Uppskattningsvis lever 24 miljoner personer med en demenssjukdom idag, en siffra som förväntas öka. En demenssjukdom innebär ett lidande för personer med demens eftersom de som drabbas får svårigheter att sköta sitt dagliga liv. En demenssjukdom innebär också ett lidande för anhöriga. Över hela världen utför anhöriga den största delen av omvårdnaden för personer med demens. Anhöriga till personer med demens bär ofta ett stort ansvar och upplever sig psykiskt belastade, övergivna och i behov av stöd. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka sjuksköterskors stöd till anhöriga som vårdar personer med demens. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt där 14 vetenskapliga studier granskades och analyserades. Huvudfynden visar att sjuksköterskorna gav både individbaserat och gruppbaserat stöd genom individuella behovsbedömningar, emotionellt och socialt stöd, samt stöd genom undervisning och information. Oavsett vilken typ av stödåtgärd som användes tycktes uppmärksamheten på och engagemanget för anhöriga vara det viktigaste stödet. De olika typerna av stödåtgärderna ledde till att anhöriga fick ökade färdigheter i omvårdnaden och till att anhörigas psykiska hälsa förbättrades. Det sågs att det är en viktig del i sjuksköterskornas arbete att uppmärksamma anhörigas behov, vara medvetet närvarande i mötet med dem och visa ett aktivt engagemang för dem. / Approximately 24 million people are living with a dementia disease today, a number which is expected to increase.  A dementia disease entails suffering for persons with dementia because they experience difficulties in their daily life. A dementia disease also entails suffering for the relatives. All over the world the relatives are largely responsible for the caring of persons with dementia. Relatives to persons with dementia often carry a great deal of responsibility and a feeling of psychological burden, abandonment and they are in need of support. The aim of this study was to investigate how nurses can support the relatives caring for persons with dementia. A literature review was used where fourteen scientific articles were investigated and analyzed. The main findings showed that nurses gave both individually based and group based support through individual needs assessment, emotionally and social support, as well as support by teaching and information. Irrespective of the type of intervention it was the nurses´ attentiveness on and their commitment for the relatives that was the most important support. The different types of interventions resulted in that the relatives gained increased caring potential and experienced improved mental health. It was noticed that an important part of nurses´ work is to be attentive to the relatives´ needs, being consciously aware in the meeting with them and showing an active attentiveness for them.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilken inställning kadetter och deras anhöriga har tillutlandstjänst och diskutera möjliga orsaker till de olika åsikterna. Andra frågor som belyses är omde som genomfört utlandstjänst innan de börjat utbildningen upplevt några men efter sintjänstgöring och hur de anhöriga sett på denna tjänstgöring. Då tidigare forskning rörandekadetters och deras anhörigas syn på utlandstjänst saknas, utgör uppsatsen ett begränsat menviktigt empiriskt bidrag. Kring denna empiri förs ett resonemang om hur den nya sortensofficerare kan tänkas fundera i dessa frågor.Bland de resultat som kan utläsas är att kadetterna i OP 08-11 ser sina anhörigas åsikt som enviktig del i sin motivation för att göra utlandstjänst. Större delen av de svarande ser också självapositivt på en framtida utlandstjänst. Bland de anhöriga är inte bilden lika positiv, och enövervägande del av kadetternas anhöriga har en negativ inställning. / What this paper aims to investigate is what attitude cadets and their families have for overseasservice and what this may be due to. Other issues presented is if those who performed serviceabroad before they started officers training had experienced any negative personality changes(after their service and if their relatives have seen any changes after the service). There is noprior research in the area that focus on cadets and their relative’s stance on overseas servicehence this essay is a limited, but an important contribution. A discussion concerns how thenew kind of officers is likely to reflect on these issues.The findings indicate that the cadets in OP 08-11 view their relatives' as an important part oftheir motivation for service abroad, and that most of the cadets welcome a future overseasservice. The relatives on the other hand, does not share this positive view, in fact, the vastmajority of the cadets relatives have an attitude that is negative.

Anthracnose, caused by <i>Colletotrichum truncatum</i>, is a major disease of lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i> Medik.) on the Canadian prairies. Resistance to the more virulent race Ct0 of the pathogen is extremely rare within the <i>L. culinaris</i> gene pool thus resistance is being introgressed from <i>Lens ervoides</i>. The overall hypothesis of this project was that resistance derived from <i>Lens ervoides</i> accession L-01-827A would provide uniquely low levels of resistance to <i>Colletotrichum truncatum</i>. Individual studies were performed to: i) test field-resistance of interspecific lines; ii) develop a cutting-method to generate replicated phenotypic data on single plants; iii) study the deterioration of resistance between the juvenile phase (JP) and adult phases (AP) in the line CDC Redberry; and iv) examine genetic control of resistance in a susceptible and partially resistant background. Field evaluations of <i>L. culinaris x L. ervoides</i> lines indicated resistance genes from the wild species will provide unprecedented levels of disease control and heritability of the trait was estimated to be moderate. Single plant phenotyping of resistance is unreliable, thus the feasibility of using clonal propagation of individual plants to generate replicated ratings was evaluated. Results showed consistency in segregation ratios between cutting and seedling-derived plants of the same population, thus the method was utilized for testing of genetic control of segregating populations. CDC Redberry showed varying disease levels depending on the age of the plants with resistance acquisition in the JP that decreased as the plants proceeded through the AP. The F₁, F₂ and F_2:3 generations of two introgression populations were tested for resistance. Resistance from <i>L. ervoides</i> to both races of <i>C. truncatum</i> appeared to be due to the same gene(s) or from the same linkage block in both populations. Models for genetic control were consistent between F₂ and F_2:3 generations, however were different between the populations depending on whether the interspecific line was crossed into a susceptible or partially resistant <i>L. culinaris</i> background. However duplicate recessive epistasis seemed to control susceptibility in the susceptible background and when JP resistance was not a factor. There were significant differences between the JP and AP on more than a third of the F₂s tested supporting different resistance gene action based on growth phase. Resistance in the JP seemed to be due to dominant and recessive epistasis. It was postulated that the the populations may have had segregation distortion commonly found in interspecific populations, thus the previously described genotypes for cotyledon colour and albino plants were used to test the hypothesis of segregation distortion. Segregation of these traits were found to be similarly distorted to previously reported interspecific <i>L. culinaris x L. ervoides</i> populations supporting the hypothesis that continued segregation distortion was found in the introgression populations. Overall, it was found that resistance derived from <i>L. ervoides</i> accession L-01-827A is a highly effective source for the lentil breeding program, however the result suggest more than one backcross to <i>L. culinaris</i> be necessary to properly integrate the resistance genes to eventually obtain fully fertile, adapted lentil cultivars.

No description available.

Anthracnose, caused by <i>Colletotrichum truncatum</i>, is a major disease of lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i> Medik.) on the Canadian prairies. Resistance to the more virulent race Ct0 of the pathogen is extremely rare within the <i>L. culinaris</i> gene pool thus resistance is being introgressed from <i>Lens ervoides</i>. The overall hypothesis of this project was that resistance derived from <i>Lens ervoides</i> accession L-01-827A would provide uniquely low levels of resistance to <i>Colletotrichum truncatum</i>. Individual studies were performed to: i) test field-resistance of interspecific lines; ii) develop a cutting-method to generate replicated phenotypic data on single plants; iii) study the deterioration of resistance between the juvenile phase (JP) and adult phases (AP) in the line CDC Redberry; and iv) examine genetic control of resistance in a susceptible and partially resistant background. Field evaluations of <i>L. culinaris x L. ervoides</i> lines indicated resistance genes from the wild species will provide unprecedented levels of disease control and heritability of the trait was estimated to be moderate. Single plant phenotyping of resistance is unreliable, thus the feasibility of using clonal propagation of individual plants to generate replicated ratings was evaluated. Results showed consistency in segregation ratios between cutting and seedling-derived plants of the same population, thus the method was utilized for testing of genetic control of segregating populations. CDC Redberry showed varying disease levels depending on the age of the plants with resistance acquisition in the JP that decreased as the plants proceeded through the AP. The F₁, F₂ and F_2:3 generations of two introgression populations were tested for resistance. Resistance from <i>L. ervoides</i> to both races of <i>C. truncatum</i> appeared to be due to the same gene(s) or from the same linkage block in both populations. Models for genetic control were consistent between F₂ and F_2:3 generations, however were different between the populations depending on whether the interspecific line was crossed into a susceptible or partially resistant <i>L. culinaris</i> background. However duplicate recessive epistasis seemed to control susceptibility in the susceptible background and when JP resistance was not a factor. There were significant differences between the JP and AP on more than a third of the F₂s tested supporting different resistance gene action based on growth phase. Resistance in the JP seemed to be due to dominant and recessive epistasis. It was postulated that the the populations may have had segregation distortion commonly found in interspecific populations, thus the previously described genotypes for cotyledon colour and albino plants were used to test the hypothesis of segregation distortion. Segregation of these traits were found to be similarly distorted to previously reported interspecific <i>L. culinaris x L. ervoides</i> populations supporting the hypothesis that continued segregation distortion was found in the introgression populations. Overall, it was found that resistance derived from <i>L. ervoides</i> accession L-01-827A is a highly effective source for the lentil breeding program, however the result suggest more than one backcross to <i>L. culinaris</i> be necessary to properly integrate the resistance genes to eventually obtain fully fertile, adapted lentil cultivars.

Bakgrund: En psykossjukdom är en sjukdom som inte bara drabbar personen själv utan hela dennes familj. Hela familjens livsvärld påverkas och familjelivet ansträngs hårt. Den psykossjuka familjemedlemmen erfar världen på ett annorlunda sätt. Vanliga symtom vid en psykos är bland annat hallucinationer och vanföreställningar. En bra vårdrelation mellan vårdgivare, den sjuka psykossjuka familjemedlemmen och anhöriga är en förutsättning för återhämtning. Syfte: Få ökad kunskap om och förståelse för anhörigas upplevelse av att leva med en familjemedlem med psykossjukdom. Metod: Metoden som valdes för studien var en systematisk litteraturstudie i vilken elva vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tre kategorier framträdde ur data. Dessa visar att anhöriga bär på både känslomässiga och praktiska bördor samt att de har negativa erfarenheter av stöd och information av vårdpersonal. Slutsats: Resultatet i studien visar att psykossjukdom är en belastande sjukdom för anhöriga. Deras känslomässiga bördor är komplexa beroende på deras höga belastning av att vårda sin sjuka familjemedlem samt brister i bemötande av vårdpersonal.

Det finns flera teorier om hur äldre uppnår det goda åldrandet med hög livstillfredsställelse. Gerotranscendens är en av dessa. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om anhöriga ser tecken på gerotranscendens hos sin åldrande förälder och i så fall vilka tecken de ser. Forskningsdesignen var kvalitativ och metoden var att spela in semistrukturerade intervjuer med tolv anhöriga till föräldrar i åldern 75 + utan demenssjukdom, boende på ett servicehus i Stockholm. Tidigare forskning har beskrivit att vårdpersonal och äldre individer uppfattat tecken på gerotranscendens och alla anhöriga i denna studie beskrev flera tecken på gerotranscendens. Att anhöriga sett olika många tecken hos sin åldrande förälder kan bero på att föräldrarna hade utvecklat gerotranscendens mer eller mindre eller inte alls men det kan även bero på hur de anhöriga betraktar sina föräldrar, de kanske inte hade observerat vissa förändringar. Det kan också bero på att vissa anhöriga kan ha varit influerade av en annan syn på åldrandet. De tecken alla anhöriga såg var att föräldrarna kände en samhörighet med tidigare och kommande generationer, att de var mindre rädda för döden och att små vardagliga saker i livet blev viktigare. / There are several theories about how the elderly achieve a good ageing with a high level of life satisfaction. Gerotranscendence is one of these. The aim of this study was to explore if relatives see signs of gerotranscendence in their aging relatives and if so which signs they see. The design was qualitative and the semi- structured interview data were collected and audio-tape recorded. Twelve relatives to parents aged 75 years or more without signs of dementia living in a service home in Stockholm, Sweden, were interviewed. Previous research has shown that healthcare professionals and older individuals perceive signs of gerotranscendence among elderly and all relatives in this study described several signs of gerotranscendence. The fact that the relative had seen a different number of signs may be related to the possibility that the parents had developed gerotranscendence more or less or not at all, it can also depend on how the relatives perceive their parents, they may not have observed any changes. It may also depend on the fact that some relatives may have a different view on aging. All relatives had seen signs indicating a communion with earlier and coming generation, that their parents were less afraid of death and perceived small everyday matters as more important than before.

Bakgrund: Närstående kan uppleva den palliativa vårdsituationen som mycket svår, då det kan vara första gången de konfronteras med en döende människa Att vara närstående till en palliativt sjuk patient kräver stöd åt den närstående, vilka kan vara vänner, familj, sjuksköterska eller i form av ekonomisk hjälp från samhället Syfte: Att kartlägga stöd till närstående då en patient får palliativ vård och stöd till närstående efter patientens död. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturöversikt. Resultat: Sju kategorier framkom; att delta i stödgrupp, att få emotionellt stöd, att få praktiskt stöd, att vara delaktig i omvårdnaden, att främja hopp, att få stöd efter dödsfallet och att få information. Information som ges till en människa i kris når inte alltid fram. Att som sjuksköterska avsätta tid, vara påläst och inte använda ett svårt språk är avgörande för att samtalet ska falla väl ut. Detta utgör grunden till att ett samarbete mellan sjuksköterskan och de närstående ska kunna starta, där sjuksköterskan då får möjlighet att kunna ge stöd till närstående. Att delta i en stödgrupp får de närstående att känna sig betydelsefulla. Här får de möjlighet att dela med sig, men också få del av andras erfarenheter samt få emotionellt och praktiskt stöd. Konklusion: Att som närstående tillåtas delta i en stödgrupp, kan ha positiv effekt på både den närståendes psykiska och fysiska hälsa och välmående. Närstående måste få känna sig betydelsefulla och inte utestängda i omvårdnaden av patienten. Ibland kan dock vårdsituationen i till exempel hemsjukvård göra det svårt, då ansvaret ofta vilar på den närstående största delen av dygnet. Hopp kan förmedlas genom kommunikation även om patienten är i sent palliativt skede.

Syfte: Beskriva närståendes upplevelser av delaktighet i den somatiska vården. Bakgrund:När en människa drabbas av sjukdom blir även de närstående påverkade. Sjuksköterskans rollär att identifiera de närståendes behov och göra dem delaktiga i samband med att patientendrabbats av ohälsa. Sjuksköterskan kan göra detta bland annat genom att ge information,rådgivning och handledning. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie.Resultat: Sjukvårdspersonalens bemötande hade inverkan på de närståendes upplevelser avdelaktighet. De närstående ville bli respekterade och uppmuntrade av sjukvårdspersonalen.Flera kände ett missnöje med den information de fick, och på det sätt de fick den. De villehjälpa sjukvårdspersonalen, som verkade stressad, och medverkade därför iomvårdnadsarbetet. De närstående ville hjälpa till dels för att känna sig tillfredsställda, menäven för att kunna kontrollera att patienten fick rätt vård. Diskussion: Sjuksköterskan kanarbeta utifrån Calgarymodellen för att få förståelse för de närståendes behov av att få varadelaktiga och vilken roll de kan spela i omvårdnaden. Genom samtal och information kandetta åstadkommas. Konklusion: Det kan antas att närstående, oavsett vart de befinner sigoch oberoende av vårdverksamhet, har behov av information och delaktighet. / The aim of this literature study was to describe relatives’ experience of participation insomatic care. Background: When a person gets struck by disease, the family will alsobecome affected. The nurses roll is to identify the relatives’ needs and make them a part of thepatients care. The nurse can do this in form of information, counselling and coaching.Method: This study was made as a general literature review. Result: The staffs’ treatmenthad influence on the relatives’ participation experience. The relatives wanted to beencouraged and respected by the staff. Many felt dissatisfied with the information they got,and in what way they got the information. The relatives wanted to help the staff with thenursing job, partly for their own satisfaction, but also to make sure that the patient got theproper care. Discussion: The nurse could follow the Calgary model. This would make iteasier understanding the relatives need for participation, and their part of the caring process.This can be achieved by conversation and information. Conclusion: It is assumable thatrelatives, regardless of where they are located or in what practice, have need of informationand participation.

Since the People in Taiwan free from the prohibition to visit their relatives or family members in the Mainland China by the government in 1987, it not just only opens up the cross-strait interaction, but also increases the opportunities for the cross-strait marriage. Although the intenseness and confrontations between the Mainland China and Taiwan lasted for several decades is eased by the interaction of marriage, however, Taiwan still faces new problems and challenges concerning new issues with influences of political atmosphere; meanwhile, the people in Taiwan still have negative images to the spouses from the Mainland China. The reports by media also create a stereotype of spouses from the Mainland China to the people in Taiwan. Nevertheless, the actual perspective is worthy of our attention. Therefore, this article is hereby to discuss the current situation of marriage between the Mainland China and Taiwan by the usage of relevant documents and referring to the immigration policies of America, Canada, Japan, and so on for being as a reference to the cross-strait provisions of our government. This study emphasizes on the cross-strait marriage of veterans, which discovered that it is easier for the spouses from the Mainland China to get used to the life style in Taiwan for the cross-strait culture was originated similarly. Although the age gap exists between the cross-strait couples, their marital life is very harmonious. Presently, the cross-strait immigration policy is affected by the considerations of national politics, economy, social settlement, and national security. And one of the regulations of cross-strait immigration policy in relation to the ¡§residence¡¨ has even stipulated that it has to provide the certificates of financial capability if the spouses want to reside in Taiwan. However, when we look through the thoughts of government for ¡§protecting the rights of the spouses from the Mainland China¡¨, we know it actually has not helped a lot to our nation, society, and the families whose members get married with the people from the Mainland China. On the contrary, we should take the policy seriously to offer the opportunities that the spouses from the Mainland China can work in Taiwan legally for they can recreate new labor force and stale the productive mechanism of domestic low-priced labor force in Taiwan. For the population results from the cross-state immigration has transformed the population structure in Taiwan stealthily, we can discover that the business of immigration has been overlapped and restricted if we evaluate the society and legal system affected by the immigration policy. So, when we work on studying what we should suggest to our government, we should set up one unified institution that possesses jurisdiction to magnify our achievements of execution and expect the cross-strait marriage can be developed normally. Secondly, when we work on planning the immigration policy due to the spouses from the Mainland China, we should look for the balance between the ¡§human rights¡¨ and ¡§legal system¡¨ for the allotment system. Last but not the least, in order to prohibit the marriage frauds from coming to Taiwan effectively, we should establish a complete management system for the introduction agencies of marriage to prevent the businessmen with bad intentions and marriage frauds from dealing in illegal behaviors.