Sexismus bezeichnet verschiedene Formen der positiven und negativen Diskriminierung von Menschen aufgrund ihres zugeschriebenen Geschlechts sowie die diesem Phänomen zugrunde liegende Geschlechterrollen festschreibende und hierarchisierende Ideologie. Ursprünglich wurde der Begriff in den 1960er Jahren in der US-amerikanischen Frauenbewegung als Analogie zu Rassismus (racism) eingeführt. Sowohl Männer als auch Frauen können von Sexismus betroffen sein. Die Erscheinungsformen von Sexismus sind kulturell und historisch bedingt.

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It has been established that regardless of the fact that journalism in not a one-gender- profession anymore, news is still defined from a male perspective. A number of studies through the years examined the news content and determined that it continued male.Though news veterans acknowledge significant changes in m coming of women to the newsrooms, those changes sometimes are hard to detect on the personal level. Male and female reporters claim that even though gender can affect their approach to reporting, the final product they produce does not have gender marked on it. The present Q study is examined whether gender has an influence on reporter’s preferences in choosing a topic while covering gender-neutral issues. The participants of the study were 17 employees of the major Ukrainian TV channel "Novy Kanal.” In February of 2003 they were e-mailed 50 story ideas (constructed to include either two of five news values, such as magnitude, conflict, oddity, prominence and impact) and asked them to sort them according to their desire to cover these topics. Fourteen journalists and three editors responded. In May 2003 the sorts were analyzed with the PQMethod program, and three factors emerged representing three groups of people (Maximalists, Conservatives and Commoners) with different attitudes toward gender-neutral issues. The Maximalists, the largest group consisted only of reporters, were a sensation-oriented group of people. Magnitude and conflict were the most important news values for this factor. The Conservatives were characterized by the strong inclination towards official news, where conflict and impact played an important role. The Commoners preferred the human interest stories with oddity and impact.Each group consisted of an even number of men and women, and thus the study failed to support the notion that males and females share different attitudes toward neutral issues. No discrimination was evident toward women stories on the “Navy Kanal” TV channel. Surprisingly, men were more likely than women to choose active participants or acted as newsmakers.The findings suggested that it is women who are creating problems for the feminist movement, not men. Women correspondents at "Novy Kanal" are more immersed in patriarchal values than their male colleagues. / Department of Journalism

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for PhD: Management Sciences , Durban University of Technology. Durban. South Africa, 2015. / The history of South Africa has many scars of oppression and women have long experienced a disempowered position in society. It is also a history of intrepid efforts to emancipate South Africans from past afflictions. Media in South Africa played a key role in amplifying the apartheid regime and also overthrowing it. Media has significant power, is regarded as a bastion of freedom and nation building, and by means of its representation, contributes to our individual and social identities. Magazine media, in particular, are modern and popular cultural forms of representation. It is a significant force in South African culture and plays a central role in shaping public opinion on women. South Africa has a deep-rooted patriarchal value system and while advances can be commended, significant challenges persist. Despite women actively engaging in various aspects of society, from business to sport, they continue to receive marginal support and media attention. Stereotypical representations abound in magazine content and women are often sexualised and objectified in traditionally feminine, decorative roles and framed by their social positions as homemakers and non-professionals. This study explores magazines’ representation of women and the influence on identity construction. The connected landscapes of media’s production and consumption practices is also addressed, as there is a powerful interplay of how the economics of publishing significantly shape media content. This study proposes a model that contributes to promoting diversity in media content, ownership and control, critical citizenry and media accountability in terms of social change and gender equality. The qualitative methodological approach addresses the issue of objectification of women in editorial content and advertisements of two of South Africa’s leading consumer magazines, YOU and DRUM. The findings reveal that gender stereotypes thrive in magazine texts that repeatedly represent women as objects for male consumption, thereby not reflecting the diverse and progressive roles of modern day women. Magazine media can play a powerful role in helping to dislodge the patriarchal, public attitudes towards women. Diversified, equitable representation of gender in media is important so that it may demonstrate, and influence, society’s shift towards egalitarian principles. This study serves as a catalyst for change by building a knowledge base and raising awareness regarding magazines’ role in identity construction, by advocating gender issues and by contributing to gender parity in and through the media. / D

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T19:59:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 24 / Nenhuma / Esta pesquisa teve como um dos objetivos analisar através de depoimentos de mulheres-professoras, configurações sobre sexualidade na escola bem como ampliar o universo para debates/embates buscando e aguçando uma construção/ desconstrução de seres humanos, diferentes da representação social e cultural estabelecida nos discursos sexistas referendados pela lógica do patriarcado. O trabalho teve através do resgate histórico sobre as mulheres e o ensaio metodológico nas narrativas de mulheres, o intuito de problematizar o quanto nossa formação pela tríade: família, escola e igreja influenciam comportamentos, atitudes, enfim, nos modos de ser mulher e ser homem, pois antes de sermos professoras, fomos constituídas meninas, mulheres, filhas, mães e isso, tem um olhar distinto da constituição de ser, menino, homem, filho e pai. Importante, também, salientar que a base da investigação foram as narrativas e que as imagens e as histórias infantis foram apoio para perceber a força simbólica da construção cultural sexist / This reseach had as one of the purpose to analyse through deposition of women-teachers, configurations about sexuality at school as well as enlarge the universe to debates/equality searching and stimulating a construction/disorder of human beings, diferent from the social and cultural representation established in sexist speeches refering through the patriarchal logic. The work had through the hystorical rescue about women and their narrative with the intention of turning our problematic formation through: family, school and church, influencing our behavior, attitudes in our way of being a woman and a man, because before being a teacher we were girls, women, daughters, mothers and without any daughts there is a distinct look over the constitution of being a boy, man, son and father. It´s also important to say that the base of investigation were the narrative and the images of fairy tales were the support to notice the cultural construction of sexist gender. This means, the three movements, the narratives, the

Syftet med denna uppsats är att igenom det resultat som kommit fram efter sex individuella intervjuer med tre kristna och tre icke-kristna som förlorat sin tro få fram om kristendomen besitter patriarkala strukturer. Syftet är också att ta reda på att om kristendomen i sådana fall gör det, vad det då kan finnas för underliggande anledning(ar) till att kvinnor söker sig till religion och män söker sig ifrån religion som den tidigare forskningen visar. Intervjuerna berör ämnen såsom patriarkat, patriarkala strukturer, intervjuobjektens egna syn på kristendomen och huruvida det finns en koppling mellan kristendomen och patriarkala strukturer. Intervjuobjekten får även svara med sina egna teorier till varför kvinnor söker sig till religion och män gör tvärtom. Den metod som använts för denna uppsats är att de intervjuobjekt som deltagit har haft den erfarenhet som krävts för att kunna delta, dvs att antingen ha en kristen tro eller att ha tappat en kristen tro. Resultatet av denna uppsats är mångfaldig och eftersom denna uppsats är småskalig har det ej kunnat uteslutits att ett annat och/eller ett mer konkret resultat kunnat varit möjligt om den varit bredare eller med fler intervjuobjekt. Slutsatsen blir därför att utifrån de intervjuade, tidigare forskning och nuvarande relevant media finns det tecken på att kristendomen, likt samhället i stort, fortfarande har patriarkala strukturer.

Mental health professionals are continually asked to determine whether an individual is safe to reside in society without restraint. However, early research on the ability of mental health professionals to assess dangerousness has produced discouraging results. A clinician’s ability to process and recall clinical material may significantly be influenced by patient characteristics. Clinicians are not immune to gender biases, and research assessing such differences between male and female clinicians -- including how their attitudes toward women influence their clinical judgment-- have yielded mixed results. This dissertation will assess the impact of clinician attitudinal factors, specifically gender biases, on perceptions of dangerousness. Furthermore, this dissertation will also examine themes that emerge regarding gender bias, racial bias, and attitudes toward women within the assessment of dangerousness.

The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the initial screening process that occurs during dating interactions, and to measure the perceptions of different communication styles that individuals use during such interactions. A review of current literature focused on attractiveness of potential mates, ambivalent sexism theory, gender stereotypes, and communication theory. The present study examined how individuals view others’ approaches in initial dating interactions, and which of these approaches are most effective for increasing the target’s interest in spending time with the pursuer. A pilot study involving 45 undergraduate psychology students from Western Kentucky University was conducted to evaluate the validity of the Dating Initiation Questionnaire (DIQ), which was created for this study. In the final study, one hundred and fifty two undergraduate psychology students from Western Kentucky University completed measures of sexism, social desirability, and dating initiation preference. Results showed that both communication theory and ambivalent sexism theory were relevant in dating initiations. Consistent with previous communication research, assertive communication was rated as more effective than aggressive and passive communication in the initial interactions that occur in heterosexual dating initiations. This suggests it is best to use assertive communication as a first choice in dating interactions. Further analyses showed that females were more likely to rate assertive and passive initiations as more effective than aggressive dating initiations, while males were more likely than females to rate aggressive initiations as more effective than passive initiations, and to rate aggressive initiations as more effective than assertive initiations. Stronger ambivalent sexist beliefs were associated with higher ratings for aggressive dating initiations. Therefore, individuals who held negative attitudes toward non-traditional women and positive attitudes toward gender stereotypical women preferred aggressive dating initiations. Such individuals may approach others in an aggressive manner. One could argue that, to prevent such harassment, individuals should be educated about communication styles and gender equality. Future research should focus on applying such interventions to males and females, and on revising the intervention to suit individuals with sexist beliefs toward women and men.

The purpose of this study is to assess why the race and gender of defendants influence judges’ decisions using the focal concern theory. This study will require around 84 participants. Participants will be federal judges who will be recruited via email. In an online survey, participants will be randomly assigned to one of four conditions . Participants will all read a vignette which an individual was convicted for in trafficking of Xanax. The vignette will be manipulated by the name and accompanying a mugshot based on the race (Black/White) and gender (male/female) of the defendant. The expected result is that there will be a significant effect on sentencing time based on race and gender due to perceived offender characteristics (perceived culpability, perceived aggression). The judges’ prejudice (sexism, racism, and feelings of paternalism toward the defendant) will also have a significant effect on sentencing length. With more research about judges’ perceptions and biases, reforms can be implicated to reduce sentencing disparity and to make the legal system more fair.

Communication problems and conflict may occur between partners in intimate dyads when systematic gender differences in language contribute to misinterpretations. This research investigated effects of gender on interpretations of hypothetical conversations between dyads, and also on judgments of likelihood of conflict.