El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar cómo se construye la violencia en el cine del director Park Chan Wook como una crítica a la sociedad surcoreana contemporánea. Para lograr este objetivo, en primer lugar, se identificará el tratamiento cinematográfico de la violencia en la trilogía de la venganza del director surcoreano, que está conformada por: Sympathy For Mr. Vengeance (2002), Oldboy (2003) y Sympathy For Lady Vengeance (2005). En segundo lugar, se reconocerán las formas de la violencia de dichas películas en relación a las consecuencias del sistema capitalista de la sociedad surcoreana. En la introducción se plantea el estudio cuyo objetivo general es presentar el contexto en el que surge el director surcoreano y la trilogía de la venganza. En el marco teórico, se pretende realizar un recorrido por las formas en que el cine de ficción ha representado la violencia a través de la historia, este marco me permitirá contextualizar la propuesta de Park Chan Wook dentro de la evolución de la industria cinematográfica surcoreana. Asimismo, se profundizará el concepto de la violencia en general y cómo se representa en el cine; así como la relación entre la violencia y el capitalismo. En el capítulo de análisis, se utilizarán secuencias de cada película divididas en tres criterios en relación a la presencia de la violencia: revelación, acción y conclusión. Después, se ofrecerá un análisis audiovisual de cada secuencia ligado al contexto sociohistórico de Corea del Sur y las consecuencias del capitalismo contemporáneo que enfrenta esta sociedad. Finalmente, en las conclusiones se realizará una reflexión acerca de cómo Park Chan Wook logra crear una estética de la violencia particular de un mundo capitalista y la plasma mediante los recursos audiovisuales para crear una crítica a su propia sociedad. / The main objective of this research work is to analyze how violence is constructed in director Park Chan Wook's cinema as a critique of contemporary South Korean society. To achieve this objective, in the first place, the cinematographic treatment of violence will be identified in the South Korean director's revenge trilogy, which is made up of: Sympathy For Mr. Vengeance (2002), Oldboy (2003) and Sympathy For Lady Vengeance (2005). Second, the forms of violence in these films will be recognized in relation to the consequences of the capitalist system of South Korean society. The introduction presents the study whose general objective is to present the context in which the South Korean director and the revenge trilogy emerge. In the theoretical framework, it is intended to make a journey through the ways in which fiction cinema has represented violence throughout history, this framework will allow me to contextualize Park Chan Wook's proposal within the evolution of the South Korean film industry. Likewise, the concept of violence in general and how it is represented in cinema will be deepened; as well as the relationship between violence and capitalism. In the analysis chapter, sequences from each film will be used divided into three criteria in relation to the presence of violence: revelation, action and conclusion. Afterwards, an audiovisual analysis of each sequence linked to the socio-historical context of South Korea and the consequences of contemporary capitalism facing this society will be offered. Finally, in the conclusions there will be a reflection on how Park Chan Wook manages to create an aesthetic of the particular violence of a capitalist world and shapes it through audiovisual resources to create a critique of his own society. / Tesis

Background: The current study examines the association of perceived racial and social class discrimination with cannabis involvement among Black youth and young adults. Methods: This secondary analysis used data from the Missouri Family Study (MOFAM), a high-risk longitudinal family study of alcohol use disorder, oversampled for Black families. Offspring (n = 806) and their mothers were interviewed by telephone. Cox proportional hazards regression analyzes were used to examine associations of racial and social class discrimination (experienced by offspring and their mothers) with offspring cannabis involvement. Two stages of cannabis involvement were analyzed: timing of 1) initiation and 2) transition from initiation to first cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptom. Results: The study found that offspring report of experiencing racial (HR: 1.28, CI: 1.01–1.62) and social class discrimination (HR: 1.45, CI: 1.14–1.84) were associated with cannabis initiation in our fully adjusted model. Mothers’ report of discrimination predicted a lower hazard of cannabis initiation among offspring (HR: 0.79, CI: 0.64–0.98). Offspring social class discrimination (HR: 2.45, CI: 1.71–3.51) predicted an increased hazard of transition from initiation to first CUD symptom, while offspring racial discrimination (HR: 0.57, CI: 0.39–0.85) was associated with lower hazard of transition in our fully adjusted model. Conclusions: As rates for cannabis use among Black youth are disproportionately rising, there is a critical need to identify pathways to its use among Black youth. These findings suggest racial and social class discrimination may be important targets in efforts to prevent cannabis involvement among Black youth and emerging adults.

I egenskap av att vara en av Sveriges största turistorter lockar Åre cirka en miljon besökare per år. För många handlar orten om skidåkning och turismen bidrar med många jobbmöjligheter till den jämtländska byn som ofta beskrivs som lilla Stockholm. På senare tid har dock området också präglats av en sviktande infrastruktur, ekonomisk problematik och gentrifiering. Bilden av Åre hos Sveriges befolkning speglar skidåkning, semester och finkultur som attraherar en målgrupp med starkt ekonomiskt och socialt kapital. Samtidigt blir konkurrensen på bostadsmarknaden allt hårdare och kommuninvånarna tvingas bort från Åre by.  Besökarens bild av Åre påverkas av hur platsvarumärket Åre framställs och därmed av vilka egenskaper som stora turismaktörer knyter till platsvarumärket Åre. Vårt syfte med studien har varit att undersöka hur fyra stora organisationer på orten påverkar och bygger upp platsvarumärket och hur dessa aktörers kommunikativa arbete på sina respektive hemsidor skiljer sig åt. Vi ville undersöka vad innehållet på hemsidorna konnoterar i relation till status, klass och målgrupp och vidare diskutera vad detta kan innebära för samhället Åre och lokalbefolkningen. De fyra stora organisationer vi valt att undersöka i denna studie är Åre Destination, Skistar Åre, Holiday Club Åre och Åre kommun.  Våra frågeställningar har varit: Vilka semiotiska tecken ser vi på hemsidorna hos våra fyra utvalda organisationer som å ena sidan återspeglar deras egen varumärkespersonlighet och å andra sidan anspelar på och bidrar till beskrivningen av platsvarumärket Åre? Utifrån de semiotiska tecken vi ser på hemsidorna, vilken är den huvudsakliga målgruppen för turismen i Åre samt hur kan den implicita besökaren beskrivas utifrån hur organisationerna anspelar på status, klass och social tillhörighet? Samt, hur kan varumärket Åre, så som det konstrueras av våra organisationers visuella kommunikation, kopplas till den pågående gentrifieringen i området? För att kunna svara på dessa frågor har vi använt oss av ett teoretiskt ramverk som kretsat kring teorier om varumärke, plats, platsmarknadsföring, klass och gentrifiering. Vi har analyserat vårt empiriska material med hjälp av en semiotisk multimodal textanalys. Vårt analysmaterial kategoriserade vi i fem teman, som vi använder för att beskriva platsvarumärket Åre. Dessa teman är service, aktiv livsstil, lyx, framgång samt arv och tradition. Utifrån detta kom vi fram till att turismaktörerna har inverkan på besökarens bild av platsvarumärket Åre genom att måla upp en exklusiv och attraktiv bild av Åre, vilket driver gentrifiering. Genom att Åre kommuns visuella kommunikation särskiljer sig från turismaktörernas visuella kommunikation, diskuterar vi om Åre kommun tar avstånd från ansvaret av turismens effekter. / By being one of the largest tourist destinations in Sweden, Åre attracts around 1 million visitors a year. To many, the village is primarily a skiing resort and tourism contributes with a great number of job opportunities to the small village which is often spoken of as a small Stockholm. Lately, the area has unfortunately struggled with some serious infrastructure problems, as well as economical struggles and gentrification. The Swedes think of Åre as a ski resort for winter vacations and high culture, which attracts a target group of good financial and social capital. At the same time, the competition on the housing market is tightening and the inhabitants are forced away from the areas close to Åre village.  The visitor's image of Åre is made up from how the place brand Åre is constructed because of which qualities the big tourism companies tie to the place brand. Our purpose with this study has been to evaluate how four different tourism organisations in the area influence and build the place brand through their work with external communications on their homepages and how this work differs. We wanted to see how the content on the homepage relates to status, social class and target group and further discuss how this can impact the community of Åre and its inhabitants. Our four organisations that we have included in this study are Åre Destination, Skistar Åre, Holiday Club Åre and Åre municipality. Our questions have been: Which semiotic signs do we see on the homepages of our four, selected organisations, that on one hand represents their own brand personality and on the other hand alludes to, and contributes to, the description of the place brand Åre? Based on the semiotic signs we see on the homepages; which is the main target group for tourism in Åre and how can the implicit visitor be described, based on how the organisations allude to status, class and social affiliation? And finally, how can the brand Åre, as it is constructed by the visual communication of our selected organisations, be linked to the ongoing gentrification in the area? To be able to answer these questions, we have used a theoretical framework that includes theories of brand, place, place marketing, class and gentrification. We have analysed our empirical material using a semiotic multimodal text analysis. We categorised our analysed material into five themes, which we use to describe Åre´s place brand. These themes are service, active lifestyle, luxury, success as well as heritage and tradition. Based on this, we concluded that the tourism organisations have an impact on the visitor's image of the place brand Åre, which is what drives gentrification. Since Åre municipality's visual communication differs from the tourism organisations´s visual communication, we argue that Åre municipality distances themselves from the responsibility of the effects of tourism.

The aim of this essay is to examine the symbolism of six thematically important colours in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and how they are connected to the characters, plot, and themes. I will demonstrate the significance of colour by making an analysis of the meaning, pattern, and change of the six colours. Utilizing colour symbolism in literature is a method that illustrates and narrates information beyond the literal sense. Colour consists of multiple meanings and has the quality of being ambiguous. The juxtaposition in colour and its symbolism reflects the ever-changing and multifaceted stages in life. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka symboliken i sex tematiskt viktiga färger i F. Scott Fitzgeralds Den Store Gatsby och hur de är kopplade till karaktärerna, handlingen, och teman. Jag kommer att visa färgens betydelse genom att göra en analys av syftet, mönstret, och förändringen i dessa sex färger. Att utnyttja färgsymbolik i litteratur är en metod som målar och berättar information bortom den bokstavliga meningen. Färg består av flera konnotationer och har egenskapen att vara tvetydig. Juxtapositionen i färg och dess symbolik speglar de ständigt föränderliga och mångfacetterade stadierna i livet.

Modern societies across the globe have been deeply transformed by the rise of capitalism and neoliberalism in the last century. This has had a significant impact on education which has been reconfigured to meet the needs of the market rather than the needs of the learner. Language learning in particular becomes instrumental and focuses on preparing individuals for a consumeristic lifestyle or for building successful international business careers. In that sense, from a neoliberal perspective, the social class of the individual is not relevant, and the assumption is that everybody starts on equal footing and with equal possibilities, contrary to reality. Consequently, systematic barriers that lead to social injustice are ignored in neoliberal reasoning. These ideas have been found to be propagated in textbooks for English language learning, which deeply shapes learner perceptions and teacher practices in the classroom. This study focuses on analysing two English textbooks used in Sweden and it aims to identify how social class is represented and the extent to which the texts and the tasks attempt to construct an entrepreneurial identity. The results indicate that an entrepreneurial identity manifests through recurrent narratives which accentuate consumerism, individualism, responsibility etc. Other phenomena identified are social class erasure and a focus on politics of representation rather than distribution. Interviews with 3 teachers were also conducted in order to investigate teacher perceptions and practices concerning social class representations and entrepreneurialism in textbooks. The interviews suggest that teachers are aware and reactive to social class representations in textbooks, but are more concerned about identity representations (gender, racial) rather than socio-economic disparities. Additionally, they show less awareness about content related to entrepreneurialism and adopt a non-critical stance in relation to this neoliberal value.

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Subjective socioeconomic status (SES) has previously been shown to be correlated with a large number of health measures. In this study, the subjective SES measure is modified and translated to measure childhood SES. The subjective SES scale is examined in a participant's hometown, community, and nation. Both an immigrant Hispanic and a Caucasian sample were studied (31 Hispanic males; 42 Hispanic females; 38 Caucasian males, 40 Caucasians females). Childhood SES was the most significant predictor of self-reported health in both sample groups.

[pt] Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender de que maneira os múltiplos contextos sociais impactaram na construção da trajetória profissional de ex-alunos oriundos das camadas populares de uma renomada IES privada do Rio de janeiro, cujo público, também, é composto por jovens das elites socioeconômicas. Para atingir este objetivo buscou-se identificar: i) de que forma os múltiplos contextos sociais, ao longo da trajetória profissional, inibiram ou habilitaram as relações desses jovens com seu meio tanto na constituição de um portifólio de capitais como nas estratégias (não) intencionais individuais e familiares, bem como nas disposições dos indivíduos; e (ii) quanto à persistência de barreiras que contribuem negativamente para a mobilidade social. Deste modo, este estudo contribui para a discussão acerca da mobilidade social nos estudos em Administração, partindo do pensamento de Pierre Bourdieu frente à distinção gerada pelo condicionamento social e dialogando com pensamento de Bernard Lahire, no afastamento do olhar homogeneizante do habitus. A pesquisa realizada foi de natureza qualitativa, utilizando entrevistas em profundidade com ex-alunos bolsistas de graduação de diferentes cursos. A análise dos resultados revelou que existem barreiras socioeconômicas e culturais que impactaram na trajetória profissional dos jovens bolsistas. Não obstante, a partir da influência dos múltiplos contextos nessas trajetórias, identificamos o desenvolvimento de um portifólio de capitais, resultado de vivências que permitiram o movimento de mobilidade social. Em última instância, os jovens pesquisados, apesar de terem enfrentados obstáculos diversos em suas trajetórias de vida e educacional, lograram obter postos trabalho qualificados que os habilitaram a ascender socialmente. / [en] This research aimed to understand how the multiple social contexts impacted the construction of the professional trajectory of alumni from the popular strata of a renowned private university in Rio de Janeiro, whose audience is predominantly composed of young people from socioeconomic elites. In order to achieve this objective, we sought to identify: i) how the multiple social contexts, throughout their professional trajectory, inhibited or enabled the relations of these young people with their environment both in the constitution of a portfolio of capital and in the (un) intentional strategies individual and family members, as well as in the dispositions of these trajectories; and (ii) regarding the persistence of barriers that contribute negatively to social mobility. In this way, this study contributes to the discussion about social mobility in Management studies, starting from the thinking of Pierre Bourdieu in the face of the distinction generated by social conditioning and dialoguing with the thinking of Bernard Lahire, in moving away from the homogenizing look of the habitus. The research carried out was of a qualitative nature, using in-depth interviews with former undergraduate scholarship students from different courses. The analysis of the results revealed that there are socioeconomic and cultural barriers that impacted the professional trajectory of the young scholarship holders. Nevertheless, based on the influence of multiple contexts in these trajectories, we identified the development of a portfolio of capitals, the result of experiences that allowed the movement of social mobility. Ultimately, the young people surveyed, despite having faced different obstacles in their life and educational trajectories, managed to obtain qualified jobs that enabled them to ascend socially.

La quête de mobilité sociale s’est renforcée dans l’imaginaire collectif, les valeurs et l’identité japonaise depuis le décloisonnement territorial et social procuré par le changement radical des politiques lors de la Restauration Meiji. Ces nouveaux gains spatiaux et sociaux, en parallèle avec le développement d’une économie capitaliste, stimulent les mouvements humains et de capitaux, développant de nouveaux réseaux transitoires. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le Japon vit à nouveau des transformations qui viennent bouleverser la gestion de l’espace et son système d’éducation. En effet, l’espace physique et social se voit être redéfini de sorte à prioriser les secteurs industriels qui correspondent aux nouveaux standards socioéconomiques de la société. Rapidement, le principe méritocratique s’installe dans le nouveau système d’éducation « égalitaire » pour répondre au désir grandissant de la population de mobilité. Enfin, l’éclatement de la bulle spéculative dans les années 1990 vient une fois de plus bouleverser les structures sociales et scolaires du Japon. Dans cette nouvelle réalité: l’éducation agit-elle comme une force sociale qui permet ou empêche le gain de mobilité; ou bien maintient-elle ou augmente-t-elle la position sociale des individus? Et quelle est l’influence des classes sur le phénomène de la reproduction sociale? Différentes thématiques seront abordées dans cette recherche, notamment l’effet des classes sociales sur les inégalités quant à l’accès à l’éducation; le rôle de l’éducation dans une société néo-libérale basée sur la certification (« diplômatie » – société des diplômes), créant un déséquilibre entre les établissements scolaires et les régions; et enfin l’influence des capitaux sur la position sociale d’un individu. Par ailleurs, une théorisation conceptuelle sera proposée afin de faire ressortir l’importance de la spatialité dans la mobilité sociale en tant que complément à la théorie des capitaux de Bourdieu. / The quest for social mobility has been reinforced in the Japanese collective imagination, values and identity since the territorial and social decompartmentalization provided by the radical change in policies during the Meiji Restoration. Such new spatial and social gains, paired with the development of a capitalist economy, fostered the movement of people and capital, developing new transitory networks. After the Second World War, Japan once again experienced transformations that disrupted the management of its territory and its education system. Indeed, the physical and social space was redefined in order to prioritize the industrial sectors that corresponded to the new socio-economic standards of the society. Soon, the meritocratic principle was established in the new "egalitarian" education system to respond to the population's growing desire for mobility. Finally, the bursting of the speculative bubble in the 1990s once again disrupted the social and educational structures of Japan. Considering this new reality: does education act as a social force that allows or prevents the gain of mobility; or does it maintain or strengthen the social position of individuals? And what is the influence of class on the phenomenon of social reproduction? Different themes will be addressed in this research, including the effect of social class on inequalities in access to education; the role of education in a neo-liberal society based on certification ("diplômatie" – Diploma system), creating an imbalance between schools and regions; and finally, the influence of capital on an individual's social position. Furthermore, a conceptual theorization will be proposed to highlight the importance of spatiality in social mobility as a complement to Bourdieu's capital theory.

No description available.