by Edward B. Roberts. / "October, 1978."

Smoking is deleterious to health and dyadic smoking facilitates increased tobacco consumption. In this investigation, a secondary analysis was preformed on a Canadian database of 473 and 128 adoptive families. The purpose of this study was to delineate the role of demographic, personality, family environment, and partner smoking in predicting smoking cessation in a sample of Vancouver couples. Two specific temporal environments were explored: (a) general co-habitation smoking patterns and (b) couples' smoking patterns during pregnancy. The data were extracted from the Vancouver Family Study, and the prevalence and predictors of smoking behavior were investigated through correlational and hierarchical logistical regression techniques. Partner smoking was a significant predictor of smoking behaviors for each gender. Specifically, women's weekly smoking consumption was completely mediated by partner smoking. The results of this study highlight the importance of dyadic smoking in continued tobacco consumption.

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Tobakskonsumtion är ett folkhälsoproblem och tobaksförebyggande arbete är en viktig del i arbetet för att främja en hållbar utveckling. Distriktssjuksköterskor inom primärvården har en betydande roll i det hälsofrämjande och förebyggande arbetet inom tobaksavvänjning. Syftet var att belysa distriktssjuksköterskans hälsobefrämjande arbete vid tobaksavvänjning med inriktning på rökning. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats. Intervjuer genomfördes med nio distriktssjuksköterskor verksamma inom primärvården i tre olika kommuner i Västra Sverige. Intervjuerna spelades in på band och transkriberades sedan. Intervjuerna analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Intervjutexter strukturerades utifrån meningsbärande enheter, kondenserade meningsenheter, koder, underkategorier och kategorier. Resultatet har delats in i fyra huvudkategorier: Distriktssjuksköterskans roll, Förhållningssätt, Arbetssätt och Resurser. I resultatet framkommer att distriktssjuksköterskan utformar en behandlingsplan tillsammans med patienten, stöttar under processen och följer sedan upp patienten. Resultatet påvisar att distriktssjuksköterskorna har olika arbetssätt och olika förhållningssätt. Det är viktigt att anpassa hela behandlingen efter patientens förutsättningar för att uppnå bäst resultat. Nyckeln till en framgångsrik tobaksavvänjning är patientens motivationsnivå. För ett lyckosamt arbete inom tobaksavvänjning behövs resurser som exempelvis tid ses över och anpassas efter behov. Studien visar att utbildning i motiverande samtal är en angelägenhet för distriktssjuksköterskor som jobbar med livsstilsförändringar. All vårdpersonal inom vården bör motivera patienten till rökstopp. / Tobacco consumption is a public health problem and its prevention is an important part of the work to promote sustainable development. District nurses in primary health care have an important role in health-promotion and prevention work in tobacco cessation. The aim of the study is to highlight the role of the district nurse in tobacco cessation in primary care. The study has a qualitative approach. The interviews were conducted with nine district nurses who work in primary care in three municipalities in western Sweden. They were recorded on tape and then transcribed and analysed through qualitative content analysis. The interview texts were structured based on meaning units, condensed meaning units, codes, subcategories and categories. The results have been classified into four main categories: Role of the district nurse, Attitude, Method of working and Resources. The results show that the district nurse draws up a treatment plan together with the patient, provides support during the process and then follows up the patient. They also indicate that district nurses have different ways of working and different attitudes. To achieve the best results, it is important to adapt all the treatment to the conditions of the patient. The key to successful tobacco cessation is the motivational level of the patient. For successful work on tobacco cessation, resources such as, for example, time, need to be reviewed and adapted to the needs. The study shows that training in motivational interviewing is important for district nurses who work with lifestyle changes. All nursing staff in the care sector should motivate the patient to stop smoking.

Bakgrund: Tobak är den enskilt största livsstilsfaktorn som leder till ohälsa. Att tobak är skadligt och leder till flertalet svåra sjukdomar är idag känt bland de flesta. Trots detta röker fortfarande 10% av Sveriges befolkning och ca 800 000 snusar. Inom sjukvården röker en av tio sjuksköterskor dagligen. Sjuksköterskan ses som en nyckelperson för patienten inom tobaksprevention och bör vara en förebild. Patientens sjukhusvistelse ses därför som ett bra tillfälle att lyfta frågan om att sluta med tobak. Sjuksköterskor som röker har visats vara sämre på att ge råd och vara mindre benägna att hjälpa sina patienter att sluta röka vilket strider mot den yrkesverksamma sjuksköterskans arbetsuppgift, vilken är att främja hälsa och förebygga sjukdom. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka användandet av tobak bland sjuksköterskestudenter vid Uppsala universitet samt studenternas syn på användning av tobak som yrkesverksamma sjuksköterskor. Metod: En kvantitativ metod valdes då ett stort antal personer skulle undersökas och en studiespecifik enkät skickades ut till totalt 632 sjuksköterskestudenter. Resultat: Av studenterna använde 38% tobak. Av dessa rökte 3,1% dagligen och 12% snusade dagligen. Studenterna ansåg att sjukvårdspersonal är förebilder i hälsoförebyggande vård och sjuksköterskor som använder tobak ansågs inte vara bra förebilder. Slutsats: Den dagliga rökningen var mindre bland sjuksköterskestudenterna jämfört med tidigare undersökningar gjorda på sjuksköterskor. Studenterna såg sjuksköterskor som förebilder för patienten inom hälsa och anser att sjukvårdspersonal bör värna om sin egen hälsa och inte bruka tobak. Det sågs en skillnad mellan studenterna som använde tobak och de som inte använde tobak.  Studenterna som inte använde tobak ansåg att en sjuksköterska som använder tobak inte är en bra förebild för patienterna och de ansågs vara mindre benägen att hjälpa patienterna att sluta med tobak. Medan de studenter som använde tobak ansåg oftare att detta inte hade någon betydelse för vården. Men de studenter som rökte planerade ändå att sluta tills de skulle ta sin examen. / Background: Tobacco is the single largest lifestyle factor leading to a bad health. That smoking is harmful and leads to many serious diseases are known among most people. Despite this 10% of the Swedish population and about one out of ten nurses at the hospital still smoke daily. Nurses are supposed to be role models and play a key role in tobacco use prevention. The patient’s time at the hospital is therefore seen as a good opportunity to raise the question about tobacco cessation. Nurses who smoke are proven to be less likely to provide advice and help these patients stop using tobacco, which is opposing the nurses tasks, to promote health and to prevent illness Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of tobacco among the nursing students at Uppsala university and the students opinion about the use of tobacco as professional nurses. Method: A quantitative method was chosen because of the large number of people that would be examined and as study specific questionnaire was sent out to a total of 632 nursing students. Results: In total 38% of students used tobacco. Among those, 3.1% were daily smokers and 12%used Swedish snus. The students considered nurses as role models for the patient in health. Nurses who used tobacco were seen as poor role models. Conclusion: The daily smoking is declining among the nursing students compared to previous studies on nurses. The students considered nurses as role models for the patients in health and they believe that hospital workers should care about their own health and not use tobacco. A difference was found between the students who used tobacco and those who did not use tobacco. The students who did not use tobacco considered that a nurse who uses tobacco is not a good role model and for the patients and are considered as not as good in giving tobacco cessation advice. The students who used tobacco thought more often that the nurses use of tobacco did not matter for the care he or she gives. At the same time the students who smoke still plan to quit smoking before graduation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1407033 bytes, checksum: 932b37f811919fe1ee5f9dbb0e27dce4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Brazil is a developing country in which a significant proportion of the population has limited access to fresh meat, and as a substitutive for this item the alternative is the consume of meat derivated products, so it is high the consumption of products such as sausages and mortadella in Brazil. The aim of this study was to analyze the performance of ostrich meat from the deboned leg, the physical and chemical characteristics and the development and evaluation of smoked sausage from this meat. It was done the proximate composition, instrumental color, pH, water activity (aw), the instrumental texture, emulsification capacity and water absorption capacity of ostrich meat. For the development of smoked mortadella with modified starch and soybean oil was used a complete23 factorial design with 3 central points. It was assessed the stability of the emulsion, microbiological characteristics, proximate composition, instrumental color, pH, water activity (wa), the instrumental texture, capacity to retain water, the juice released from the packaging, weight loss from cooking and sensory evaluation of mortadella. Ostrich meat had presented excellent performance after deboned (87.27%), good percentage of macronutrients, highlighting the low amount of fat, good absorption capacity of oil and water. The mortadella presented a humidity varying from 71,56±0,72 to 68,17±0,52, lipids 10,86±0,31% to 15,84±1,11%, RMF 1,56±0,19% to 1,01±0,02%, protein from 15,23±0,73% to 12,40±0,49% and carbohydrates from 2,36±1,34% to 1,30±0,08%, instrumental texture of 0,13±0,01 the 0,29±0,05 Kgf/cm2, instrumental color for the parameter L * 52,83±0,42 to 60,96±0,58, the * 8,60±0,13 to 12,29±0,28, b * 11,36±0,04 to 13,84±0,16, stability of the emulsion from 48±0,43% to 86,61±0,79%, juice released from the packaging from 4,23±0,20% to 7,47±0,84%, weight loss from cooking from 1,40±0,24% to 10,92±0,00%, capacity of retention of water varied of 0,27±0,02% the 0,37±0,09%, pH in the rate from 6,29±0,00 to 6,52±0,03, 0,97±0,00 water activity of 0,98±0,00, and a good sensorial acceptance and purchase intention. It was possible to observe in this experiment that is feasible the elaboration of sausages with ostrich meat, with modified starch, soy oil and liquid smoking, maintaining the nutritional and technological qualities, which demonstrates the viability of its production. / O Brasil é um país em desenvolvimento e uma parte significativa da população tem restrito acesso a carne in natura, tendo apenas possibilidade de aquisição de derivados cárneos, por isso, é alto o consumo de produtos embutidos no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o rendimento da carne da perna de avestruz pós-desossada, as características físicas e químicas e o desenvolvimento e avaliação de mortadela defumada. Foi realizada a composição centesimal, a cor instrumental, o pH, a atividade de água (aw), a textura instrumental, a capacidade de emulsificação e a capacidade de absorção de água da carne de avestruz. Para o desenvolvimento das mortadelas defumadas com amido modificado e óleo de soja foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial completo 23 com 3 pontos centrais. Avaliou-se a estabilidade da emulsão, características microbiológicas, a composição centesimal, a cor instrumental, o pH, a atividade de água (aw), a textura instrumental, a capacidade de retenção de água, o suco exsudado da embalagem, a perda de peso por cozimento e análise sensorial das mortadelas. A carne de avestruz apresentou um excelente rendimento pós-dessosa (87,27%), bom percentual de macronutrientes, ressaltando a baixa quantidade de gordura, boa capacidade de absorção de óleo e de água. As mortadelas apresentaram uma umidade variando de 71,56±0,72 a 68,17±0,52, lipídios 10,86±0,31% a 15,84±1,11%, RMF 1,56±0,19% a 1,01±0,02%, proteína de 15,23±0,73% a 12,40±0,49% e carboidratos de 2,36±1,34% a 1,30±0,08%, textura instrumental de 0,13±0,01 a 0,29±0,05 Kgf/cm2, cor instrumental para o parâmetro L* 52,83±0,42 a 60,96±0,58, a* 8,60±0,13 a 12,29±0,28, b* 11,36±0,04 a 13,84±0,16, estabilidade da emulsão de 48±0,43% a 86,61±0,79%, exsudato da embalagem de 4,23±0,20% a 7,47±0,84%, perda de peso por cozimento de 1,40±0,24% a 10,92±0,00%, capacidade de retenção de água variou de 0,27±0,02% a 0,37±0,09%, pH na faixa de 6,29±0,00 a 6,52±0,03, atividade água de 0,97±0,00 a 0,98±0,00, e uma boa aceitação sensorial e intenção de compra. Foi possivel observar neste experimento que é viável a elaboração de mortadelas com carne de avestruz, com amido modificado, óleo de soja e defumação líquida, mantendo as qualidades nutricionais e tecnológicas, o que demonstra a viabilidade de sua produção

Ziel: Das Ziel dieser Studie war es den Zusammenhang zwischen Zahnextraktionen und Patientenfaktoren in 3 Deutschen Zahnarztpraxen zu untersuchen. Material & Methoden: In einer retrospektiven Auswertung aller Patientenkarten von 3 deutschen Zahnarztpraxen wurden Extraktionsfälle ab Januar 2007 (Praxis 1), Mai 2010 ( Praxis 2) und Januar 2010 ( Praxis 3 ) auf Extraktionen hin durchsucht, bis in jeder Praxis jeweils 100 Extraktionspatienten gefunden wurden, die die Einschlusskriterien erfüllten. Alle Patienten ohne Extraktionen die innerhalb dieses Zeitraumes behandelt wurden und die die Einschlusskriterien erfüllten, dienten als Kontrollgruppe. Es wurden nur Patienten eingeschlossen (Fall und Kontrollgruppe), von denen die spezifischen Patientendaten zur Verfügung standen. Alle Patientendaten wurden in einem „Case-Report-Form\"-Formular (CRF) erfasst. Die individuellen Parameter der Patienten der Fallgruppe und der Kontrollgruppe wurden verglichen. Mittels schrittweiser logistischer Regressionsanalyse konnten die Faktoren für ein Extraktionsrisiko bestimmt werden. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden 2174 Patientenakten untersucht (Fallgruppe 300; Kontrollgruppe 1874). Die Gesamtsumme der Zähne vor der Extraktionstherapie betrug 54316. In der Fallgruppe wurden insgesamt 459 Zähne extrahiert. Die Patienten der Fallgruppe waren im Schnitt mehr als 6,7 Jahre älter als die Patienten der Kontrollgruppe(52,4/45,7 Jahre (P< 0,001)), sie waren zu einem größeren Anteil männlich. (58/ 52%) ,es gab eine höhere Zahl an Rauchern, es gab vermehrt Patienten mit einer Kalziumkanalblocker Medikation [15/8 % (p<0,001)] und der parodontale Befund festgestellt mittels PSI der Fallgruppe war schlechter als der der Kontrollgruppe [PSI 2,5/1,8 , (p<0,001)]. Das Risiko einer Zahnextraktion im Allgemeinen und in Folge von Parodontalerkrankungen waren assoziiert mit Kalziumkanalblockermedikation, (OR 1,49/1,65) aktivem Rauchen (OR 1,35/1,71), Alter (10Jahre) OR 1,13/1,37 , Praxis Nr.1 (1,48/1,99) und der Anzahl der Sextanten mit dem PSI Code 4 (1,33/1,76) (p<0,001). Schlussfolgerung: Kalziumkanalblockermedikation, aktives Rauchen, Alter, Zahnarzt und die Anzahl der Sextanten mit einem PSI Wert 4 sind Risikoindikatoren für Zahnextraktionen. Nutzen : Kalziumkanalblockermedikation kann das Extraktionsrisiko erhöhen. Zahnverlust zieht in den meisten Fällen Zahnersatz nach sich, welcher in aller Regel aufwändig ist, den Patienten zusätzliche Belastungen abverlangt und die Kosten einer Therapie erhöht. Die Information über die Einnahme von Kalziumkanalblockern ist ein leicht zu erfassender Parameter und könnte als Indikator genutzt werden, um Betreuungsintervalle zu verkürzen. Es muss jedoch noch geprüft werden, ob eine intensivere Betreuung dieser Patienten deren Zahnextraktionsrate tatsächlich verringern kann.

Tabagistas atendem seletivamente a estímulos ambientais relacionados ao cigarro, um processo cognitivo implícito denominado viés na atenção (VA). Contudo, não está claro se o VA persiste em ex-fumantes. Por isso, avaliou-se a influência do tempo de abstinência no VA em 62 ex-fumantes (de 50±11 anos) através de uma tarefa de atenção visual em computador. Independente do tempo de abstinência, os participantes evitaram as pistas associadas ao tabaco. Esta esquiva foi mais pronunciada em tempos de exposição maiores. Os ex-fumantes também atribuíram pouca valência emocional às imagens associadas ao cigarro e reportaram índices baixos de fissura antes e após a tarefa. O VA negativo e a menor valência emocional destas pistas podem constituir um processo de modulação da atenção típico da abstinência prolongada, no qual estratégias cognitivas são empregadas para manter este estado. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para a compreensão da cognição implícita na adição e sua importância no tratamento e prevenção do tabagismo. / Smokers selectively attend to smoking-related cues, an implicit cognitive process called attentional bias (AB). However, it is unclear whether former smokers present AB. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of abstinence time in VA in 62 exsmokers (50 ± 11 years-old) through a visual probe task. Participants avoided smoking cues despite of abstinence time. This avoidance was more pronounced in longer stimuli exposition. Former smokers also attributed little emotional valence to smoking cues and reported low craving rates both before and after the task. The negative AB and low emotional valence of smoking cues might constitute a process of attentional modulation typical of longer abstinence, in which cognitive strategies are employed to maintain this state. The results contribute to the understanding of implicit cognition in addiction and its importance to smoking treatment and prevention.

Introdução: A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) pode estar comprometida em tabagistas, porém os fatores associados com esta redução ainda não são bem conhecidos. Objetivo: Estudar os fatores associados com a QVRS em tabagistas. Métodos: Estudo transversal que incluiu pacientes sequenciais em avaliação para parar de fumar. Dados clínicos e história tabágica foram coletados na consulta médica. Sintomas de depressão e de ansiedade foram avaliados através dos inventários de depressão de Beck (BDI) e de ansiedade de Beck (BAI), respectivamente. A QVRS foi avaliada através do Short-Form Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. Resultados: Um total de 299 tabagistas, com 53,7 ± 9,9 anos foi incluído. Destes, 66,2% eram mulheres. Os valores basais dos escores do BDI e do BAI foram 14,6±10,1 e 16,5±11,9, respectivamente. Depressão foi diagnosticada em 55,9% e ansiedade em 30,1% dos pacientes. A QVRS mostrou-se comprometida nos tabagistas, sendo os piores escores observados no domínio aspectos emocionais. Os principais fatores associados com os diferentes domínios do SF-36 foram os escores do BAI (r=-0,448 a r=-0,572; p<0,01), do BDI (r=-0,405 a r=-0,627; p<0,01) e o número de comorbidades (r=-0,157 a r=-0,319; p<0,01). A QVRS piorou significativamente com o aumento dos níveis de ansiedade e de depressão. Na análise multivariada tanto a ansiedade como os sintomas depressivos e o número de comorbidades permaneceram como preditores importantes de QVRS na maioria dos domínios do SF-36. Conclusões: A QVRS está comprometida em pacientes tabagistas, estando associada com os níveis de ansiedade e de depressão, assim como com o número de comorbidades. / Background: The quality of life related to health (QLRH) may be impaired in smokers, but the factors associated with this reduction are not well known. Aim: To study the factors associated with reduced QLRH in smokers. Methods: Cross-sectional study that included consecutive patients undergoing evaluation for quitting smoking. Smoking history and clinical data were collected during the medical visit. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were determined using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), respectively. The QLRH was assessed using the Short-Form Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. Results: A total of 299 smokers, age 53.7 ± 9.9 years, was studied. Of these, 66.2% were women. Baseline BDI and BAI scores were 14.6 ± 10.1 and 16.5 ± 11.9, respectively. Depression was detected in 55.9% and anxiety in 30.1% of the patients. QLRH was compromised in smokers, with the worst scores observed in the emotional domain. The main factors associated with the different domains of the SF-36 were the BAI scores (r=-0.448 to r=-0.572, p<0.01), BDI scores (r=-0.405 to r=-0.627, p<0.01) and number of comorbidities (r=-0.157 to r=-0.319, p<0.01). QLRH worsened significantly with the increase of anxiety and depression levels. In multivariate analysis anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as comorbidities, remained as important predictors of QLRH in most domains of the SF-36. Conclusions: QLRH is reduced in smokers, being associated with the levels of anxiety and depression, as well as with the number of comorbidities.

Submitted by Rebeca Nunes Silva (rebecafisio12@hotmail.com) on 2018-10-17T17:34:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Rebeca completa_FINAL pdf.pdf: 1024886 bytes, checksum: 51e7502f8e12b2386ee7a8a94c778c1c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-10-17T20:36:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rn_me_prud.pdf: 1024886 bytes, checksum: 51e7502f8e12b2386ee7a8a94c778c1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-17T20:36:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rn_me_prud.pdf: 1024886 bytes, checksum: 51e7502f8e12b2386ee7a8a94c778c1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-24 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introdução: O tabagismo constitui um problema de saúde pública global e seu uso a longo prazo compromete o estado de saúde geral, acarretando em prejuízos no sistema cardiorrespiratório e, portanto, na capacidade funcional, além de também causar efeitos psicológicos importantes. Objetivos: Analisar o impacto do tabagismo nos aspectos funcionais, incluindo transportabilidade mucociliar nasal, função pulmonar e capacidade funcional submáxima, bem como avaliar a correlação entre essas variáveis; analisar os efeitos agudos do fumo na cinética de variáveis cardiorrespiratórias e na percepção subjetiva dos sintomas de dispneia e fadiga durante o exercício, abordando o grau de dependência a nicotina e os efeitos psicológicos causados pela abstinência tabagística e pelo fumo imediato. Métodos: Artigo I: Estudo transversal com 78 indivíduos tabagistas, idade entre 40 e 60 anos, no qual foram avaliadas a função pulmonar (espirometria), capacidade funcional submáxima (TC6) e a transportabilidade mucociliar nasal (TTS); Artigo II: Estudo em modelo cross-over no qual tabagistas com função pulmonar preservada foram estratificados em dois grupos de acordo com o grau de dependência a nicotina, sendo baixo e alto grau de dependência (LND e HND, respectivamente), e foram submetidos ao teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) em duas condições: abstinência tabagística (controle) e imediatamente após fumar. Resultados: Artigo I: A amostra apresentou carga tabagística leve e função pulmonar e valores de TTS normais. A capacidade funcional submáxima apresentou-se normal e as variáveis espirométricas apresentaram correlação positiva com o TC6, enquanto o TTS não apresentou correlação com o TC6; Artigo II: Os valores das variáveis ventilatórias foram menores ao longo dos estágios do TCPE no grupo LND controle. Os valores da FC foram mais baixos no momento controle nos dois grupos (LND e HND) quando comparado ao exercício após o fumo. As sensações subjetivas de dispneia e fadiga de membros inferiores apresentaram aumento significativo no grupo HND controle quando comparado ao fumo, e comportamento oposto foi observado no grupo LND. Conclusões: Tabagistas leves apresentaram função pulmonar, TMC e capacidade funcional submáxima normais. A função pulmonar apresentou correlação com a capacidade funcional, no entanto o mesmo não aconteceu com o TTS em indivíduos tabagistas leves. Além disso, as sensações subjetivas de dispneia e fadiga de membros inferiores durante o exercício são diferentes entre fumantes com alta e baixa dependência a nicotina, sugerindo que o fumo pode ocultar os sintomas durante o exercício em fumantes com alta dependência. / Introduction: Smoking habit is a global public health problem and its long-term use deteriorates overall health, leading to damage to the cardiorespiratory system and therefore to functional capacity, as well as causing significant psychological effects. Aims: To analyze the impact of smoking on functional aspects (nasal mucociliary transportability, pulmonary function and submaximal functional capacity) evaluating the correlation between these variables; to analyze the acute effects of smoking on the cardiorespiratory kinetics and the subjective perception of symptoms during exercise, addressing the psychological effects caused by smoking cessation and immediate smoking. Methods: Article I: A cross-sectional study with 78 smokers, age between 40 and 60 years old, in which pulmonary function (spirometry), functional capacity (six-minute walk test – 6MWT) and nasal mucociliary transportability (Saccharin Transport Time Test – STT) were evaluated; Manuscript II: Non-COPD smokers were stratified in groups according to their nicotine dependence level as low and high nicotine dependence (LND and HND, respectively), and performed treadmill exercise tests in two conditions: smoking abstinence (control) and immediately after smoking. Results: Article I: The sample presented low pack-years and so low smoking history and normal values for pulmonar function and STT. Submaximal functional capacity were normal and spirometry variables related to the pulmonary function had a positive correlation with 6MWT, while STT did not presente any correlation with 6MWT; Manuscript II: Ventilatory variables were lowest across the last stages for LND control. HR were lower on control days for LND and HND when comparing to smoking days. Dyspnea and leg fatigue presented a significant increase for HND control when comparing to smoking day and the opposite was observed in LND smokers. Conclusion: Light smokers presented normal values for pulmonar function, mucociliary clearance and submaximal functional capacity. Pulmonary function presented positive correlation with functional capacity, however it did not happen with between STT and TC6 in light smokers; Besides that, the perceived symptoms of dyspnea and leg fatigue during exercise were diferente between low and high nicotine dependente smokers, suggesting that smoking may hide the symptoms during exercise in smokers with higher nicotine dependence. / 2016/11954-3