Marknadsföring idag ser inte ut som den har gjort tidigare, digitaliseringen har medfört en stor förändring och många nya möjligheter för företag och privatpersoner att marknadsföra sig. Word-of-mouth har gått från att vara mellan två eller flera personer i en konversation där exempelvis en produkt eller tjänst diskuterats. Detta har också förändrats och flera olika typer av online word-of-mouth (eWOM) har tillkommit, denna studie kommer behandla två typer av eWOM som finns, mer exakt influencers och recensioner online. Undersökningen kommer gå in på det förtroende som konsumenter har för just influencers och recensioner online och även undersöka om detta förändras om konsumenten står inför ett hög- eller lågengagemangsköp. Forskningsfrågor ställs även för att få reda på vilka faktorer som spelar in för att förtroendet för influencers och recensioner skall påverkas och om förtroendet förändras om konsumenten ställs inför ett köp av en produkt istället för en tjänst. Undersökningen sker genom en kvalitativ metod där intervjuer hålls med sex respondenter och frågor anknutna till syftet och forskningsfrågorna ställs till dem. Resultatet från dessa intervjuer visar att förtroendet för influencers inte är lika starkt som det förtroende konsumenterna har för recensioner online, däremot förklarar respondenterna att det finns faktorer som kan både öka och minska förtroendet både för recensioner och influencers. Det kan exempelvis vara så att en influencer mer många följare kan kännas mer trovärdig och att en okänd hemsida med recensioner kan tappa trovärdighet. Respondenterna har varit överens om att influencers fungerar bättre som inspiration till produkter och tjänster, däremot är det recensioner som får dem att ta beslutet när det gäller ett köp. / Marketing today doesn’t look like it has done before, the digitization has resulted in a big change and lots of new opportunities for companies and individuals to advertise. Word-of-mouth has changed from something being said about a product or service in a conversation between two or more people to also be available online. There are a lot of different types of online word-of-mouth (eWOM), and we’re going to target influencers and online reviews. The study will look into the trust for influencers and online reviews perceived by the consumers and also examine how or if the amount of trust will alter depending on if the consumer approaches a high- or low involvement purchase. The study will be of a qualitative method where interviews will be held with six respondents. The questions will be cohere to the purpose of the study and the research questions. The result from this study shows that the consumer trust for influencers isn’t as significant as the trust for online reviews, despite that several of the consumers points out that there is factors that can change the amount of trust for both influencers and online reviews. For example an influencer with a lot of followers can appear to be more trustworthy than one with less, and a not that well known website with online reviews can appear less trustworthy. The respondents have agreed that influencers work better as inspiration for products and services, although they all thought that reviews are the deciding factor to making a purchase.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RejaneBB.pdf: 491349 bytes, checksum: 75932a2c2365ad611be7913227039e68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-30 / Official documents indicate to a curriculum organization that promotes the dialogue in different areas of knowledge. Among the proposals strategies are the "School Projects". This research appears from the staff need evidenced in the development of practice of the researcher in recent years as Pedagogical Advisor in high school. The comments made in the daily work on the kinds of projects and how they were developed in the school, generated concerns. They aroused the interest in further the discussion, aiming to reflect with teachers about the implementation of a pedagogic action on the use of educational projects in the classroom, as a didactic strategy which promotes the learning of students. In this sense, it seeks to develop studies and discussions by the application of questionnaires and the holding of a workshop with teachers in the area of Science of Nature and Mathematics in private high school institutions from Natal, searching opinions of them as the preparation and development of school projects. As general purpose, it aims to contribute with elements to the reflection of the teachers on the use of this strategy of education. For both, we propose: the knowledge of ideas/opinions of teachers on planning, development and evaluation of projects, both disciplinary and interdisciplinary, identifying the main difficulties of these teachers about the work with projects at school; reviewing projects developed at school after the press conference in a meeting with teachers, incorporating the identified aspects as weak points. In the course of the methodology research, questionnaires were used with open and closed questions for the lifting of preliminary ideas for teachers in order to subsidize the planning of a developed meeting later in the school itself on the subject in question. 10 teachers took part of the first step and 17 in the second one (pressconference). In the third stage, an individual interview was carried out and analysis of projects already developed. It is observed that, as the main difficulty for the development of projects in school, pointed to the time factor in the planning team, followed by excessive working hours for teachers that, generally, also work in other schools. Some teachers say they do not develop projects for not having knowledge of how to develop school projects, neither disciplinary, nor interdisciplinary / Documentos oficiais sinalizam para uma organiza??o curricular que promova o di?logo entre diferentes ?reas do conhecimento. Dentre as estrat?gias propostas encontram-se os Projetos escolares . A presente pesquisa surge a partir da necessidade pessoal evidenciada no desenvolvimento da pr?tica da pesquisadora, nos ?ltimos anos, como Orientadora Pedag?gica no Ensino M?dio. As observa??es feitas no cotidiano do trabalho quanto aos tipos de projetos e a forma como esses eram desenvolvidos na escola, geraram inquietudes. Estas despertaram o interesse em aprofundar a discuss?o, visando refletir, junto aos professores, sobre a implementa??o de uma a??o pedag?gica quanto ? utiliza??o de projetos em sala de aula, como estrat?gia did?tica que favore?a a aprendizagem dos alunos. Nesse sentido, busca-se desenvolver estudos e debates por meio da aplica??o de question?rios e da realiza??o de uma oficina com professores da ?rea de Ci?ncias da Natureza e da Matem?tica no Ensino M?dio de uma escola da rede particular da cidade de Natal, a partir do levantamento das opini?es dos mesmos quanto ? elabora??o e desenvolvimento de projetos escolares. Como objetivo geral, visa contribuir com elementos para a reflex?o dos professores sobre o uso dessa estrat?gia de ensino. Para tanto, prop?e-se: conhecer as id?ias/opini?es dos professores sobre planejamento, desenvolvimento e avalia??o de projetos, tanto disciplinares como interdisciplinares; identificar as principais dificuldades desses professores sobre o trabalho com projetos na escola; rever projetos desenvolvidos na escola ap?s a realiza??o da entrevista coletiva em um encontro com os professores, retomando os aspectos identificados como pontos fr?geis. No percurso metodol?gico da pesquisa, foram utilizados question?rios com perguntas abertas e fechadas para o levantamento das id?ias pr?vias dos professores, no intuito de subsidiar o planejamento de um encontro desenvolvido posteriormente na pr?pria escola sobre o tema em quest?o. Participaram da 1? etapa 10 professores e da 2? (entrevista coletiva), 17 professores. Na terceira etapa foi realizada uma entrevista individual e an?lise de projetos j? desenvolvidos. Observa-se que, como principal dificuldade para o desenvolvimento de projetos na escola, surgiu o fator tempo para o planejamento em equipe, seguida da carga hor?ria excessiva dos professores que, geralmente, tamb?m trabalham em outras escolas. Alguns professores afirmam n?o desenvolverem projetos por n?o terem conhecimento de como se elaborar projetos escolares, quer sejam disciplinares, quer sejam interdisciplinares.

Orientador: Sylvia Bueno Terzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T13:39:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_ElianeFeitoza_M.pdf: 4065712 bytes, checksum: 5e028d7f40b4f3c84d5e670e61e1a120 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este trabalho analisa os conflitos que emergem da escrita de resenha crítica por parte de alunos calouros, quando precisam produzir o gênero com base em concepções e orientações de letramento divergentes. A identificação, a compreensão e a análise dos conflitos dão-se a partir das postulações teóricas dos Novos Estudos do Letramento (STREET, 1984; GEE, 1996; LEA E STREET, 1998; LILLIS, 1999, entre outros) e de estudos que visam o ensino ou a análise de gêneros acadêmicos (MATENCIO, 2002; MACHADO, LOUSADA, ABREU-TARDELLI, 2004A; 2004B, entre outros). Nessa perspectiva, considera-se que o letramento acadêmico difere do letramento de outras esferas, visto apresentar formas particulares de ser, pensar, agir, ler e escrever que são próprias deste domínio - de modo que o aluno, a fim de adquirir fluência no Discurso Acadêmico, deve acessá-las, com o auxílio dos professores, sem, no entanto, abrir mão de sua história prévia de letramento e de Discursos aos quais teve acesso antes de ingressar na universidade. No entanto, esse acesso não se dá sem conflitos, tendo em vista que a história e os Discursos refletem em suas produções escritas e entram em conflito com os Discursos dos professores, uma vez que estes não consideram a condição letrada dos alunos que ingressam na universidade. Sendo assim, o presente estudo caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho etnográfico. Este tipo de pesquisa configura-se como um instrumental de coleta e análise de dados que permite estabelecer relações entre as histórias de letramento dos sujeitos de pesquisa, suas práticas letradas, práticas da esfera acadêmica e os conflitos que emergem dessas práticas. O trabalho foi realizado em uma universidade particular da cidade de São Paulo, na sala de aula do primeiro semestre do curso de Letras, tendo como sujeitos focais três alunas e dois professores que ministram aulas nesta turma. Com base nos dados analisados - obtidos através dos textos redigidos pelas alunas, de entrevistas com elas e de gravações das aulas dos professores - foi possível identificar que os conflitos que emergem da produção de resenha por parte dos alunos têm a ver com suas histórias de letramento, com os Discursos que trazem para a universidade acerca do gênero, com os Discursos que precisam aprender para interagir em um novo espaço de socialização e com os modelos e as práticas, mais precisamente com a prática do mistério, que os professores adotam, mesmo que de forma inconsciente, para ensinar o gênero resenha crítica / Abstract: This work analyzes the conflicts emerging from the critical review on the part of freshpeople when they need to produce such genre based upon diverging conceptions and directions on literacy. Conflict identification, understanding, and analysis occur from theoretical postulations on the New Literacy Studies (Street, 1984; Gee, 1996; Lea and Street, 1998; Lillis, 1999, among others) and from studies seeking academic genres teaching or analysis (Matencio, 2002; Machado, Lousada, Abreu-Tardelli, 2004a; 2004b, among others). In this perspective, academic literacy is considered to differ from literacy in other spheres, for it presents particular forms of being, thinking, acting, reading, and writing which are proper from this dominion - in such a way that the student - aiming to acquire fluency in the Academic Discourse - must access them aided by professors, but without giving up his/her previous literacy and Discourse history which he/she had access to before entering the University. Nonetheless, this access does not take place away form conflicts since history and Discourses reflect on their written productions and get into a conflict with their Professors? Discourses, for the latter do not consider the condition of literacy of students entering the University. The present study is therefore characterized as a qualitative research of ethnographic nature. This type of research is portrayed as a data-collecting-and-analyzing instrument allowing the establishment of relationship between the literacy history of the subjects of the research, their literate practices, practices on the academic sphere, and the conflicts emerging from such practices. The work was carried out at a private university in the city of São Paulo, in the classroom of the first semester of the Letras (Languages/Literature) Course, having, as its focal subjects, three female students and two professors teaching in this same class. Based on the data which were analyzed - which were obtained through texts composed and written by the students, interviews with them, and recordings of the professors? classes - it was possible to identify that the conflicts emerging from the students? digest-writing have to do with their literacy history, with the Discourses they need to learn in order to Interact in a new socializing space, and with the patterns and practices, more precisely with mystery practice, adopted by the professors - even if unconsciously - to teach the critical review / Mestrado / Lingua Materna / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Research indicates that environmental and biological factors are directly related to the child's school performance. Therefore, this study aimed to tailor a performance test of Science to Brazilian students with possible learning disorders indicators. Research characterized as qualitative and quantitative developed in two stages. The first was the construction and implementation of a large-scale performance testing of a sample 334 students in states of four regions of the country: Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo and Sergipe. The application was done in schools that had computers with internet, since 229 students completed the test in the online version and 105 in the print version. The second phase of the research involved the adaptation and application of a questionnaire measuring biological and environmental indicators related to neural organization of the child applied to 128 mothers / guardians of students in the first three states mentioned. The questionnaire, adapted from the Rocha and Rocha Research (2009) was composed of objective and Likert questions which were structured in four main dimensions: pregnancy, childbirth, early childhood and family history. For the analysis, the data were divided into 3 categories, namely: physiological factors, psychological factors and hereditary factors. For the test analysis, the questions were divided into four groups: issues up to 40% accuracy, 40 to 50% accuracy, and 50-70% accuracy and over 70% accuracy. The data obtained from the application of the instruments were tabulated and processed in statistical software and show the relative frequencies of the indicators and the performance of the sampled students. There was no significance to fold our performance data with indicators, which makes us realize that the suitability of a teaching methodology means that there is no identification of differences in student performance, is taken into account students' singularities. This makes us reflect that, in case of performance tests, changes in the educational process allows adjustments to the uniqueness of the students, breaking the paradigm that the doctor diagnosed as incapable. / Pesquisas apontam que fatores ambientais e biológicos estão diretamente relacionados ao desempenho escolar da criança. Portanto, este trabalho teve por objetivo a adequação de um teste de desempenho em Ciências a alunos brasileiros com possíveis indicadores de transtornos de aprendizagem. A pesquisa caracterizada como quali-quantitativa se desenvolveu em duas fases. A primeira delas foi a construção e aplicação de um teste de desempenho em larga escala a uma amostra de 334 alunos em estados de quatro regiões do país: Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul, Sergipe e São Paulo. A aplicação foi realizada em escolas que dispunham de computadores com internet, uma vez que 229 discentes responderam ao teste na versão online e 105 na versão impressa. A segunda fase da pesquisa envolveu a adaptação e aplicação de um questionário que mede indicadores biológicos e ambientais relacionados à organização neural da criança aplicado a 128 mães/responsáveis por estudantes nos três primeiros estados citados. O questionário, adaptado da pesquisa de Rocha e Rocha (2009) foi composto por perguntas objetivas e do tipo Likert as quais foram estruturadas em quatro dimensões principais: gestação, parto, primeira infância e antecedentes familiares. Para a análise, esses dados foram divididos em 3 categorias, a saber: fatores fisiológicos, fatores psicológicos e fatores hereditários. Para a análise do teste, as questões foram divididas em quatro grupos: questões com até 40% de acerto, entre 40 e 50% de acerto, e 50 a 70% de acerto e mais de 70% de acerto. Os dados obtidos com a aplicação dos instrumentos foram tabulados e processados em software estatístico e mostram as frequências relativas dos indicadores e do desempenho dos alunos amostrados. Não houve significância ao cruzarmos os dados de desempenho com os indicadores, o que nos faz perceber que a adequação de uma metodologia de ensino faz com que não haja identificação de diferenças no desempenho discente, se levado em conta as singularidades dos alunos. Isso nos faz refletir que, para o caso dos testes de desempenho, alterações no processo pedagógico permitem adequações à singularidade dos alunos, rompendo com o paradigma médico que o diagnostica como incapaz. / São Cristóvão, SE

Merger reviews are institutionalized and customized analyses of mergers and acquisitions by antitrust authorities which result in approvals or disapprovals of the strategic intents of firms. In view of the wide variety of agents whose lives may be changed by a merger review, the fact that different stakeholders might induce a government intervention on a particular deal, and the central role of antitrust commissioners in this context, the general aim of this thesis is to examine the determinants of merger review decisions, but particularly those related to commissioners\' personal attributes, values and interests. Additionally, some structural and procedural issues contained in the antitrust regulatory sphere as well as control variables related to other perspectives of analysis are included as part of this empirical analysis. To achieve the mentioned general objective and other specific goals, a unique dataset was built that covers a fourteen-year period of competition regulation in Brazil. The sample of this study comprises 30,543 votes by 36 different panel members on 5,091 transactions examined through ordered probit models. This thesis, mainly, reveals that \'political ideology\', \'prior work experience in the public service\' and \'human capital\' of antitrust commissioners, in addition to the size of commissions\' voting panels, affect consistently merger review verdicts. In short, under the PSDB presidential administration, for example, transactions were less challenged in Brazil. Regarding the \'public service experience\', commissioners who have predominant prior job or professional association in Education, Health and Social areas, inversely to \'political ideology\', increase the likelihood of high levels of intervention in private deals. Additionally, commissioners\' accumulated skills and knowledge - the \'human capital\' - also affect positively law enforcement on merger reviews. The implications of this particular contribution to public administration follow the same path of \'public service experience\': if societies do not pressure politicians to improve public service, considering not only a remarkable knowledge in Law or Economics to appoint a commissioner, but having a broader view of individuals\' motivations and claims, interferences between \'concepts, principles and norms\' stated in laws, and law enforcement will continuously occur. The last consistent result shows that the likelihood of the Brazilian authority to impose significant changes to firms decreases the greater the voting panel. Thus, this thesis suggests to antitrust policymakers that wide ranges of minimum and maximum quorum in voting panels must be avoided. To the best knowledge of this thesis author, there is not any past research that found such results. It means a unique contribution to the antitrust and management literatures. / Atos de concentração são processos de análise institucionalizados e customizados de fusões e aquisições, realizados por autoridades antitrustes, que resultam na aprovação ou bloqueio dos intentos estratégicos das firmas. Em vista da grande variadade de agentes cujas vidas podem ser afetadas pelos atos de concentração, do fato de que diferentes agentes podem induzir uma intervenção do governo em uma transação específica e o papel central dos conselheiros antitruste neste contexto, o objetivo geral desta tese é examinar os determinantes das decisões de uma autoridade antitruste sobre atos de concentração, mas particularmente os determinantes relacionados aos atributos pessoais, valores e interesses dos conselheiros. Adicionalmente, alguns fatores contidos na esfera regulatória antitruste são considerados nesta análise empírica. Para que o objetivo geral mencionado e outros específicos sejam alcançados, um banco de dados único foi construído e cobre um período de catorze anos de regulacão no Brasil. A amostra deste estudo, então, contém 30,543 votos de 36 diferentes membros do CADE sobre 5,091 transações. Modelos probit ordenados são usados para a análise dos dados. Esta tese, principalmente, revela que \'ideologia política\', \'experiencia prévia de trabalho no setor público\' e \'capital humano\' dos conselheiros antitruste, somando-se ao tamanho do plenário votante, afetam consistentemente os veriditos de atos de concentração. Em resumo, sob a administração federal do PSDB, por exemplo, as transações foram menos alteradas no Brasil. Quanto à experiencia no serviço público, os conselheiros que tiveram atuação profissional predominante nas áreas de Educação, Saúde e Assistencia Social, inversamente à \'ideologia polítical, aumentam a probabilidade de altos níveis de intervenção estatal em acordos privados. Adicionalmente, habilidades e conhecimento acumulados dos conselheiros, o chamado \'capital humano\', também afetam positivamente o nível de emprego da lei em atos de concentração. As implicações destes achados para a administração pública seguem um mesmo caminho: se a sociedade não pressionar os politicos a aperfeiçoarem o serviço público, considerando-se não somente o notável saber jurídico ou econômico para a nomeação de um conselheiro, mas tendo uma visão mais ampla das motivações e pretensões dos indivíduos, interferências continuarão a existir entre \'conceitos, principios e normas\' anunciados pela lei e a lei aplicada. Por fim, como último resultado consistente, a probabilidade de que a autoridade antitruste Brasileira imponha mudanças significativas às firmas decresce à medida que os conselheiros habilitados para votar são mais numerosos. Portanto, esta tese sugere aos formuladores de políticas que sejam evitados intervalos largos entre o mínimo e o máximo de votantes.

Orientador: Tamas Joszef Marton Karoly Szmrecsanyi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_MariaAliceRebellodo_D.pdf: 1633347 bytes, checksum: 281f84c8a6a81f711150b1fc495ad81d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A comunicação científica, qualquer que seja o ângulo pelo qual for examinada, constitui parte essencial do processo de investigação científica. Contudo, essa comunicação sempre enfrentou a mudança e a diversidade. Os principais veículos utilizados no passado, de maneira preponderante, em suas mais variadas modalidades de divulgação: inscrições, manuscritos, conferências, livros impressos, agora subsistem com novos meios de divulgação criados pela tecnologia da comunicação, que se incumbe de ¿apagar¿ a distinção tradicional entre a comunicação formal e a informal. O que parece haver se mantido durante todo esse tempo é a noção de que apenas os próprios cientistas podem avaliar o trabalho de seus colegas ¿ os seus pares. Para tentar entender todo esse enredamento, a pesquisa teórica se embasou nos preceitos teóricos de funcionamento da ciência descritos por Robert Merton, nas análises quantitativas da ciência empregadas por Derek de Solla Price e na contribuição de Eugene Garfield que criou os índices de citações bibliográficas. Do ponto de vista da pesquisa empírica, examinou-se a produção científica e o ¿fazer¿ dos pesquisadores brasileiros no campo da Antropologia, a partir da análise dos currículos destes antropólogos, disponíveis no CV-Lattes e de entrevistas estruturadas encaminhadas aos principais atores desta pesquisa. O conjunto destes resultados permitiu evidenciar que a comunicação científica em Antropologia é veiculada em periódicos, mas principalmente em outras modalidades de publicação, a despeito do crescente emprego de instrumentos internacionais de medição da produção da ciência que elegeram os periódicos e seus artigos. Essa mudança cultural, vinda do exterior, vem se refletindo nas agências de fomento à pesquisa do Brasil. Porém, essa crescente importância dos periódicos internacionais, de maneira indiscriminada, imposta em todos os ramos da ciência, tem trazido enormes prejuízos, no que tange ao desempenho da produção científica visível da Antropologia brasileira e no financiamento de suas pesquisas / Abstract: The scientific communication, no matter from which angle it will be examined, constitutes an essential part of the scientific investigation process. Nevertheless, this communication has always faced change and diversity. The main means used in the past, in a preponderant way, in its most varied kinds of disclosure, were: inscriptions, manuscripts, conferences, printed books, subsist now with new means of disclosure created by the communication technology, which undertakes to ¿abolish¿ the traditional distinction between formal and informal communication. One thing that seems to have been maintained for all this period is the notion that only scientists themselves can evaluate the work of their colleagues ¿ or their peers. In order to understand all this entanglement, the theoretical research was based on the theoretical rules of functioning of science described by Robert Merton, on the quantitative analysis of science applied by Derek de Solla Price as well as on the contribution done by Eugene Garfield who created the indexes for biographical quotations. From the empirical research point of view, the scientific production and the ¿doing¿ of the Brazilian researchers in the Anthropological field were examined on the basis of the curricula analysis of these anthropologists, available in the CV-Lattes, as well as structured interviews submitted to the main actors of this research. The set of these results has allowed to evidence that the scientific communication in Anthropology is transmitted through journals, but mainly through other ways of publishing, in spite of the increasing usage of international instruments of measurements of the scientific production that elected the scientific journals and their articles. This cultural change, originated from abroad, has been reflecting upon the agencies that are encouraging the research in the Brazil. However, the increasing importance of the international reviews, indiscriminately imposed on all branches of the science, has brought considerable damages in relation to the development of the visible scientific production of Brazilian Anthropology and the financial help for its researches / Doutorado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica

För många resenärer är internet den främsta källan att använda sig av vid bokning av resor och turismtjänster. Detta har i sin tur bidragit till nya sätt att samla information på inom turismbranschen. Ett av dessa sätt är via recensioner som är internetbaserade, även kallat elektronisk word of mouth (eWOM). Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om eWOM uppfattas trovärdigt nog för att ha inflytande på köpprocessen vid bokning av boende. Studien är baserad på teorier som behandlar köpbeslutsprocessen, eWOMs egenskaper, hur eWOM kan utvärderas, positiva och negativa recensioner samt falska recensioner. Utifrån dessa teorier har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod tillämpats genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjufrågorna bestod av tre till åtta frågor per teman utifrån teorierna nämnda ovan. Studiens urval är baserat på att endast undersöka webbplatsen Tripadvisor, privatresenärer som reser minst två gånger per år och som vid något tillfälle har använt sig av Tripadvisor. Resultatet indikerar att respondenterna har en positiv syn till eWOM och det är en del av deras köpbeslutsprocess vid bokning av boende dock är det inte den enda källan som de använder sig av för att komma fram till ett beslut. Kommunikationssättet är ett smidigt sätt att samla information på och trots att det sprids anonymt anses det inte vara tvivelaktigt. Resultatet visar även att det är viktigt att se om recensionerna överensstämmer med varandra samt att läsa både positiva och negativa recensioner. / The internet is for many travelers the main source for booking trips and tourism services, which has contributed to new ways of gathering information in the tourism industry. One of these ways is through onlinebased reviews, also called electronic word of mouth (eWOM). The aim of this study is to contribute with knowledge if eWOM is perceived to be credible enough to influence the purchasing process when booking accommodation. This study adopts theories that illustrates the purchasing decision process, electronic word of mouth's characteristics, how eWOM can be evaluated, positive and negative reviews as well as fake reviews. Based on these theories a qualitative research method has been applied containing eight semistructured interviews. The interview questions consisted of three to eight questions per theme based on the mentioned theories. The study's selection is based on the website Tripadvisor and private travelers who travel at least twice a year and have used Tripadvisor before. The result indicates that the participated respondents have a positive view of eWOM and it is part of their purchasing decision-making process when booking accommodation, however, it is not the only information source they use. According to the respondents the communication method is a convenient way of gathering information and despite being spread anonymously it is not considered to be doubtful. The result also shows that it is important to evaluate if the reviews are consistent with each other and it is significant to read both positive and negative reviews.

Defect prevention (DP) in early stages of software development life cycle (SDLC) is very cost effective than in later stages. The requirements elicitation and analysis & negotiation (E and A&N) phases in requirements engineering (RE) process are very critical and are major source of requirements defects. A poor E and A&N process may lead to a software requirements specifications (SRS) full of defects like missing, ambiguous, inconsistent, misunderstood, and incomplete requirements. If these defects are identified and fixed in later stages of SDLC then they could cause major rework by spending extra cost and effort. Organizations are spending about half of their total project budget on avoidable rework and majority of defects originate from RE activities. This study is an attempt to prevent requirements level defects from penetrates into later stages of SDLC. For this purpose empirical and literature studies are presented in this thesis. The empirical study is carried out with the help of six companies from Pakistan & Sweden by conducting interviews and literature study is done by using literature reviews. This study explores the most common requirements defect types, their reasons, severity level of defects (i.e. major or minor), DP techniques (DPTs) & methods, defect identification techniques that have been using in software development industry and problems in these DPTs. This study also describes possible major differences between Swedish and Pakistani software companies in terms of defect types and rate of defects originating from E and A&N phases. On the bases of study results, some solutions have been proposed to prevent requirements defects during the RE process. In this way we can minimize defects originating from E and A&N phases of RE in the bespoke requirements engineering (BESRE).

The aim of this thesis is to compare the different Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon film reviews from Chinese and American reviewers respectively, and to see how they evaluate and understand the film in the different ways. We use reception theory as our theoretical tool, and divide the film into four themes so that we can compare the different reviews in a more relative way. Meanwhile, we also present some brief ideas to explain the reason why the film gets the different response from both sides. Since our main purpose is to compare the different film reviews, so we choose the comparative design as our research design. The main findings of this thesis show that Chinese and American reviewers do have some distinct evaluations, understandings and views about the film.Besides, culture and aesthetic become the two major factors to influence the response from both sides.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze the use of social media and use of online reputation management tools by accommodation facilities. Information was obtained from survey among four and five star hotels situated in Prague. Moreover there is an analysis of online reputation management tools which are currently available on the market. After detailed analysis certain conclusions and recommendations are proposed to hotels to help them with effective communication on social media as well as with effective management of online reputation which is nowadays very important for potential guests who search for their accommodation online.