Seagrasses constitute the basis for diverse and productive ecosystems worldwide. In East Africa, they provide important ecosystem services (e.g. fisheries) but are potentially threatened by increasing resource use and lack of enforced management regulations. The major aim of this PhD thesis was to investigate effects of anthropogenic distur-bances, primarily seaweed farming and coastal fishery, in East African seagrass beds. Seaweed farming, often depicted as a sustainable form of aquaculture, had short- and long-term effects on seagrass growth and abundance that cascaded up through the food web to the level of fishery catches. The coastal fishery, a major subsistence activity in the region, can by removing urchin predators indirectly increase densities of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla, which has overgrazed seagrasses in several areas. A study using simulated grazing showed that high magnitude leaf removal – typical of grazing urchins – affected seagrasses more than low magnitude removal, typical of fish grazing. Different responses in two co-occurring seagrass species furthermore indicate that high seagrass diversity in tropical seagrass beds could buffer overgrazing effects in the long run. Finally, a literature synthesis suggests that anthropogenic disturbances could drive shifts in seagrass ecosystems to an array of alternative regimes dominated by other or-ganisms (macroalgae, bivalves, burrowing shrimp, polychaetes, etc.). The formation of novel feedback mechanisms makes these regimes resilient to disturbances like seagrass recovery and transplantation projects. Overall, this suggests that resource use activities linked to seagrasses can have large-scale implications if the scale exceeds critical levels. This emphasizes the need for holistic and adaptive management at the seascape level, specifically involving improved techniques for seaweed farming and fisheries, protection of keystone species, and ecosystem-based management approaches.

A natureza sempre constituiu uma fonte extremamente rica de compostos e substâncias utilizados pelo homem para diferentes fins, principalmente na área médica, pois os produtos naturais abrangem uma variedade de agentes terapêuticos para diversas doenças, como moléstias infecciosas, câncer, desordens lipídicas e imunológicas. Com a necessidade de se encontrar novos fármacos, tanto para doenças bem definidas, quanto para novas doenças, a pesquisa de substâncias com atividades biológicas torna-se fundamental. Fontes exóticas como o ambiente marinho e, recentemente o universo dos micro-organismos, ganharam grande interesse no meio científico devido ao fato de terem sido pouco conhecidas e exploradas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar se diferentes frações da macroalga marinha Bostrychia tenella e extratos de micro-organismos endofíticos isolados dessa mesma espécie possuíam atividade imunomoduladora sobre o sistema complemento (SC) humano, que é reconhecido como um dos maiores efetores do processo inflamatório. Iniciado por três vias distintas (clássica, alternativa e das lectinas), ele leva à formação de produtos de clivagem e complexos de ativação que exercem diferentes funções biológicas importantes, como quimiotaxia, ativação de fagócitos, desgranulação de mastócitos, citólise, ativação celular e apoptose. Sendo assim, este sistema desempenha papel importante em várias reações inflamatórias, bem como em diferentes mecanismos patogênicos de dano tecidual. Através do ensaio de atividade hemolítica, 10 das 20 amostras iniciais foram selecionadas por modularem esta atividade do SC no pool de soro humano normal (SHN). As 10 amostras (dentre frações, subfrações e extratos de B. tenella e seus micro-organismos endofíticos) foram capazes de induzir a geração de fragmentos de C3, componente central do SC, observados tanto em técnicas imunoeletroforéticas, quanto em Western blotting. Também, observou-se a formação do complexo de ataque à membrana (MAC) em ensaio imunoenzimático, indicando que houve ativação total do SC. Através dos resultados obtidos no Western blotting para fragmentos de C4 e Fator B foi possível identificar quais vias do SC são ativadas, quando correlacionados com os resultados dos ensaios hemolíticos para via clássica/das lectinas (VC/VL) e via alternativa (VA). Desse modo, foi possível concluir que as 10 amostras selecionadas possuem efeito imunomodulador sobre o SC humano por serem capazes de ativá-lo, seja pela VC/VL ou pela VA. Conclui-se, também, que o ensaio hemolítico cinético constitui uma importante ferramenta de triagem, assim como o Western blotting do SHN para detecção de fragmentos do SC. / Nature has always provided an extremely rich source of compounds and substances used by man for various purposes, mainly in the medical field because natural products include a variety of therapeutic agents for various diseases such as infectious diseases, cancer, lipid and immune disorders. With the need to find new drugs for either well defined diseases as for new ones, the search for substances with biological activities becomes essential. Exotic sources such as marine environment, and recently the world of micro-organisms have gained great interest in the scientific community due to the fact that they were little known and explored. In this context, the objective of this study was to assess whether different fractions of marine macroalgae Bostrychia tenella and extracts of endophytic micro-organisms isolated from this species possess immunomodulatory activity on the human complement system (CS), which is recognized as one of the major effectors of the inflammatory process. Started by three distinct pathways (classical, alternative and lectin), it leads to the formation of cleavage products and activation complexes which have various important biological functions such as chemotaxis, activation of phagocytes, mast cell degranulation, cytolysis, cellular activation and apoptosis. Thereby, this system plays an important role in various inflammatory reactions, as well as various pathogenic mechanisms of tissue damage. Through the hemolytic activity assays, 10 of the initial 20 samples were selected because they were able to modulate this activity of the CS in the pool of normal human serum (NHS). The 10 samples (among fractions, subfractions and extracts of B. tenella and its endophytic micro-organisms) were able to induce the generation of fragments from C3, a central component of the CS, which was observed both in immuno electrophoresis technique and Western blotting. Also, we observed the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) in enzyme immunoassay, indicating that there was total activation of the CS. By the results obtained in Western blotting for fragments of C4 and Factor B was possible to identify which pathways are activated in CS, when correlated with the results of hemolytic assays for the classical/lectin (VC/VL) and alternative pathway (VA). Thus, we conclude that the 10 selected samples have immunomodulatory effects in human CS because they were able to activate it either by VC/VL or VA. It follows also that the hemolytic assay by the kinetic method is an important tool for screening, as well as Western blotting of NHS to detect fragments of the CS.

RIBEIRO, Natássia Albuquerque Ribeiro. Efeitos de uma fração polissacarídica sulfatada da alga marinha verde Caulerpa racemosa (FORSSKÅL) j. Agardh na nocicepção e inflamação. 2012. 105 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2012. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-06-22T14:16:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_naribeiro.pdf: 1548760 bytes, checksum: 09467efdb6bf0a4d9433330dd9f0fd05 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-08-02T20:06:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_naribeiro.pdf: 1548760 bytes, checksum: 09467efdb6bf0a4d9433330dd9f0fd05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T20:06:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_naribeiro.pdf: 1548760 bytes, checksum: 09467efdb6bf0a4d9433330dd9f0fd05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Marine algae are abundant sources of sulfated polysaccharides with various biological activities thereby altering its biomolecules are great of commercial interest especially in the pharmaceutical and food industries In this study we investigated a sulfated polysaccharide obtained from the green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa (CrII) as to its effects on nociception and inflammation Initially the CrII (1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) was evaluated for toxicity in mice using a repeated dose model (seven days) After the trial period the CrII proved to be nontoxic The antinociceptive activity was evaluated by the writings of abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid formalin test and hot plate Swiss male mice were treated with CrII (0.01 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg i.v.) 30 min before receiving pain stimuli (acetic acid 0.8% or 2% formalin) or heat exposure In trials of abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid and the formalin test CrII significantly reduced the number of abdominal writhing and paw licking time in the second phase of the experiment respectively In relation to thermal stimulation CrII was unable to prolong the reaction time of animals With respect to effects on inflammation CrII (0.01 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg i.v.) was evaluated for its potential antiinflammatory using Wistar rats We used assays of cell migration into the peritoneal cavity induced by carrageenan (Cg - 700 mg/cavity) paw edema induced by Cg (700 µg/paw) or dextran (300 µg/paw)With respect to cell migration into the peritoneal cavity there was a significant reduction of neutrophils in all groups treated with the CrII In the test paw edema induced by dextran or Cg CrII was also able to significantly reduce the swelling at all doses used The anti-inflammatory effect of CrII was confirmed by reducing the tissue levels of myeloperoxidase in the tissue of the paws Cg groups In addition we performed an enzyme inhibition assay Hemo-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) using the inhibitor ZnPP IX in order to assess whether the anti-inflammatory effect of CrII was related to the expression of this enzyme The results showed that the inhibition of the HO-1 is associated with inhibition of the inflammatory response of CrII In order to assess whether CrII also has pro-inflammatory effect CrII (0.01 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg i.pl) was injected into the paw of the rats where the result demonstrated a process inflammation only for animals which received the dose of 1.0 mg/kg Therefore the potential mediators that could be involved in the inflammatory process of CrII were evaluated using the test paw edema induced by CrII The results showed that the pro-inflammatory effect of CrII may be related to the release of mediators emanating from the path of cyclooxygenase (COX-2 prostaglandins and thromboxanes) The CrII when used as anti-inflammatory agent was unable to inhibit pro-inflammatory effect in the paw edema test in any of the doses (0.01 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg i.v.) confirming that its anti-inflammatory effect is related to HO-1. / As algas marinhas são fontes abundantes de polissacarídeos sulfatados com várias atividades biológicas dessa forma suas biomoléculas são de grande interesse comercial principalmente nas indústrias farmacêutica e alimentícia No presente trabalho investigou-se uma fração polissacarídica sulfatada obtida da alga marinha verde Caulerpa racemosa (CrII) quanto aos seus efeitos na nocicepção e inflamação Inicialmente a CrII (1,0 mg/kg i.v.) foi avaliada quanto a toxicidade em camundongos utilizando um modelo por dose repetida (sete dias) Após o período experimental a CrII mostrou-se atóxica A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada através dos ensaios de contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético teste da formalina e da placa quente Camundongos Swiss machos foram tratados com CrII (0,01 0,1 e 1,0 mg/kg i.v.) 30 min antes de receber os estímulos de dor (ácido acético 0,8% ou formalina 2%) ou exposição ao calor Nos ensaios de contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético CrII reduziu significativamente o número de contorções abdominais e no teste da formalina CrII também foi capaz de reduzir o tempo de lambedura da pata na segunda fase do experimento Em relação ao estímulo térmico CrII não foi capaz de prolongar o tempo de reação dos animais. Com relação aos efeitos na inflamação CrII (0,01 0,1 e 1,0 mg/kg i.v.) foi avaliada quanto seu potencial anti-inflamatório utilizando-se ratos Wistar Foram utilizados ensaios de migração celular para a cavidade peritoneal induzida por carragenana (Cg - 700 µg/cavidade) de edema de pata induzido por Cg (700 µg/pata) ou dextrana (300 µg/pata) Com relação a migração celular para a cavidade peritoneal ocorreu uma redução significativa de neutrófilos em todos os grupos tratados com a CrII No ensaio de edema de pata induzido por Cg ou dextrana CrII também foi capaz de reduzir significativamente o edema em todas as doses utilizadas O efeito anti-inflamatório da CrII foi confirmado através da redução dos níveis teciduais da mieloperoxidase do tecido das patas nos grupos com Cg Além disso foi realizado um ensaio de inibição da enzima Hemo-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) utilizando-se o inibidor ZnPP IX com o intuito de avaliar se o efeito anti-inflamatório da CrII estava relacionado com a expressão dessa enzima Os resultados demonstraram que a inibição da via HO-1 está associada à inibição da resposta anti-inflamatória da CrII No intuito de avaliar se CrII também possui efeito pró-inflamatório CrII (0,01 0,1 e 1,0 mg/kg i.pl) foi injetada na pata de ratos Wistar onde o resultado obtido demonstrou um processo inflamatório apenas para animais que receberam a dose de 1,0 mg/kg Portanto os possíveis mediadores que poderiam estar envolvidos com o processo inflamatório da CrII foram avaliados utilizando-se o ensaio de edema de pata induzido por CrII Os resultados demonstraram que a ação pró-inflamatória da CrII pode estar relacionada com a liberação de mediadores provindos da via da ciclooxigenase (COX-2 prostaglandinas e tromboxanos) A CrII quando utilizada como agente anti-inflamatório não foi capaz de inibir seu efeito pró- inflamatório no ensaio de edema de pata em nenhuma das doses utilizadas (0,01 0,1 e 1,0 mg/kg i.v.) confirmando que sua ação anti-inflamatória está relacionada com a via da HO-1.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:02:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EurielAM.pdf: 954734 bytes, checksum: 8972d246bc57db5f8f01d7f142ffec94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Since centuries ago, the Asians use seaweed as an important source of feeding and are their greatest world-wide consumers. The migration of these peoples for other countries, made the demand for seaweed to increase. This increasing demand prompted an industry with annual values of around US$ 6 billion. The algal biomass used for the industry is collected in natural reservoirs or cultivated. The market necessity for products of the seaweed base promotes an unsustainable exploration of the natural banks, compromising its associated biological balance. In this context, seaweed culture appears as a viable alternative to prevent the depletion of these natural supplies. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide space and produce information that can facilitate the evaluation of important physical and socio-economic characteristics for the planning of seaweed culture. This objective of this study is to identify potential coastal areas for seaweed culture in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the integration of social-environmental data in the SIG. In order to achieve this objective, a geo-referred database composed of geographical maps, nautical maps and orbital digital images was assembled; and a bank of attributes including physical and oceanographical variables (winds, chains, bathymetry, operational distance from the culture) and social and environmental factors (main income, experience with seaweed harvesting, demographic density, proximity of the sheltered coast and distance of the banks) was produced. In the modeling of the data, the integration of the space database with the bank of attributes for the attainment of the map of potentiality of seaweed culture was carried out. Of a total of 2,011 ha analyzed by the GIS for the culture of seaweed, around 34% or 682 ha were indicated as high potential, 55% or 1,101 ha as medium potential, and 11% or 228 ha as low potential. The good indices of potentiality obtained in the localities studied demonstrate that there are adequate conditions for the installation of seaweed culture in the state of Rio Grande do Norte / Desde s?culos atr?s, os asi?ticos utilizam algas como uma importante fonte de alimenta??o, sendo estes os maiores consumidores mundiais. A migra??o destes povos para outros pa?ses, v?m fazendo a demanda por algas aumentar. Esta crescente demanda fez surgir uma ind?stria com valores anuais em torno de US$ 6 bilh?es. A biomassa utilizada pela ind?stria ? coletada em reservat?rios naturais ou cultivada. Esta necessidade dos mercados por produtos a base de algas, promove uma explora??o desordenada dos bancos naturais, comprometendo o equil?brio biol?gico associado. Diante disso, o cultivo surge como uma alternativa vi?vel para evitar a deple??o dos estoques naturais. Os Sistemas de Informa??o Geogr?fica (SIG) fornecem dados espaciais e produzem informa??es que podem facilitar a avalia??o de caracter?sticas f?sicas e s?cio-econ?micas importantes para o planejamento dos cultivos. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar ?reas potenciais para o cultivo de algas no litoral do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, a partir da integra??o de dados s?cio-ambientais no SIG. Para compor a Base de Dados de Informa??o Geogr?fica foi produzido um banco de dados Espaciais (Georreferenciado) composto de cartas oficiais, cartas n?uticas e Imagens Digitais Orbitais; e um Banco de dados de Atributos, compostos por vari?veis f?sico-oceanogr?ficas (ventos, correntes, batimetria, dist?ncia operacional do cultivo) e s?cio-ambientais (Principal renda, Experi?ncia com a Coleta de algas, Densidade Demogr?fica, Proximidade da Costa abrigada e Distancia dos Bancos). Na modelagem dos dados foi realizada a integra??o do Banco de dados Espaciais com o Banco de atributos para a obten??o do mapa de potencialidade de cultivo de algas. De um total de 2.011 ha analisados pelo SIG, em torno de 34 % ou 682 ha foi indicado como ?rea com alto potencial para o cultivo; 55 % ou 1.101 ha como ?rea com m?dio potencial e 11 % ou 228 ha de baixo potencial de cultivo. Os bons ?ndices de potencialidade obtidos pelas localidades estudadas demonstram que existem condi??es adequadas para a instala??o dos cultivos de macroalgas no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Santana Santos Pereira da Costa_DISSERT.pdf: 1585088 bytes, checksum: 3aeda3818f245371875985348e34059a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Seaweeds sulfated polysaccharides have been described as having various pharmacological activities. However, nothing is known about the influence of salinity on the structure of sulfated polysaccharides from green seaweed and pharmacological activities they perform. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity of seawater on yield and composition of polysaccharides-rich fractions from green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata, collected in two different salinities beaches of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte, and to verify the influence of salinity on their biological activities. We extracted four sulfated polysaccharides-rich fractions from C. cupressoides collected in Camapum beach (denominated CCM F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0), which the seawater has higher salinity, and Buzios beach (denominated CCB F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0). Different from that observed for other seaweeds, the proximate composition of C. cupressoides did not change with increased salinity. Moreover, interestingly, the C. cupresoides have high amounts of protein, greater even than other edible seaweeds. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the yield of polysaccharide fractions of CCM and its CCB counterparts, which indicates that salinity does not interfere with the yield of polysaccharide fractions. However, there was a significant difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio of F0.3 (p<0.05) and F0.5 (p<0.01) (CCM F0.3 and CCB F0.5 was higher than those determined for their counterparts), while the sulfate/sugar ratio the F1.0 and F2.0 did not change significantly (p>0.05) with salinity. This result suggested that the observed difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio between the fractions from CCM and CCB, is not merely a function of salinity, but probably also is related to the biological function of these biopolymers in seaweed. In addition, the salinity variation between collection sites did not influence algal monosaccharide composition, eletrophoretic mobility or the infrared spectrum of polysaccharides, demonstrating that the salinity does not change the composition of sulfated polysaccharides of C. cupressoides. There were differences in antioxidant and anticoagulant fractions between CCM and CCB. CCB F0.3 (more sulfated) had higher total antioxidant capacity that CCM F0.3, since the chelating ability the CCM F0.5 was more potent than CCB F0.5 (more sulfated). These data indicate that the activities of sulfated polysaccharides from CCM and CCB depend on the spatial patterns of sulfate groups and that it is unlikely to be merely a charge density effect. C. cupressoides polysaccharides also exhibited anticoagulant activity in the intrinsic (aPTT test) and extrinsic pathway (PT test). CCB F1.0 and CCM F1.0 showed different (p<0,001) aPTT activity, although F0.3 and F0.5 showed no difference (p>0,05) between CCM and CCB, corroborating the fact that the sulfate/sugar ratio is not a determining factor for biological activity, but rather for sulfate distribution along the sugar chain. Moreover, F0.3 and F0.5 activity in aPTT test was similar to that of clexane?, anticoagulant drug. In addition, F0.5 showed PT activity. These results suggest that salinity may have created subtle differences in the structure of sulfated polysaccharides, such as the distribution of sulfate groups, which would cause differences in biological activities between the fractions of the CCM and the CCB / Polissacar?deos sulfatados de algas marinhas t?m sido descritos por apresentarem diversas atividades farmacol?gicas. No entanto, nada se sabe a respeito da influ?ncia da salinidade da ?gua do mar na estrutura de polissacar?deos sulfatados de algas verdes e nas atividades farmacol?gicas por eles desempenhadas. Por isso, objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da salinidade da ?gua do mar no rendimento e na composi??o de fra??es polissacar?dicas da alga verde Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata, coletada em duas praias de diferentes salinidades do litoral do Rio Grande do Norte, bem como verificar se as altera??es provocadas pela salinidade se refletiriam em atividades biol?gicas das fra??es. Extraiu-se quatro fra??es ricas em polissacar?deos sulfatados da C. cupressoides coletada na praia de Camapum (denominado CCM F0.3, F0.5, F1.0, F2.0), a qual a ?gua tem maior salinidade, e na praia de B?zios (denominados CCB F0.3; F0.5, F1.0, F2.0). Diferente do observado para outras algas, a composi??o centesimal da C. cupressoides n?o se alterou em fun??o desta crescer em ambiente de maior da salinidade. Al?m disso, interessantemente, a C. cupressoides t?m altas quantidades de prote?nas, maior at? do esp?cies de algas comest?veis. N?o houve diferen?a significativa (p> 0,05) entre o rendimento das fra??es polissacar?dicas da CCM e das suas correlatas na CCB, o que indica que a salinidade n?o interfere no rendimento das fra??es polissacar?dicas. No entanto, houve uma diferen?a significativa na raz?o sulfato/a??car da F0.3 (p <0,05) e F0.5 (p <0,01) (a raz?o sulfato/a??car da CCM F0.3 e da CCB F0.5foram maiores do que suas correlatas), enquanto a raz?o sulfato/a??car da F1.0 e F2.0 n?o se alterou significativamente (p> 0,05) com a salinidade. Este resultado sugere que a diferen?a observada na raz?o sulfato/a??car entre as fra??es da CCM e CCB, n?o ?, meramente, fun??o da salinidade, mas provavelmente est? relacionada com a fun??o biol?gica destes biopol?meros nas algas marinhas. Al?m disso, a varia??o de salinidade entre os locais de coleta n?o influenciou a composi??o monossacar?dica, a mobilidade eletrofor?tica ou os espectros de infravermelho das fra??es polissacar?dicas, demonstrando que a salinidade n?o altera a composi??o de polissacar?deos sulfatados de C. cupressoides. Houve diferen?as nas atividades antioxidantes e anticoagulantes entre a CCM e CCB. CCB F0.3 (mais sulfatada) apresentou maior capacidade antioxidante total que CCM F0.3, j? a habilidade quelante da CCM F0.5 foi mais potente que a CCB F0.5 (mais sulfatada). Estes dados indicam que, provavelmente, as atividades biol?gicas das fra??es polissacar?dicas da CCM e CCB dependem do padr?o de distribui??o espacial dos grupos sulfatos no pol?mero e que n?o ?, meramente, um efeito da densidade de carga. Polissacar?deos de C. cupressoides tamb?m exibiram atividade anticoagulante na via intr?nseca (aPTT) e via extr?nseca (teste PT). CCB F1.0 e CCM F1.0 mostraram diferen?as significantes (p <0,001) no aPTT, j? F0.3 e F0.5 n?o mostraram diferen?a (p> 0,05) entre a CCM e CCB, corroborando o fato de que a raz?o sulfato/a??car n?o ? um fator determinante para a atividade biol?gica, mas sim, a distribui??o do sulfato ao longo da cadeia do polissacar?deo. Al?m disso, F0.3 e F0.5 apresentaram atividade no teste de aPTT semelhante a clexane?, medicamento anticoagulante. Adicionalmente, as F0.5 mostraram atividade no PT. Estes resultados sugerem que a salinidade pode ter criado sutis diferen?as na estrutura dos polissacar?deos sulfatados, como por exemplo, na distribui??o dos grupos sulfatos, o que ocasionaria as diferen?as nas atividades biol?gicas entre as fra??es da CCM e da CCB

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoARS_DISSERT.pdf: 3694454 bytes, checksum: 6813d4e2275c599aa11e18b29a511e71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Galactans are polysaccharides sulfated present in the cell wall of red algae. Carrageenans are galactans well known in the food industry as gelling polysaccharides and for induce inflammatory process in rodents as animal model. The extraction of polysaccharides from A. multifida has been carried out by proteolysis and precipitation in different volumes of acetone, which produced three fractions (F1, F2, and FT). Chemical and physical analyses revealed that these fractions are sulfated galactan predominantly. Results of the antioxidant activity assays showed that all of these fractions have antioxidant activity and that was associated with sulfate content of the analysis of reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. However, these fractions were not effective against lipid peroxidation. The fraction FT presented higher activity on the APTT test at 200 &#956;g (> 240 s). The assessment of the hemolytic activity showed that the FT fraction has the best activity, increasing lyses by the complement system to 42.3% (50 &#956;g) (p< 0,001). The fraction FT showed the best yield, anticoagulant and hemolytic activity between the three fractions and therefore it was choose for the in vivo studies. The Inflammation assessment using the FT fraction (50 mg / kg MB) showed that the cellular migration and the IL-6 production increased 670.1% (p< 0,001) and 531.8% (p< 0,001), respectively. These results confirmed its use as an inflammation inducer in animal model. Cytotoxicity assay results showed that all fractions have toxic effects on 3T3 and HeLa cells after exposition of 48 hours, except when 100 &#956;g for both F1 and FT were used. These results arise the discussion whether these polysaccharides it should be used as additive in foods, cosmetics and medicines. / Galactanas s?o polissacar?deos sulfatados presentes na parede celular de algas vermelhas. Carragenanas s?o galactanas bem conhecidas na ind?stria de alimentos como polissacar?deos gelificantes e para induzir o processo inflamat?rio em roedores como modelo animal. A extra??o de polissacar?deos de A. multifida foi realizada por prote?lise e precipita??o em diferentes volumes de acetona, que produziu tr?s fra??es (F1, F2, e FT). An?lises f?sicas e qu?micas revelaram que essas fra??es s?o predominantemente galactanas sulfatados. Resultados dos ensaios de atividade antioxidante mostraram que todas essas fra??es apresentam atividade antioxidante e que esteve associada ao teor de sulfato na an?lise da redu??o da pot?ncia e capacidade antioxidante total. No entanto, estas fra??es n?o foram eficazes contra a peroxida??o lip?dica. A fra??o FT apresentou maior atividade no teste de APTT a 200 mg (> 240 s). A avalia??o da atividade hemol?tica mostrou que a fra??o FT tem a melhor atividade, aumentando a lise pelo sistema complemento para 42,3% (50 mg) (p< 0,001). A fra??o FT apresentou o melhor rendimento, atividade anticoagulante e hemol?tica entre as tr?s fra??es e por isso foi escolhido para os estudos in vivo. A avalia??o da inflama??o com a fra??o FT (50 mg / kg MB) mostrou que a migra??o celular e a produ??o de IL-6 aumentaram 670,1% (p< 0,001) e 531,8% (p< 0,001), respectivamente. Estes resultados confirmam a sua utiliza??o como indutor de inflama??o em modelo animal. Resultados do teste de citotoxicidade mostraram que todas as fra??es t?m efeitos t?xicos nas c?lulas 3T3 e HeLa ap?s a exposi??o de 48 horas, exceto quando 100 mg para os F1 e FT foram utilizados. Estes resultados levantam a discuss?o se estes polissacar?deos devem ser usados como aditivo em alimentos, cosm?ticos e medicamentos

A extração de Carne Mecanicamente Separada de tilápia tem se destacado como um processo atraente pela possibilidade de maior recuperação da carne após a filetagem. Porém, a separação mecânica aumenta a superfície de exposição, levando à incorporação de oxigênio e consequentemente ao \"off flavor\" devido à rancidez, tornando necessário o uso de aditivos para sua conservação. A tendência é utilizar produtos naturais como alternativas aos aditivos químicos. Entre os produtos naturais, as algas marinhas apresentam, em sua composição, metabólitos secundários com alta atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a composição química e a atividade biológica de quatro algas marinhas e seus efeitos, quando aplicados em Minced de tilápia. As algas Nori, Kombu, Hijiki e Wakame foram extraídas por 2 e 7 dias, em temperatura ambiente, com etanol 60, 80 e 100%. O teor de compostos fenólicos, a atividade antioxidante e a antimicrobiana in vitro foram determinados. A atividade antioxidante por métodos acelerados, Rancimat e Oxipres, também foi avaliada. As algas bioativas tiveram seu perfil químico elucidado por cromatografia líquida e gasosa. Essas algas foram aplicadas em Minced de tilápia, que, em seguida, foi armazenado a -18ºC por 180 dias. No Minced foram analisadas a composição centesimal, características de frescor por pH, BNVT e TBARS; cor instrumental, cor e aroma (de ranço) pela análise sensorial, padrões microbiológicos e composição de ácidos graxos, nos tempos 0, 60, 120 e 180 dias de armazenamento. Observou-se que a extração de 2 dias, com etanol 60%, foi a mais eficiente para extrair os compostos fenólicos. As algas Nori e Hijiki apresentaram os maiores teores desses compostos e, consequentemente, maior atividade antioxidante in vitro. Os extratos de algas não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. Para Klebsiella pneumoniae e Listeria monocytogenes, os extratos mais eficientes foram os extraídos com etanol 100%. As algas Nori e Hijiki foram selecionadas como as mais bioativas e submetidas aos testes de oxidação acelerada. Quando aplicadas em óleo de soja, no Rancimat, e em Minced de tilápia, no Oxipres, estas algas demonstraram efetiva atividade antioxidante. Pela cromatografia, os principais compostos identificados foram, na Nori, os ácidos clorogênico, vanílico e caféico, além dos aminoácidos alanina, glicina, valina e prolina; bem como, glicose e sorbitol. Na alga Hijiki foram detectados os ácidos clorogênico, caféico e cinâmico; alanina e prolina, bem como, xilitol e ribitol, frutose e ácido linoléico. No teste de armazenamento congelado do Minced, por 180 dias, a aplicação dos extratos de Nori e Hijiki não infuenciou na composição centesimal e pH. As algas mostraram-se eficientes no controle da produção das BNVT. No entanto, por TBARS, apesar de estarem dentro dos limites aceitáveis, as algas apresentaram comportamento pró-oxidante. Sob os aspectos microbiológicos, os minceds atenderam à legislação vigente. Sensorialmente, os provadores não detectaram diferença no \"aroma de ranço\", apenas mínimas diferenças na cor do produto. Pode-se concluir que o Minced de tilápia, adicionado de algas marinhas, manteve-se dentro dos padrões de qualidade durante o armazenamento congelado. Ressalta-se, ainda, a diferença na resposta antioxidante de acordo com o método utilizado / The extraction of minced tilapia has emerged as an attractive process due to the possibility of greater recovery of the tissue after filleting. However, mechanical separation increases the surface exposure, leading to incorporation of oxygen and consequently to the \"off-flavor\" due to rancidity, making necessary the use of additives for its preservation. The tendency is to use natural products as alternatives to chemical additives. Among the natural products, seaweeds present in its composition secondary metabolites with high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. This research aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and biological activities of four seaweeds varieties and their effects when applied to the tilapia Minced. Nori, Kombu, Hijiki and Wakame seaweeds were extracted by 2 and 7 days, at room temperature, with ethanol 60, 80 and 100%. The phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in vitro were determined. The antioxidant activity by accelerated methods, Oxipres and Rancimat, were also evaluated. Seaweeds bioactive profiles were elucidated by liquid and gas chromatography. These seaweeds were applied to the tilapia Minced, that was stored at -18 °C for 180 days. The Minced were analyzed as to their composition, freshness characteristics by pH, TBARS and TVB-N, instrumental color, color and rancidity aroma by sensory analysis, microbiological standards, and fatty acid composition, at 0, 60, 120 and 180 days of storage. It was observed that the extraction after two days, with 60% ethanol, was the most efficient way to extract the phenolic compounds. Hijiki and Nori showed the highest levels of these compounds and therefore higher antioxidant activity in vitro. The extracts showed no antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. For Klebsiella pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes, more efficient extracts were extracted with ethanol 100%. Hijiki and Nori seaweeds were selected as the most bioactive and submitted to accelerated oxidation tests. When applied in soy oil in the Rancimat, and tilapia Minced, in the Oxipres, these seaweeds have demonstrated effective antioxidant activity. By chromatography, the most important compounds identified were, in Nori, chlorogenic, caffeic and vanillic acids, besides the amino acids alanine, glycine, proline and valine, glucose and sorbitol. In the Hijiki seaweed, it was detected chlorogenic, caffeic and cinnamic acids, alanine and proline, as well as, ribitol and xylitol, fructose, and linoleic acid. In the test of frozen Minced storage, for 180 days, the application of Nori and Hijiki extracts did not modify neither the composition nor the pH. Seaweeds were effective in controlling the TVB-N production, but, for TBARS, although they were within acceptable limits, the seaweeds showed pro-oxidant activities. As to the microbiological aspects, the minceds complied with legal requirements. Sensorially, the tasters detected no difference in the \"rancid aroma\", only small differences in the product color. It can be concluded that the Minced tilapia, seaweed added, remained within the standards of quality during frozen storage. It should be noted, moreover, the difference in the antioxidant response, according to the method used.

Hul’qumi’num communities on south eastern Vancouver Island have concerns about the status and safety of marine foods potentially impacted by environmental change and the urbanization and industrialization of their territories. Collaborative research undertaken with the Hul’q’umi’num’ Lands and Resources Society is part of a broader effort to revitalize cultural practices, language, and food systems. Lhuq’us (the Hul’q’umi’num’ language term for pohrpyra/pyropia spp. (commonly known as red laver or black gold)) is a flavourful and nutritious intertidal seaweed that grows on rocky beaches across the Pacific Northwest. Hul’q’umi’num’ language, cultural values, teachings, and family histories are all interwoven into the harvesting and consumption of lhuq’us in Hul’qumi’num territories. Lhuq’us is one of the species that have been persistently mentioned in conversations with state regulatory agencies and though these concerns have been raised for at least two decades there has been no systematic monitoring of the species. There are two broad streams of inquiry taken by thesis thesis. The first, employing ethnographic methodology including interviews and observant participation, seeks to both document the cultural values, oral histories, lived experiences associated with lhuq’us as well as concerns for the future collaborators have for lhuq’us and lhuq’us beaches. The second stream, based in a geographic approach, asks whether Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies could be employed to record the status of lhuq’us as a baseline for monitoring. Two study sites in the Salish sea were surveyed using UAV techniques: ȾEL,IȽĆ and St’utl’qulus. The overall accuracies of the UAV imagery classifications and the particular accuracies of the class representing lhuq’us suggest that UAV technologies paired with Google Earth Engine (GEE) object based image analysis (OBIA) methodologies can effectively detect lhuq’us. There are serious concerns and cultural values and practices deeply interconnected with culturally important species like lhuq’us. Through holding these concerns and values side by side with systematic observation and analyses maps and materials were created which communities can use to assert their rights, enact their own monitoring of territories and re-prioritize environmental decision-making done by federal, provincial, and municipal management agencies. / Graduate

Actualmente existe la búsqueda de recursos e insumos que permitan desarrollar la construcción de viviendas con un bajo nivel de contaminación, eco-amigable y sostenible ambientalmente. Por tanto, este estudio presenta los resultados del uso de la fibra de algas marinas como una alternativa efectiva que permita mejorar las propiedades mecánicas del adobe. Las dosificaciones por emplear son en base a 3 categorías B0 como bloque de adobe sin estabilizar, BA-1 como bloque de adobe con 2% de fibra de algas y BA-2 como bloque de adobe con 3% de fibra de algas. Asimismo, los resultados de los ensayos a las propiedades mecánicas se realizaron de acuerdo con las normas establecidas y se compararon con otras investigaciones. Finalmente, se identificó que a medida se incrementa el porcentaje de fibra de algas se produce un incremento gradual en la resistencia de los bloques de adobe además de cumplir con los requisitos establecidos en la norma peruana. / Currently there is a search for resources and inputs to develop the construction of housing with a low level of pollution, eco-friendly and environmentally sustainable. Therefore, this study presents the results of the use of seaweed fiber as an effective alternative to improve the mechanical properties of adobe. The dosages to be used are based on 3 categories B0 as unstabilized adobe block, BA-1 as adobe block with 2% seaweed fiber and BA-2 as adobe block with 3% seaweed fiber. The results of the mechanical properties tests were also carried out in accordance with established standards and compared with other investigations. Finally, it was identified that as the percentage of seaweed fiber increases there is a gradual increase in the strength of adobe blocks in addition to meeting the requirements established in the Peruvian standard. / Trabajo de investigación

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18591号 / 工博第3952号 / 新制||工||1607(附属図書館) / 31491 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 河合 潤, 教授 酒井 明, 教授 伊藤 秋男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM