Social capital has been studied on the basis of comparative studies on whether ethnic bakground has significance for social capital. The study is conducted on the basis of a qualitative content analysis as a method with the application of theory consumption studay or hypothesis studay.  The study is categorized into three dimensions as social interaction, association, involvement and municipal actors with several indicators. Socialt capital includes two primary theories by, Robert Putnam and Bo Rothsteins. Result shows that ethnicity is important for social capital because there are factors that positively affect an individual´s confidence.  The study also shows that ethnicity has less significance for social capital because the individual´s high confidence depends on the efficiency of the actors who positively influence social capital.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de permettre sur le long terme de proposer des interactions sociales personnalisées exploitant l’attirance que les personnes souffrant de Troubles du Spectre Autistique (TSA) ont envers les robots humanoïdes, tels que Nao (Softbank Robotics), afin d’améliorer leurs capacités d’interaction sociale. Trois institutions spécialisées pour personnes atteintes de TSA participent à notre étude : l'IME Notre Ecole et l'IME MAIA, Institut médico-éducatif pour enfants et adolescents atteints de TSA et la Lendemaine, Foyer d’Aide Médicalisée pour adultes atteints de TSA.Les différences inter-individuelles sont très présentes dans les TSA et elles impactent différemment le comportement de chaque individu avec TSA dans sa vie (par exemples la communication, l'attention jointe, ou encore les troubles moteurs, à des degrés différents pour chaque individu), et dans cette étude, durant leur interaction sociale avec un robot.Afin d’envisager à long terme une interaction personnalisée pour chaque participant, une première étape a consisté à définir leur profil sensorimoteur. L'hypothèse qui guide notre étude est que l'intégration des informations visuelles et proprioceptives (perception, consciente ou non, de la position et des changements des différentes parties du corps) d'une personne joue un rôle sur ses capacités sociales. Une personne qui réagit peu aux informations visuelles et qui utilise les informations proprioceptives relatives à ses mouvements ou à la position de son corps de manière exacerbée, aurait plus de difficultés à s’engager et à maintenir une interaction sociale.Les profils sensoriels des participants ont été évalués à l’aide du test du Profil Sensoriel de Dunn et du test sensorimoteur impliquant une scène mobile virtuelle afin d’évaluer leur dépendance visuelle et proprioceptive. L'analyse des données a permis de classer nos participants en trois groupes montrant des comportements différents face aux informations proprioceptives et visuelles, et à leur intégration.Nous avons ensuite étudié les liens entre les profils sensoriels des participants et leurs différents comportements sociaux à travers plusieurs tâches impliquées dans les interactions sociales : (1) reconnaissance d'émotions exprimées par deux robots, un avatar et une personne ; (2) interaction sociale avec le robot Nao sur la salutation ; (3) attention conjointe avec le robot Nao, et (4) imitation avec le robot Nao. Cette dernière tâche a fait l’objet de sessions répétées sur huit semaines (modèle de thérapie sur l'apprentissage et de renforcement de l'imitation pour enfants avec TSA).A travers ces études, nous avons pu observer que les participants ayant une plus forte dépendance à la proprioception et une indépendance au champ visuel ont eu plus de difficultés à interagir avec le robot (moins de regards vers le robot, moins de réponses à l'attention conjointe, plus de difficultés à reconnaitre les émotions, et à imiter un partenaire) que les autres participants.Nous avons pu observer que les sessions avec le robot Nao ont eu un effet bénéfique chez les participants avec TSA. A la suite des sessions répétées avec le robot Nao, les participants ont montré une amélioration de leurs capacités sociales (regard vers le partenaire, imitations) vers un partenaire d'imitation humain.Ces résultats confortent l'idée d'utiliser les profils sensoriels des personnes avec TSA pour leur proposer, dans des recherches futures, des interactions personnalisées avec les robots. / The goal of this thesis is to provide contributions that will help in the long term to enable personalized robot-based social interaction for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). This work was done in collaboration with three care facilities for people suffering from ASD: IME MAIA (France) and IME Notre Ecole, medical and educative schools for children and teenagers with ASD, and FAM La Lendemaine (France), a medical house for adults with ASD.Inter-individual differences are present in ASD, and impact the behaviors of each individual in their lives, and in this study, during their interactions with a robot.The first step of our work was to propose an appropriate method to define the proprioceptive and visual profiles of each of our participants. We based our work on the hypothesis that the proprioceptive (the ability of an individual to determine body segment positions (i.e., joint position sense and to detect limb movements in space) and visual integration of cues of an individual with ASD is an indicator of their social and communication skills. We posit that a mitigated behavioral response (i.e., hyporeactivity) to visual motion and an overreliance on proprioceptive information are linked in individuals with ASD to their difficulties in integrating social cues and engaging in successful social interactions.We used two methods to define the proprioceptive and visual profile of our participant: a well-known questionnaire on sensory preferences and an experimental setup. With the setup, we were able to observe three different groups of postural behaviors in our participants. Thanks to these individual profiles, we could make assumptions on the behaviors that one can expect from each of our participants during interactions with the robot.We aimed to assess various social skills of our participants in regards to their profiles. We designed three single case studies: (1) emotion recognition with different embodiments (two robots, a virtual agent and a human); (2) a short greeting social task with the robot Nao; and (3) a game evaluating joint attention response to the robot Nao. We also conducted eight weeks-long sessions with an imitation task with Nao.Through these studies, we were able to observe that the participants that display an overreliance on proprioceptive cues and a hyporeactivity to visual cues had more difficulties to interact with the robot (less gaze towards the robot, less answers to joint attention initiation behaviors, more difficulties to recognize emotions and to imitate a partner) than the other participants.We were able to observe that the repeated sessions with the robot Nao were benefic for participants with ASD: after the sessions with the robot Nao, the participants showed an improvement in their social skills (gaze to the partner, imitations).Defining such individual profiles could provide promising strategies for designing successful and adapted Human-Robot Interaction for individuals with ASD.

The purpose of this study was to compare receptive language, expressive language, and socialization skills of preschool children who have a history of expressive language delay (ELD) with age mates who have a history of normal language development.

The aim of this study was to examine how teachers and leisure staff experience that differences in financial conditions among students in preschool class and grades 1-6 are expressed in school as well as how differences in financial conditions affect the students’ social interactions. The ambition was to reach a greater understanding of how children are affected early on by living in poorer financial conditions than other children. The study was conducted through six qualitative, semi-structured interviews with teachers and leisure staff. Five themes were identified in the interviews: concrete examples of differences in financial conditions that are visible in school, difficulties in identifying and talking about financial difficulties, groups that are perceived as particularly vulnerable to financial difficulties, social groupings among children and shame. These themes as well as the theory of stigma by Erving Goffman were used to analyze the results. The results show that teachers and leisure staff see several signs that indicate differences in financial conditions among the students. The students can however be good at hiding their family’s financial situation which makes it difficult to identify financial difficulties among students. Some teachers and leisure staff described children of immigrant parents, children of single mothers and children of divorced parents as particularly vulnerable to financial difficulties. The results also show that teachers and leisure staff experience that differences in financial conditions indirectly affect the students’ social interactions and groupings. The students are aware of their own and others' financial situation which can both divide and unite them.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad demostrar la posible relación de la aplicación de las dimensiones del TAM, su relación con la interacción con respecto a la intención de compra en el social commerce en Lima Metropolitana. Se consideró relevante abordar la investigación en base al social commerce, puesto que es un canal que ha tomado mayor importancia para que las marcas desarrollen sus ventas bajo esta modalidad en la situación coyuntural que atraviesa el país. De esta manera, se podrá analizar cómo el consumidor peruano se ha ido adaptando a este nuevo canal de venta. Finalmente, la metodología que se plantea emplear para la investigación tendrá un enfoque cuantitativo concluyente y transversal. / The present research work aims to demonstrate the possible relationship of the application of the TAM dimensions, its relationship with the interaction with respect to the purchase intention in social commerce in Metropolitan Lima. It was considered relevant to approach the investigation based on social commerce, since it is a channel that has become more important for brands to develop their sales under this modality in the current situation that the country is going through. In this way, it will be possible to analyze how the Peruvian consumer has adapted to this new sales channel. Finally, the methodology that is proposed to be used for the research will have a conclusive and transversal quantitative approach. / Trabajo de investigación

Everyone deserves a home that promotes well-being and reduces stress. Mental illness among students has tripled in the 21st century and statistics show higher numbers than ever. The problems can often be linked to socioeconomic factors and for many young people, it applies to education. The design of our cities has a great impact on how we feel and how we choose to live our lives and through awareness and knowledge of health-promoting factors, the architect can design more stress-reducing and functional environments. We need to create a pleasant environment for students to live in using architectural strategies that counteract stress. Building enjoyable apartments incorporating architectural means to reduce stress can help students in their everyday life. Having both private spaces and different scales of public areas creates opportunities to choose where they want to spend their time depending on how much interaction with other people they want. The way we design and manage spaces around apartments, outdoor as well as indoor, can support both the development of interaction between humans and solitary activities. According to studies, offering both active and passive social participation creates security and belonging. Each person takes control over their own presence in social interactions which decreases the risk of social isolation.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka sambandet mellandistansundervisning, ensamhet och depressiva symptom hos studenterfrån svenska högskolor och universitet. Tidigare forskning harindikerat att olika aspekter av distansundervisning kan varariskfaktorer för att uppleva ensamhet och nedstämdhet. Enligt denEvolutionära teorin av ensamhet kan ensamhet vara en riskfaktor fördepressiva symptom när dessa känslor blir bestående. Frågorskapades för att mäta distansundervisning samt interaktioner somsker i samband med undervisning. Ensamhet och depressiva symptommättes med etablerade mätinstrument. En webbenkät utfördes med ettbekvämlighetsurval som resulterade i 412 studenter.Distansundervisning korrelerade med flera aspekter av studenterssociala interaktioner. Regressionsanalyser indikerade att flertalaspekter av sociala interaktioner predicerade upplevd ensamhet ochen aspekt av sociala interaktioner predicerade även depressivasymptom. Slutligen indikerade en mediationsanalys att sambandetmellan kommunikation med lärare och depressiva symptom medierasav ensamhet. Sammanfattningsvis indikerar studiens resultat attdistansundervisning i sig inte är en riskfaktor för ensamhet ochdepressiva symptom, men att interaktioner som sker i samband medundervisningen är viktiga för att undvika risker för detta. / The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship betweendistance education, experiences of loneliness and depressivesymptoms among students from Swedish colleges and universities.Previous research has indicated that different aspects of distanceteaching can be risk factors for experiencing loneliness and negativeaffect. According to the Evolutionary theory of loneliness, lonelinesscan become a risk factor for depressive symptoms when these feelingsare maintained. Questions were created to measure distance teachingand interactions that takes place in relation to studying. Lonelinessand depressive symptoms were measured with establishedmeasurements. An online-survey was conducted using conveniencesampling that resulted in 412 students. Distance education correlatedwith multiple aspects of students social interactions. Regressionanalysis' indicated that multiple aspects of social interactionspredicted change in loneliness and one aspect of social interactionspredicted change in depressive symptoms. Finally, a mediationanalysis indicated that the relationship between communication withteachers and depressive symptoms was mediated by loneliness. Thus,the results indicate that distance education is not a risk factor forloneliness or depressive symptoms on its own. However, it suggeststhat interactions that occur in relation to university studies areimportant to reduce risks for loneliness.

[pt] Esta dissertação analisa a interação social observada no ambiente de um grupo de mulheres dedicado à temática e experiência do parto no Facebook. Tomo como ponto de partida os relatos de parto publicados pelas participantes no grupo Parto Natural - da rede social Facebook -, utilizando técnicas etnográficas, como entrevista e observação participante. As teorias da antropologia das emoções e da microssociologia ajudaram a compreender as narrativas construídas nos - e a partir dos - relatos. Nesse ambiente, os relatos de partos publicados introduzem tópicos que são interpretados e questionados na interação que promovem, evidenciando uma complexa negociação de sentidos sobre as práticas e valores que envolvem o evento do nascimento. Os dados evidenciam que se por um lado aquele ambiente proporciona um local de expressão, acolhimento e apoio às mães que fazem a opção pelo parto natural, por outro, é também local de indicação de produtos e serviços relacionados ao tema. Apesar de serem frequentes os posicionamentos contra práticas caracterizadas como violência obstétrica e favoráveis àquelas relacionadas às práticas do parto natural, a intenção do grupo não parece ser a de fazer militância ou qualquer intervenção política, mas a de ajudar as que já estão nessa busca por meio de informações baseadas em evidências científicas e também com a troca de experiências entre as mães que já passaram pelo processo. Ou seja, almeja-se uma transformação social, mas no compasso das ações e escolhas individuais. Assim, o ambiente se caracteriza principalmente como local de encontro, acolhimento e troca de saberes entre pares. / [en] This dissertation seeks to analyze the social interactions within a group of women dedicated to discuss and share experiences regarding childbirth on Facebook. It is based on the written reports published by the members of the group Parto Natural through ethnographic techniques and participant observation. Anthropology of emotions and microsociology were the theories that have helped to understand the narratives built in – and upon – the written accounts. Within that environment, these childbirth accounts shared with the members lead to a variety of topics that are interpreted and scrutinized as an ongoing accomplishment, which highlights a complex structure about the practices and values connected to the event of birth. Data collected show that aside being an environment in which those mothers can express themselves, find acceptance and support from other women that has chosen for the natural birth, it can also be a place where they can find recommendations on services and products from other members. Despite comments against practices that could be seen as obstetric violence and in favor of the natural delivery, the group s main goal doesnt seem to be activism or any other political intervention, but to assist the ones that are seeking for it by sharing information based on scientific knowledge and by the exchange of experiences between women that went through that already. In short, it is their intention to contribute with social transformation, but bounded to individual decisions and actions. In this sense, the group consists mainly as a gathering point, to offer support and enable the exchange of knowledge between members.

The problem of this study was to investigate the Adlerian concept of social interest in a peer counseling training program. The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether or not social interest of high school juniors and seniors could be impacted by a peer counseling training program.

Disability rights laws in the United States have been designed to promote integration through a “mainstreaming” model—integrating disabled people into mainstream society. In contrast, this dissertation documents and analyzes the emergence of a different integration model—inverse integration—which involves situations in which nondisabled people enter disability-focused settings or participate in disability-focused activities. As this dissertation demonstrates, inverse integration is surprisingly popular. For example, in contemporary U.S. society, nondisabled students study in “special education” programs, nondisabled people reside in housing projects for disabled individuals, hearing actors perform in Deaf theatres, and nondisabled athletes compete in wheelchair sports. By looking outside the mainstream, this dissertation tests the normative underpinnings of conventional integration. For example, by analyzing the integration of nondisabled children into special education classrooms, the dissertation provides an explanation for why interactions between disabled and nondisabled students in schools have so far failed to shift attitudes toward disability. Similarly, by examining the reasons behind nondisabled people’s desire to play wheelchair basketball or learn sign language, it sheds new light on disability rights law’s limitations in promoting relationships. Finally, by pointing to the differing ways in which elite sports organizations treat athletes’ physical injuries, on one hand, and mental health issues, on the other, this dissertation exposes another angle of the stigma surrounding mental health in the mainstream discourse. In terms of methodology, this dissertation has taken a socio-legal approach, using empirical and theoretical work in the areas of sociology, anthropology, history, and social psychology. In one chapter, I conducted an empirical study (systematic content analysis) of legal decisions. Influenced by disability studies, this dissertation has also drawn upon the personal experiences of disabled people and references memoirs of disabled athletes, scholars, and activists, as well as personal narratives featured in blog posts, op-eds, and legal scholarship. The dissertation is divided into three chapters. The first chapter, Reversing Reverse Mainstreaming, documents and criticizes the practice of “reverse mainstreaming,” whereby nondisabled children are integrated into classes for disabled students. Using a historical account and systematic analysis of hundreds of administrative decisions, this chapter describes the circumstances that gave rise to reverse mainstreaming and analyzes the practice’s normative underpinnings. In doing so, this chapter exposes a conundrum: On one hand, educators and judges have long justified reverse mainstreaming by pointing to its potential to reduce prejudice through structured interactions between disabled and nondisabled students. On the other hand, reverse mainstreaming often treats disabled students as inferior to their nondisabled peers and imposes mainstream norms at the expense of disability culture. Thus, rather than reducing prejudice, such structured interactions may perpetuate the very stigma and misconceptions they are designed to eradicate. Moreover, as this chapter details, reverse mainstreaming can lead to distributional inequality when it comes to scarce resources. Combining insights from social psychology and disability studies, this chapter proposes guidelines for legal and policy reform aimed at ensuring that intergroup interactions in educational settings take more egalitarian forms. The second chapter, Inverse Integration and the Relational Deficit of Disability Rights Law, takes a broader perspective. It develops a typology of inverse integration practices and analyzes the interaction of such practices with existing U.S. disability law. It shows that legal and social norms generally hinder the involvement of nondisabled people in disabled spaces or activities. Against this backdrop, the seeming popularity of inverse integration is a puzzle. What is driving this practice? The answer has to do with relationships. Combining insights from sociology, anthropology, social psychology, disability studies, and law, this chapter demonstrates how inverse integration allows disabled and nondisabled people to share experiences, interests, and common language with family members, friends, and intimate partners. These interactive features of inverse integration stand in stark contrast to disability rights laws’ general failure to protect, facilitate, and reinforce interpersonal relationships. In a society where in-person interactions are becoming less and less common, these relational advantages of inverse integration seem particularly exigent. Drawing upon instances of inverse integration, this chapter imagines what a more relational disability rights regime would look like and proposes specific interventions. The third chapter, Gambling on disability Rights, identifies a barrier for inclusion of disabled athletes in elite sports: the regulation of sports betting. It argues that recently adopted rules of elite sports organizations, which ban the disclosure of material information that might be used for betting (“anti-tipping rules”), have a detrimental effect on athletes with psychosocial impairments (e.g., general anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder). Because psychosocial impairments may significantly affect the ability of athletes to perform at the highest levels, anti-tipping rules prohibit athletes from disclosing their impairments. This forced secrecy, in turn, may adversely affect athletes’ mental health and might prevent them from claiming protections to which they are entitled under disability rights laws. Perhaps most importantly, given that athletes are public figures who serve as role models for many, these rules might perpetuate the stigma surrounding mental health in society at large. The chapter proposes strategies to resolve this problem by drawing on the rule against insider trading in securities law.