which makes IFLA's socio-liberal and human-oriented critique of AI-innovation and capitalism appear more formal than real. In general all three of the organisations' positions to AI and AI-regulation are strongly infused with the French regulation school’s post-fordist ideologies, but cracks are visible especially in the EU's and IFLA's uncertainty towards the AI-innovation's ethical and humanitarian consequences. This brings human rights to the forefront, making them the biggest critique of the capitalist position on AI and AI-regulation. Post-fordism Artificial intelligence Regulation theory Capitalism Public policy Post-fordism Artificiell intelligens Regleringsteori Kapitalism Offentlig policy Information Studies Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap
3	Regulating a Controversy : Inside Stakeholder Strategies and Regime Transition in the Self-Regulation of Swedish Advertising 1950–1971 Funke, Michael January 2015 (has links) This thesis concerns the development of the self-regulation of advertising in Sweden from 1950 until 1971. Self-regulation was initiated in the 1930s due to a business desire to regulate fair competition in marketing, and while it initially was a minor operation, the 1950s and 1960s were characterized by extensive development. When self-regulation was overtaken by state policies in 1971, it included several interlocking systems, of which parts survived the introduction of the state regime. The thesis’ aim has been to analyze how the rapid regime transitions in the self-regulation regime can be understood. The existing literature identifies four major transitions that occurred during the studied time period. To understand them, the thesis has studied the policy processes leading up to these transitions. Focus has been on the business interest organizations that controlled the regime and their regulatory strategies. Theoretically, the analysis has departed from the hypothesis that tensions between these organizations, due to their members’ different market interests and varying levels of exposure to regulation and public badwill, to a significant degree informed their strategic choices as well as policy outcomes. The results show that the policy processes preceding the regime transitions were characterized by internal tensions, whereby organizations representing advertisers, and to a lesser degree media carriers, due to their members’ higher level of exposure to regulation and public badwill, successfully supported stronger market policing, while ad agencies, being less exposed, as well as a peak industry organization for the proliferation of marketing largely opposed such measures, preferring a more lenient regulation. However, due to increased exposure to regulation and bad will, the ad agencies finally abandoned their opposition and took the lead in regulatory innovation through the introduction of an extensive clearance program that survived the launch of the state regime, becoming a key component in the co-regulatory structure that followed. advertising advertising criticism advertising regulation advertising history advertising industry affluent society business business associations business history business interest organizations business studies competition consumer consumer politics consumer history consumerism co-regulation corporatism economic history history interest groups market regulation marketing marketing history marketing regulation marketer policy studies policy process political economy political science postwar regime regulation theory self-regulation market self-regulation self-regulation history stakeholder Sweden efterkrigstiden ekonomisk historia företagsekonomi företagshistoria historia intressegrupper konsumentfrågor konsumentpolitik konsumenthistoria konsumenträtt korporatism lagstiftning marknad marknadsföring marknadsföringshistoria marknadsregleringar marknadsrätt näringslivet näringslivsorganisationer politisk ekonomi regleringar regleringsteori reklam reklambranschen reklamhistoria rättshistoria samhällsvetenskap samreglering självreglering socialdemokratin statsvetenskap Sverige

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