Após a inseminação artificial, as fêmeas apresentam reação inflamatória transitória e fisiológica, que pode resultar em alterações na vascularização uterina. A ultrassonografia Doppler colorido é uma técnica não invasiva, que vem sendo utilizada para estudar a hemodinâmica do trato reprodutivo de bovinos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a resposta inflamatória uterina por ultrassonografia Doppler colorido e a taxa de fertilidade em bovinos após inseminação artificial (IA) com sêmen avaliado por sondas fluorescentes. Para isso foram delineados dois experimentos. O experimento 1 foi realizado para estudar a hemodinâmica uterina por ultrassonografia Doppler colorido em bovinos após a IA. Foram utilizadas 18 vacas da raça Nelore, submetidas a um protocolo para a inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) e divididas em dois grupos: Grupo não inseminado (controle, GC, n=9) e grupo submetido à inseminação artificial (GIA, n=9). Avaliações por ultrassonografia foram realizadas em cinco momentos em modo espectral (30 horas antes da IA, 4, 24, 48 e 168 horas após a IA) para avaliar o índice de resistência (RI) da artéria uterina e em quatro momentos em modo color Doppler (4, 24, 48 e 168 horas após a IA) para avaliar a vascularização dos cornos uterinos. O diagnóstico de gestação foi feito após 30 dias da IA. No experimento 2 objetivou-se verificar se o percentual de espermatozóides com integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal e função mitocondrial (PIAIC) avaliadas por sondas fluorescentes influencia a fertilidade e estudar a hemodinâmica uterina após a deposição do sêmen com diferentes percentuais de espermatozóides PIAIC. Foram utilizadas 182 vacas paridas da raça Nelore, submetidas a um protocolo para IATF e divididas em três grupos de acordo com a qualidade do sêmen: Bom (B) 44,5%, Médio (M) 23% e Regular (R) 8,5% de espermatozóides PIAIC/palheta. Uma amostra de 30% das fêmeas (54, sendo 18 de cada grupo) foram submetidas a avaliações com ultrassonografia Doppler colorido 30 horas antes da IA, 4 e 24 horas após a IA. Foram considerados os RI das artérias uterinas direita (AD) e esquerda (AE) e vascularização subjetiva dos cornos uterinos direito (CD) e esquerdo (CE). Posteriormente, foram separados levando em consideração o lado do ovário contendo o folículo dominante para comparar RI das artérias ipsi (AI) e contralateral (AC) e vascularização subjetiva dos cornos uterinos ipsi (CI) e contralateral (CC). O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado 30 dias após a IA. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o programa SAS versão 9.2 (SAS 2010). As variáveis foram analisadas pelo PROC MIXED, utilizando modelo linear misto para medidas repetidas no tempo. Foram considerados os efeitos fixos de grupo, tempo e interação grupo x tempo. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Duncan, pelo PROC GLM. A análise de Qui-Quadrado foi utilizada para determinar a taxa de prenhez, de acordo com a qualidade do sêmen pelo PROC FREQ. O nível de significância considerado foi de 5%. No experimento 1 não foram observadas diferenças dos parâmetros avaliados por ultrassom Doppler entre GIA e GC, mas foram notados efeitos do tempo para RI, sendo mais baixos 4 horas após a IA. Quando os dados foram avaliados de acordo com o lado do folículo dominante foi observado que 4 e 24 horas após a IA, RI da AC do GIA foi mais baixo do que o GC. No experimento 2 não houve diferença entre os animais inseminados com sêmen B, M ou R quanto a hemodinâmica uterina, mas houve efeito do tempo, sendo que 4 horas após a IA verificou-se menor valor de RI e maior fluxo sanguíneo. A taxa de prenhez dos animais inseminados com o sêmen B (64,7%) foi maior quando comparada ao sêmen R (36,2%), sendo que ambos não diferiram do sêmen M (50,0%). Pode-se concluir que não é possível detectar por ultrassonografia Doppler alterações na hemodinâmica uterina devido à IA em fêmeas bovinas. A deposição de sêmen com diferentes qualidades não altera a hemodinâmica uterina de forma detectável por ultrassonografia Doppler em bovinos. Por outro lado, é possível detectar por ultrassonografia Doppler mudanças na perfusão sanguínea do útero em relação ao tempo da IA, o que pode ser devido a alterações hormonais que ocorrem durante o ciclo estral. Por fim, a IA com sêmen contendo menor percentual de espermatozoides PIAIC causa redução na taxa de fertilidade em bovinos. / After insemination, females have physiological and transient inflammatory reaction, which can result in changes in the uterine vasculature. The color Doppler ultrasound is a noninvasive technique that has been used to study the hemodynamics of cattle reproductive tract.The purposes of this work were to verify uterine inflammatory response by color Doppler ultrasound and fertility rate in cattle after artificial insemination (IA) with semen evaluated by fluorescent probes. For this, two experiments were delineated. The first experiment was conducted to study the uterine hemodynamic by color Doppler ultrasound in cattle after AI. Were used 18 Nellore cows that were subjected to a protocol for fixed timed artificial insemination (IATF). The animals were divided in two groups: Not inseminated group (control, GC, n=9) and inseminated group (GIA, n=9). Ultrasonografic evaluation were done in five moments on spectral mode (30 hours before AI, 4, 24, 48 e 168 hours after IA) to evaluate the resistence index (RI) of uterine artery and in four moments in color Doppler mode to evaluate the uterine horns vascularization. The pregnancy diagnostic was done 30 days after IA. In the second experiment the objective was to evaluate whether the percentage of sperm with plasma membrane integrity and acrossomal and mitochondrial function (PIAIC) assessed by fluorescent probes influences fertility and study the uterine hemodynamic after the deposition of semen with different percentages of PIAIC sperm. Were used 182 caved Nellore cows submitted to a protocol for IATF and divided into three groups according to semen quality: Good (B) 44.5%, Medium (M) 23% and Regular (R) 8,5% of PIAIC sperm/blade. A sample of 30% of female (54, 18 in each group) were submitted to evaluation by color Doppler ultrasound 30 hours before IA, 4 and 24 hours after IA. Were considered RI of right (AD) and left (AE) uterine arteries and subjective vascularization of right (CD) and left (CE) uterine horns. Later, they were separated taking into account the side of the ovary containing the dominant follicle to compare RI of ipsi (AI) and contralateral (AC) arteries and subjective vascularization of ipsi (CI) and contralateral (CC) uterine horns. The pregnancy diagnostic was done 30 days after IA. Statistical analysis was performed using the program SAS version 9.2 (SAS 2010). The variables were analyzed by PROC MIXED, using mixed linear model for repeated measures in time. We considered effects of group, time and group x time interaction. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and Duncan test, using PROC GLM. The chi-square analysis was used to determine pregnancy rate, according to the quality of semen by PROC FREQ. the significance level was 5%. In experiment 1 there were no differences of the parameters evaluated by Doppler ultrasound between GIA and GC, but time effects were noted for RI, it was lower four hours after IA. When the data were evaluated according to the side of the dominant follicle was observed that 4 and 24 hours after IA, RI of AC of GIA was lower when it was compared with GC. In experiment 2 there was no difference between animals inseminated with semen B, M or R about uterine hemodynamics, but there were effects of time, so that 4 hours after IA showed lower value of RI and increased blood flow. The pregnancy rate of animals inseminated with semen B (64.7%) was higher when compared with semen R (36.2%), both of them did not differ of semen M (50.0%). It can be concluded that is not possible to detect uterine hemodynamic changes by Doppler ultrasound due to IA in cattle. The deposition of semen with different qualities does not change the uterine hemodynamics enough to be detectable by Doppler ultrasonography in cattle. On the other hand, is possible to detect changes in blood perfusion of the uterus in relation to the time of IA by Doppler ultrasound, which may be due to hormonal changes that occur during the estrous cycle. Finally, IA with semen containing a lower percentage of PIAIC sperm causes a reduction in fertility rate in cattle.

Uma das razões da menor fertilidade dos touros europeus criados em regiões tropicais em relação a touros Bos indicus é uma maior índice de estresse oxidativo provocado por uma maior produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), não compensada pela proteção antioxidante. Por outro lado, sabe-se que a célula espermática é extremamente susceptível ao estresse oxidativo devido à alta quantidade de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA) em sua membrana plasmática, o que, no entanto, é muito importante para que o espermatozoide seja fértil e resistente ao choque frio. Sendo assim, tratamentos que interfiram no processo oxidativo, podem ser importantes para aumentar a produtividade destes animais, tanto à campo como em centrais de inseminação artificial. O presente experimento objetivou avaliar qual ROS seria a mais lesiva para touros europeus submetidos ao estresse térmico visando determinar um possível tratamento antioxidante direcionado para estes animais. Em um segundo momento visou então verificar a eficiência da interação entre uma dieta rica em PUFAs e o tratamento antioxidante sistêmico direcionado na qualidade espermática do sêmen ejaculado e epididimário (fresco e criopreservado) de touros europeus submetidos ao estresse térmico. Para isso, quatro touros Bos taurus adultos foram submetidos a insulação testicular (bolsa escrotal por 5 dias). Sessenta dias após a insulação o sêmen foi coletado por eletroejaculação. O sêmen de cada animal foi dividido em 4 alíquotas s submetidas à indução com quatro sistemas geradores de ROS: Ânion Superóxido (xantina/xantina oxidase), peróxido de hidrogênio, radical hidroxila (Ascorbato + Sulfato de Ferro) e malondialdeído (MDA; produto da peroxidação lipídica). As amostras foram incubadas por 1 hora e avaliadas através da análise espermática computadorizada (CASA), eoxina/nigrosina (integridade da membrana plasmática), fast-green/rosa bengala (integridade de acrossomo), 3, 3´ diaminobenzidina (atividade mitocondrial), ensaio da cromatina espermática (fragmentação de DNA) e substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS; peroxidação lipídica). Os resultados indicaram ser o MDA, a substância mais deletéria aos animais Bos taurus submetidos ao estresse térmico aguda. Desta forma, 16 touros foram então submetidos á insulação testicular e divididos em 4 grupos: Controle (n=4; aplicação de óleo mineral; placebo); Grupo Vitamina E: (n=4; 5 ml de Monovin® E a cada 13 dias); Grupo PUFA: (n=4; 4 kg/dia Megalac® E1), Grupo PUFA+Vitamina E: (n=4; combinação entre os tratamentos dos grupos PUFA e Vitamina E). O sêmen destes animais foi coletado no dia da inserção da bolsa escrotal, no dia da retirada, 30 e 60 dias após. Os resultados indicaram que a vitamina E foi eficiente para a melhora nos danos causados pelo estresse térmico no DNA espermático e na mitocôndria, mas apenas nas amostras coletadas do epidídidmo. Da mesma forma, foi possível observar que a combinação entre a Vitamina E e a suplementação com PUFA foi eficiente na melhora dos padrões de motilidade espermática. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a combinação entre um tratamento antioxidante com Vitamina E e a suplementação com PUFA pode ser uma alternativa interessante para evitar os danos causados pelo estresse térmico agudo em touros europeus. No entanto, possivelmente este tratamento poderia ser ainda mais eficiente caso seja administrado de forma preventiva. / One reason for the lower fertility of European bulls bred in tropical regions is a higher rate of oxidative stress caused by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) not compensated by antioxidant protection . On the other hand , it is known that the sperm cell is extremely susceptible to oxidative stress due to the high amount of polyunsaturated ( PUFA) on their plasma membrane. However the presence of these PUFAs is fundamental for the sperm to be fertile and resistant to cold shock. Thus, treatments that interfere with the oxidation process may be important to increase the productivity of these animals. This study aimed to evaluate which would be the most damaging ROS for European bulls subjected to heat stress to determine a possible antioxidant targeted treatment for these animals. In a second step we sought to verify the efficiency of the interaction between a diet rich in PUFAs and targeted-antioxidant treatment on sperm quality of ejaculated and epididymal sperm quality in European bulls subjected to heat stress. Four Bos Taurus bulls were submitted to testicular insulation (5 days). Sixty days after insulation semen was collected by electroejaculation. Semen from each animal was divided into 4 aliquots and submitted to the induction with four ROS generating systems: superoxide anion (xanthine / xanthine oxidase), hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical (ascorbate + Ferrous Sulfate) and malondialdehyde (MDA; lipid peroxidation product). The samples were incubated for 1 h and assessed by computerized sperm analysis (CASA), eoxina / nigrosin (membrane integrity), fast-green/Bengal rose (acrosome integrity) , 3 , 3 \' diaminobenzidine (mitochondrial activity), sperm chromatin structure assay (DNA fragmentation) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS, lipid peroxidation). The results indicated that the MDA was the most deleterious substance to Bos Taurus semen subjected to an acute heat stress. Thus, 16 bulls were then subjected to testicular insulation and divided into 4 groups: control (n= 4; application of mineral oil; placebo); Group Vitamin E: (n= 4, 5 ml of Monovin ® E every 13 days); PUFA group: (n= 4; 4 kg/day Megalac ® E1 ); Group PUFA+Vitamin E (n=4; combination of groups PUFA and Vitamin E treatments). Semen was collected from these animals on the day of insertion of the thermal bag, on the day of withdrawal, 30 and 60 days after. The results indicated that vitamin E was effective for the improvement in damages caused by heat stress in sperm DNA and mitochondria, but only in samples collected from epididymis. Similarly, the combination of vitamin E and PUFA supplementation was effective in improving sperm motility patterns . The results of this study indicate that the combination of an antioxidant treatment with vitamin E and PUFA supplementation may be an interesting alternative to avoid the damage caused by acute heat stress in European bulls. However, possibly, this treatment would be more effective if performed preventively.

A bacteriospermia pode prejudicar a qualidade das doses de sêmen suíno. Desta forma, a adição de antimicrobianos (ATM) aos diluentes de sêmen é imprescindível para a manutenção da qualidade das doses inseminantes. Contudo, a crescente ocorrência de resistência bacteriana tem impulsionado a redução do uso de ATM na suinocultura. Nesse sentido, o armazenamento das doses inseminantes em baixas temperaturas pode ser uma alternativa para a remoção dos ATM dos diluentes comerciais. Sendo assim, no presente estudo, foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar a qualidade espermática e a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/mL) de doses de sêmen suíno submetidas a baixas temperaturas de armazenamento, na ausência ou presença de ATM. No experimento 1, as motilidades (total e progressiva) das doses com ATM foram maiores conforme aumentou a temperatura de armazenamento (P<0,01). Nas doses sem ATM, as motilidades foram inferiores nas mantidas a 5 °C do que nas demais (P<0,05). O número de UFC/mL foi menor nas doses sem ATM mantidas a 5 e 10 °C do que a 17 °C (P<0,05), mas não houve diferença entre as temperaturas de armazenamento nas doses com ATM (P>0,05). As integridades de acrossoma e de membrana plasmática não foram afetadas (P>0,05) pelo uso de ATM, mas foram influenciadas pela temperatura de armazenamento (P<0,0001) No experimento 2, os machos foram categorizados em BONS e RUINS de acordo com a motilidade progressiva das doses com ATM armazenadas a 5 °C nas 120 h, sendo investigado o efeito dessas categorias sobre as variáveis estudadas. A motilidade total das doses armazenadas a 17 °C foi superior à das mantidas a 5 °C diluídas sem ATM (P<0,05). Os percentuais de motilidade progressiva e de acrossomas normais foram superiores nas doses mantidas a 17 °C do que nas mantidas a 5 °C, com ou sem ATM (P<0,05). O número de UFC/ml foi maior nas doses diluídas sem ATM do que nas demais (P<0,05). Após a categorização dos machos, as motilidades (total e progressiva) foram maiores nos machos BONS do que nos RUINS (P<0,05), sem diferença significativa (P>0,05) nas integridades (acrossomal e de membrana plasmática). Apesar de a qualidade espermática ter sido afetada negativamente pelas baixas temperaturas, o armazenamento das doses de sêmen suíno a 5 °C é possível, uma vez que foi mantida a viabilidade espermática in vitro, por até 5 dias, acima do nível mínimo considerado adequado para a inseminação artificial. Contudo, o uso de doses sem antimicrobianos ainda precisa de otimização, posto que que as baixas temperaturas de armazenamento reduzem, mas não inibem por completo o crescimento bacteriano. / Bacteriospermia can impair boar semen dose quality. Thus, the addition of antibiotics (ATB) is indispensable for maintaining semen doses quality. Nevertheless, growing bacterial resistance occurrence have had driven to a reduction in use of ATB in pig industry. In this sense, storage of semen doses at low temperature may be an alternative to removal ATB of commercial semen extenders. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess sperm quality and number of colony-forming units (CFU mL-1) in boar semen doses stored at low storage temperatures with or without ATB, in two experiments. In experiment 1, in semen doses with ATB, total and progressive motility increased as the storage temperature increased (P<0.01). In semen doses without ATB, total and progressive motility were observed to be lower when stored at 5 °C than at 10 and 17 °C (P<0.05). The number of CFU mL-1 was lower in semen doses without ATB stored at 5 and 10 °C than at 17 °C (P<0.05), but there was no difference among storage temperatures in doses with ATB (P>0.05). Acrosome and sperm membrane integrity were not influenced (P>0.05) by using ATB, but they were influenced by storage temperature (P<0,0001) In experiment 2, boars were grouped in GOOD and POOR according to progressive motility in doses stored for up to 120 h at 5 °C. So, the effect of this classification on assessed variables, was investigated. Total motility was higher in doses stored at 17 °C than in doses without ATB stored at 5 °C (P<0.05). The percentages of progressive motility and normal acrosomes were higher in doses stored at 17 °C than in doses stored at 5 °C, with or without ATB (P<0.05). The number of CFU mL-1 was higher in doses without ATB than in remaining ones (P<0.05). Total and progressive motility were observed to be higher in GOOD than in POOR boars (P<0.05). There was no difference between groups of boars in acrosome and membrane integrity (P>0.05). Despite sperm quality was negatively affected by low temperatures, the storage of boar semen doses at 5 °C is possible, since sperm viability in vitro was maintained for up to 5 days, fulfilling the requirements of semen quality to be used in artificial insemination. Nevertheless, the use of semen doses without ATB will need optimization, since low storage temperatures decreased bacterial growth, but not completely inhibit it.

A homogeneização das doses de sêmen suíno e a ressuspensão dos espermatozoides durante o armazenamento têm sido considerados como procedimentos benéficos para a qualidade espermática. Contudo, os fundamentos acerca dessa recomendação não estão completamente elucidados. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito da homogeneização nos parâmetros espermáticos e status oxidativo das doses de sêmen suíno durante o armazenamento. Vinte e um ejaculados suínos normospérmicos foram diluídos em split sample nos diluentes Androstar® Plus (AND) e Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) e as doses de sêmen foram submetidas aos protocolos sem homogeneização (NoHom) ou com homogeneização manual duas vezes ao dia (2xHom) durante o armazenamento a 17ºC por 168 h. Os parâmetros espermáticos foram avaliados de acordo com motilidade espermática, cinética espermática e integridade de membrana com as sondas fluorescentes SYBR-14/PI através do sistema CASA, integridade de acrossoma sob microscopia óptica com contraste de fase, teste de termorresistência a 38ºC por 30 min e 120 min, e pH das doses de sêmen. O status oxidativo foi determinado pela peroxidação lipídica, oxidação proteica, teor de grupos sulfidrila, espécies reativas intracelulares, potencial antioxidante total e atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase (SOD). As doses inseminantes submetidas a NoHom ou 2xHom foram semelhantes (P>0,05) na maioria dos parâmetros espermáticos e oxidativos avaliados, para ambos os diluentes. A NoHom foi superior (P<0,05) à 2xHom quanto à motilidade e cinética espermáticas após o teste de termorresistência por 30 min, à manutenção do pH e à preservação da atividade da SOD. Além disso, melhores resultados nos parâmetros espermáticos e status oxidativo foram evidenciados no diluente AND em comparação ao BTS, exceto na motilidade total e progressiva, que diferiu apenas no final do período de armazenamento, e para espécies reativas intracelulares. Considerando que a homogeneização manual duas vezes ao dia não aprimorou a qualidade espermática e o status oxidativo, este procedimento não é necessário para o armazenamento de doses de sêmen normospérmicas por 168 h, tanto para o diluente Androstar® Plus quanto para o BTS. / Homogenization of diluted boar semen and resuspension of spermatozoa during storage have always been regarded as beneficial for semen quality. Nevertheless, the fundamental basis for its recommendation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of homogenization on spermatic parameters and oxidative status of boar semen doses during storage. One normospermic ejaculate from each of 21 boars was diluted in a split sample design with Androstar® Plus (AND) and Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) and semen doses were submitted to no-homogenization (NoHom) or twice-a-day manual homogenization (2xHom) during storage at 17°C for 168 h. Spermatic parameters were assessed upon motility, kinematics and membrane integrity with SYBR-14/PI with CASA system, acrosome integrity under phase-contrast microscopy, thermoresistance test at 38ºC for 30 min and 120 min, and pH. Oxidative status was determined by lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, sulfhydryl content, intracellular reactive species, total radical-trapping antioxidant potential, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. NoHom and 2xHom of liquid-stored semen doses were similar (P>0.05) in most of the spermatic and oxidative parameters for both AND and BTS extenders. NoHom was superior (P<0.05) to 2xHom regarding sperm motility and kinematics after thermoresistance test for 30 min, pH maintenance, and SOD activity preservation. Additionally, better results were evident for spermatic parameters and oxidative status in AND compared to BTS, except for total and progressive motility, which differed only at the end of the storage period, and intracellular reactive species. Taking into account that no beneficial effects for sperm motility traits and oxidative status were observed following twice-a-day homogenization, its use is not necessary for storage of semen doses for 168 h in both short- and long-term tested extenders.

A criopreservação de sêmen humano tem sido amplamente utilizada como método de preservação da fertilidade. A fim de reduzir os danos causados pelo processo de congelamento, diversos estudos utilizaram substâncias antioxidantes e estimulantes, porém, sua eficácia, bem como seu papel no controle funcional dos espermatozoides, não está bem estabelecida na literatura. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de melatonina e cafeína nas características estruturais e funcionais de espermatozoides pré-criopreservação e pós-descongelamento. Para isso, este estudo prospectivo utilizou 30 amostras seminais de pacientes entre 19 e 45 anos de idade da rotina do Laboratório Androscience entre maio de 2013 e maio de 2017. Todas as amostras foram classificadas como normozoospérmicas, segundo análise seminal inicial de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Em seguida, as amostras foram criopreservadas com Human Tubal Fluid modificado sem suplemento ou com 2mM de melatonina. Após o descongelamento, as amostras foram analisadas ou suplementadas com 2 mM de cafeína, incubadas por 15 minutos. Ao final dos experimentos, obtivemos 4 grupos: Amostras pós-descongelamento sem suplementação (CONT), amostras suplementadas com cafeína (CAF), melatonina (MEL) e cafeína + melatonina (CM). Parâmetros seminais de contagem, motilidade e cinética, analisados pelos critérios da OMS e pelo software SCA®, a atividade mitocondrial, pela coloração por diaminobenzidina, avaliação da taxa de fragmentação de DNA, pelo método SCSA® e a dosagem dos níveis de radicais livres de oxigênio (ROS), pelo método de luminescência, foram realizados pré-criopreservação e pós-descongelamento com ou sem suplementação. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste T de Student pareado e pela análise de variâncias de uma via com medidas repetidas, seguida pelo pós-teste de Holm-Sidak, e adotado um alfa de 5%. Observamos redução significativa concentração espermática (p < 0,001), motilidade total (p < 0,001) e progressiva (p < 0,001), parâmetros cinéticos (p < 0,009) e atividade mitocondrial (p < 0,001) e aumento das taxas de fragmentação de DNA (p=0,046) e ROS (p=0,052) nas amostras CONT quando comparadas com as amostras a fresco. Quando suplementadas com cafeína e melatonina, observamos aumento da motilidade progressiva nos grupos CAF (p=0,005) e CM (p=0,048) e aumento da atividade mitocondrial no grupo CM (p < 0,05). Podemos concluir que a associação da suplementação com cafeína e melatonina nas amostras pré-criopreservação e pós-descongelamento demonstrou ser uma ferramenta importante para ser aplicada em amostras criopreservadas para atuarem como substâncias estimuladoras de motilidade espermática / Human semen cryopreservation has been widely used as a method of preserving fertility. In order to reduce the damages caused by the freezing process, several studies used antioxidant and stimulant substances, however, their efficiency as well as their role in the functional control of spermatozoa have not been well established in literature. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the effect of melatonin and caffeine supplementation on the structural and functional characteristics of pre-cryopreservation and post-thaw spermatozoa. For this, this prospective study used 30 seminal samples from patients aged from 19 to 45 years in the routine of the Androscience Laboratory between May 2013 and May 2017. All samples were classified as normozoospermic, according to the initial seminal analysis following criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Then, the samples were cryopreserved with modified Human Tubal Fluid without supplement or with 2 mM of melatonin. After thawing, the samples were analyzed or supplemented with 2 mM of caffeine, and incubated for 15 minutes. At the end of the experiments, we obtained 4 groups: Post-thaw samples without supplementation (CONT), samples supplemented with caffeine (CAF), melatonin (MEL) and caffeine + melatonin (CM). Seminal parameters for count, motility and kinetics, analyzed by WHO criteria and by the SCA® software, mitochondrial activity, by diaminobenzidine staining, evaluation of DNA fragmentation rate, by the SCSA® method, and dosage of radical oxygen species (ROS) levels, by the luminescence method, pre-cryopreservation and post-thaw were carried out with or without supplementation. The data were analyzed by the paired Student\'s t-test and by one-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements, followed by the Holm-Sidak post-test, adopting an alpha of 5%. We observed a significant reduction in sperm concentration (p < 0.001), total (p < 0.001) and progressive (p < 0.001) motility, kinetic parameters (p < 0.009) and mitochondrial activity (p < 0.001), and increased rates of DNA fragmentation (p=0.046) and ROS (p=0.052) production in the CONT samples when compared with fresh sample. When supplemented with caffeine and melatonin, we observed an increase in progressive motility in the CAF (p=0.005) and CM (p=0.048) groups, and an increase in mitochondrial activity in CM group (p < 0.05). We can conclude that that the combination of caffeine and melatonin supplementation in pre-cryopreservation and post-thaw samples proved to be an important tool to be applied in cryopreserved samples to act as substances that stimulate sperm motility

<p>Numerous studies on mammalian spermatozoa have reported large variations in the dimensions of the main sperm structural components, namely the head, midpiece and flagellum. These variations in sperm architecture are believed to be adaptations for functioning of spermatozoa in complex environments outside the male reproductive system. The midpiece of the mammalian&nbsp / permatozoon contains a varied number of mitochondria, but the reason for the marked difference in the size and structure of this sperm component is not clear. This study&nbsp / confirmed the variations in the sperm morphometry of seven selected mammalian species and revealed unique features of the sperm midpiece and sperm mitochondria of these seven species. Evaluation of several sperm kinematic parameters revealed the unique swimming characteristics of the different spermatozoa. The importance of using standardized motility&nbsp / parameters was highlighted as well as the assessment of different subpopulations of spermatozoa in order to produce more reliable and comparable data. Investigating the role of sperm mitochondria in human sperm&nbsp / metabolism indicated that these organelles are related to sperm function in terms of sperm motility. Furthermore, it was suggested that glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration are linked processes and that both are important for the maintenance of human sperm motility. By optimizing and employing standardized experimental procedures and analysis techniques, this study was&nbsp / able to confirm the species specificity of almost all the sperm parameters evaluated, while also elucidating the phylogenetic relatedness of the non-human primate species. In conclusion, the present study has confirmed that the various midpiece morphometry parameters are related to the remaining sperm morphometry parameters as well as to the sperm kinematic parameters.&nbsp / These proposed associations between the various sperm parameters were used to explain the sperm velocity of two hypothetical and morphologically different sperm structures. Therefore, the results of the current study support the idea of co-evolution between sperm components in mammalian spermatozoa and propose that the midpiece morphometry parameters that are selected for in these spermatozoa are midpiece volume, total number of mitochondrial gyres, thickness of the mitochondrial sheath and mitochondrial height.</p>

Este trabajo se ha centrado en el estudio de diferentes factores que afectan a la capacidad fecundante del semen congelado, como la velocidad de descongelación y el sistema antioxidante del semen porcino. También se ha estudiado la capacidad predictiva de la fertilidad in vivo que tienen las diferentes técnicas de análisis seminal tanto para el semen congelado como en condiciones de campo para el semen refrigerado. Se pudo determinar que la velocidad de descongelación más rápida tiene un efecto positivo sobre la funcionalidad espermática de las muestras evaluada mediante un sistema de FIV. Igualmente se concluyó también que el sistema de FIV parece ser la mejor herramienta disponible para evaluar la calidad del semen congelado-descongelado. Se evidenció que el proceso de crioconservación del semen supuso una pérdida siginificativa en el contenido de GSH intracelular. Finalmente, se demostró que el análisis seminal sólo puede identificar eyaculados con bajo potencial fértil. / Boar frozen-thawed semen is still a valuable tool as a complement to artificial insemination with fresh semen in some conditions. The objectives were firstly, the design of better freezing methods in order to obtain acceptable semen quality (freezing-thawing procedures) and secondly, to address the question of whether differences in farrowing rate and litter size after the use of different ejaculates could be predicted using the standard semen parameters under commercial conditions.We can determine that the IVF fertilization system seems to be a good tool to evaluate the quality of frozen-thawed boar semen previous to its commercial way. In other way, we found that there was a loss in GSH content after cryopreservation of boar semen and the addition of GSH to the thawing extender resulted in a significant increase in sperm fertilizing ability. Finally, semen analysis, under commercial conditions, allows to identify ejaculates with very low fertility potential. Therefore, it is unlikely to detect fertility differences associated with seminal parameters.

En la siguiente tesis se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados. La adición de plasma seminal a los espermatozoides altamente diluidos ejerce un efecto beneficioso variable dependiendo de la fuente de plasma seminal. El heterodímero PSP-I/PSP-II ejerce un efecto beneficioso sobre los espermatozoides altamente diluidos mediante su adhesión al acrosoma. La incubación produce la migración del heterodímero a la región post-acrosomal, siendo eliminado de la superficie espermática. La adición del heterodímero a los medios de cocultivo entre gametos disminuye significativamente la capacidad fecundante de los espermatozoides. La preincubación de los espermatozoides de verraco tanto frescos como congelados preserva la viabilidad y motilidad espermáticas no afecta a la capacidad fecundante de los espermatozoides frescos de verraco y disminuye la capacidad fecundante de los espermatozoides congelados, la cual puede ser restaurada parcialmente mediante un lavado a través de un gradiente de Percoll. / The addition of 10% of seminal plasma from certain boars maintains or enhances the viability of largely extended boar spermatozoa in vitro. The protective effect of the PSP-I/PSP-II heterodimer on highly-extended boar spermatozoa could be related to the adhesion of the heterodimer to the acrosome. Exposures of the gametes to the heterodimer during in vitro gamete co-incubation significantly decrease the sperm penetration rates and number of spermatozoa per oocytes in denuded oocytes. The effect could be mediated by exposed ZP receptors. Exposure of fresh or frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa to PSP-I/PSP-II preserves sperm viability and motility. Although there is no obvious influence of the heterodimer on the capability of fresh diluted boar spermatozoa to penetrate homologous oocytes, PSP-I/II exerts a deleterious effect when frozen-thawed spermatozoa are used to penetrate IVM-oocytes. A subsequent washing through a Percoll gradient estored sperm function in some of the cells.

<p>Numerous studies on mammalian spermatozoa have reported large variations in the dimensions of the main sperm structural components, namely the head, midpiece and flagellum. These variations in sperm architecture are believed to be adaptations for functioning of spermatozoa in complex environments outside the male reproductive system. The midpiece of the mammalian&nbsp / permatozoon contains a varied number of mitochondria, but the reason for the marked difference in the size and structure of this sperm component is not clear. This study&nbsp / confirmed the variations in the sperm morphometry of seven selected mammalian species and revealed unique features of the sperm midpiece and sperm mitochondria of these seven species. Evaluation of several sperm kinematic parameters revealed the unique swimming characteristics of the different spermatozoa. The importance of using standardized motility&nbsp / parameters was highlighted as well as the assessment of different subpopulations of spermatozoa in order to produce more reliable and comparable data. Investigating the role of sperm mitochondria in human sperm&nbsp / metabolism indicated that these organelles are related to sperm function in terms of sperm motility. Furthermore, it was suggested that glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration are linked processes and that both are important for the maintenance of human sperm motility. By optimizing and employing standardized experimental procedures and analysis techniques, this study was&nbsp / able to confirm the species specificity of almost all the sperm parameters evaluated, while also elucidating the phylogenetic relatedness of the non-human primate species. In conclusion, the present study has confirmed that the various midpiece morphometry parameters are related to the remaining sperm morphometry parameters as well as to the sperm kinematic parameters.&nbsp / These proposed associations between the various sperm parameters were used to explain the sperm velocity of two hypothetical and morphologically different sperm structures. Therefore, the results of the current study support the idea of co-evolution between sperm components in mammalian spermatozoa and propose that the midpiece morphometry parameters that are selected for in these spermatozoa are midpiece volume, total number of mitochondrial gyres, thickness of the mitochondrial sheath and mitochondrial height.</p>

There are negative influences of selection for broiler growth on the reproductive ability of broiler breeder parents. This is mostly due to problems related to excessive body weight, such as an inability to achieve successful cloacal contact during natural mating. There is also an age-related decline in fertility of broiler breeders. In attempts to prolong the fertile period of the breeders, various forms of management techniques have been employed. These include tools such as feed restriction, photoperiod management, spiking, and possibly even using artificial insemination. The first objective of this thesis was to investigate the possible benefits of feeding broiler breeder males diets containing lower crude protein levels, than given to the females, as a means of possibly tempering growth rate or improving semen quality and fertility. There was a definite improvement in the ability of the spermatozoa of the males on a lower crude protein diet to survive in the female reproductive tract. Males that received higher levels of crude protein were at a disadvantage in that fewer males yielded semen in response to abdominal massage. The second objective of this thesis was to assess the possible benefits in semen quality and fertility, when supplementing the male diets with additional vitamin E or Se in the form of Sel-Plex®. No significant effect of treatment was observed on egg fertility or semen quality. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.