Background: Chronic pain is a major public health problem. The impact of stages of chronic pain adjusted for disease load on societal burden has not been assessed in population surveys. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with 4360 people aged ≥ 14 years representative of the German population was conducted. Measures obtained included demographic variables, presence of chronic pain (based on the definition of the International Association for the Study of Pain), chronic pain stages (by chronic pain grade questionnaire), disease load (by self-reported comorbidity questionnaire) and societal burden (by self-reported number of doctor visits, nights spent in hospital and days of sick leave/disability in the previous 12 months, and by current unemployment). Associations between chronic pain stages with societal burden, adjusted for demographic variables and disease load, were tested by Poisson and logistic regression analyses. Results: 2508 responses were received. 19.4% (95% CI 16.8% to 22.0%) of participants met the criteria of chronic non-disabling non-malignant pain. 7.4% (95% CI 5.0% to 9.9%) met criteria for chronic disabling non-malignant pain. Compared with no chronic pain, the rate ratio (RR) of days with sick leave/disability was 1.6 for non-disabling pain and 6.4 for disabling pain. After adjusting for age and disease load, the RRs increased to 1.8 and 6.8. The RR of doctor visits was 2.5 for non-disabling pain and 4.5 for disabling pain if compared with no chronic pain. After adjusting for age and disease load, the RR fell to 1.7 and 2.6. The RR of days in hospital was 2.7 for non-disabling pain and 11.7 for disabling pain if compared with no chronic pain. After adjusting for age and disease load, the RR fell to 1.5 and 4.0. Unemployment was predicted by lower educational level (Odds Ratio OR 3.27 [95% CI 1.70-6.29]), disabling pain (OR 3.30 [95% CI 1.76-6.21]) and disease load (OR 1.70 [95% CI 1.41-2.05]). Conclusion: Chronic pain stages, but also disease load and societal inequalities contributed to societal burden. Pain measurements in epidemiology research of chronic pain should include chronic pain grades and disease load.:Background; Methods; Results; Discussion; Conclusion

Objetivo. Estimar la desigualdad social en salud en la distribución de incidencia de COVID-19 en distritos de Lima Metropolitana y Callao, en el año 2020. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico a nivel distrital. Los datos se obtuvieron de diversas bases de datos institucionales. Se calcularon las métricas estándar, tales como la brecha absoluta y relativa, el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente, desigualdad proporcional e índice de concentración para analizar la relación entre varios indicadores de determinantes sociales y la incidencia de COVID-19 en 43 distritos de Lima Metropolitana y Callao en 2020, con el programa R Studio. Resultados. Este estudio demostró que, los distritos con mayor IDH, menor pobreza, mayor acceso a agua potable y alcantarillado presentan una mayor incidencia de COVID-19. Se calculó la desigualdad absoluta y relativa según los estratificadores sociales; sin embargo, estas son de mayor utilidad al compararse con los años. Conclusiones. Se determinó que los distritos con mayor IDH, menor pobreza monetaria, mayor acceso a agua potable y alcantarillado presentan una mayor incidencia de COVID-19. Esto se adjudicó al poco acceso a los servicios de salud y el pobre conocimiento de la enfermedad por parte de la población menos favorecida, lo cual se tradujo en un subdiagnóstico. Es probable que una actualización de los datos conlleve a una variación de los resultados. / Objective. Estimate social inequality in health in the distribution of incidence of COVID-19 in the districts of Lima Metropolitana and Callao, in 2020. Methods. This is an ecological study at the district level. The data were obtained from institutional databases. The relationship between four social determinants index and the incidence of COVID-19 in all the districts of Lima Metropolitana and Callao from March to June 2020 was evaluated, measuring the absolute and relative gaps, the slope index of inequality, proportional inequality and concentration index for each district, with R Studio program. Results. This study showed that the districts with higher HDI, lower poverty, greater access to potable water and sewerage system have a higher incidence of COVID-19. Absolute and relative inequality were calculated according to social stratifiers; however, these are more useful when compared with the years. Conclusion. It was determined that districts with higher HDI, lower monetary poverty, greater access to potable water and sewerage system have a higher incidence of COVID-19. This was attributed to poor access to health services and poor knowledge of the disease by the less favored population, that resulted in an underdiagnosis. An update of the data is likely to lead to a variation of the results. / Tesis

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This work presents the personality and work of two thinkers, Bernard Bolzan and Charles Fourier. It focuses on their social ideas, so it looks mainly at their side of social utopians. It compares their views on the ideal organization of human society. It also pays attention to teaching and education in their conception, moreover, with reflection in relation to today. The aim is also to map the initial conditions of each of the thinkers, material, family, ideological, historically contemporary. At the very beginning, the work places all this in the context of historical development and subsequently in social theories. After an overview of developments and social theories, he introduces the topic of social utopianism and introduces two other important utopians - Saint-Simon and Robert Owen. Then the personality and work of Bernard Bolzan, followed by Charles Fourier, are introduced. The following is a comparison of the relevant categories for both thinkers, representing the degree of overlap of their common features. Then there is a chapter focused on education and training with an overlap to the present. The work shows that social utopianism is characterized by ignorance of socio-economic development and insufficient processing of a specific way of implementing the social establishment. These elements also...

Modern societies across the globe have been deeply transformed by the rise of capitalism and neoliberalism in the last century. This has had a significant impact on education which has been reconfigured to meet the needs of the market rather than the needs of the learner. Language learning in particular becomes instrumental and focuses on preparing individuals for a consumeristic lifestyle or for building successful international business careers. In that sense, from a neoliberal perspective, the social class of the individual is not relevant, and the assumption is that everybody starts on equal footing and with equal possibilities, contrary to reality. Consequently, systematic barriers that lead to social injustice are ignored in neoliberal reasoning. These ideas have been found to be propagated in textbooks for English language learning, which deeply shapes learner perceptions and teacher practices in the classroom. This study focuses on analysing two English textbooks used in Sweden and it aims to identify how social class is represented and the extent to which the texts and the tasks attempt to construct an entrepreneurial identity. The results indicate that an entrepreneurial identity manifests through recurrent narratives which accentuate consumerism, individualism, responsibility etc. Other phenomena identified are social class erasure and a focus on politics of representation rather than distribution. Interviews with 3 teachers were also conducted in order to investigate teacher perceptions and practices concerning social class representations and entrepreneurialism in textbooks. The interviews suggest that teachers are aware and reactive to social class representations in textbooks, but are more concerned about identity representations (gender, racial) rather than socio-economic disparities. Additionally, they show less awareness about content related to entrepreneurialism and adopt a non-critical stance in relation to this neoliberal value.

Bab edh-Dhra is the most extensively excavated cemetery from Early Bronze Age, Jordan. Despite thorough study, the social structure and existence of social inequality remain unclear. This was addressed using osteological evidence of physiological stress to compare between family tombs. In societies exhibiting social inequality, individuals of lower status experience higher levels of stress. Evidence of physiological stress (femoral length, LEH, metabolic disorders, periosteal reactions, cribra orbitalia, and porotic hyperostosis) was recorded using standard methods for 250 adults. The artifact counts in this study have been previously published. Differences in the frequency of stress indicators were compared using chi-square tests. The results show no difference in the frequency of stress indicators between tombs and no correlation between artifacts and frequency of stress indicators. This indicates that families at Bab edh-Dhra experienced similar stress levels and low inequality. This may be due to cultural practices, subsistence methods or lack of data.

Ett förändrat klimat ökar risken för fler frekventa skogsbränder, skogsbränder som spås vara mer intensiva än tidigare sett. Det här ger ett behov av att ha en fungerande katastrofhantering när en skogsbrand sker. Krav ställs även på ledande aktörer att besitta den kunskap och erfarenhet som krävs för att kunna hantera en omfattande skogsbrand. Det ställer även krav på att identifiera och bemöta de olika behov som kan uppstå vid en katastrof, samt ge samtliga drabbade samma möjligheter och en jämlik resursfördelning.   Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur resursfördelningen såg ut mellan personal, samt undersöka hur exponerade boende samt skogsägare informerats och omhändertagits under skogsbranden. Den metod som använts för denna studie är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats, där två rapporter om skogsbranden analyserades. Resultatet visade att det fanns en snedvriden resursfördelning mellan brandmännen och administrativ personal, där brandmännen tilldelades flest resurser. Resultatet visade även att skogsägarna omhändertogs väl och fick särskilda informationsplatser, samtidigt som exponerade boende utsattes för onödiga risker vid evakueringarna som skedde. Boende som inte talade svenska fick i vissa områden tillgång till information och stöd men var bristfälligt i andra områden. / A changing climate increases the risk of more frequent forest fires, forest fires that are predicted to be more intense than previously seen. This creates a need to have a functioning disaster management system when a forest fire occurs. Demands are also placed on leading actors to possess the knowledge and experience required to be able to handle an extensive forest fire. It also requires identifying and responding to the various needs that may arise in the event of a disaster, as well as giving all those affected the same opportunities and an equal distribution of resources.   The purpose of this essay is to investigate how the distribution of resources looked between personnel, as well as investigate how exposed residents and forest owners were informed and taken care of during the forest fire. The method used for this study is a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach, where two reports about the forest fire were analyzed. The result showed that there was a skewed distribution of resources between the firefighters and administrative staff, where the firefighters were allocated the most resources. The result also showed that the forest owners were well taken care of and given special information points, while exposed residents were exposed to unnecessary risks during the evacuations that took place. Residents who did not speak Swedish had access to information and support in some areas but were inadequate in other areas.

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