Eine der großen Fragestellungen der Psychologie beschäftigt sich mit der Suche nach Determinanten unseres Verhaltens. Dabei finden wir in der psychologischen Literatur verschiedene Theorien, die der Nähe zwischen Personen Bedeutung verleihen. Die Arbeiten von Kurt Lewin (1935) beschreiben positive und negative Valenzen, Konflikte, Hindernisse und Bedürfnisse als Determinanten unseres Verhaltens. Auch soziometrische Untersuchungen fokussieren die Anziehung und Abstoßung als elementare Gruppenkräfte, welche sich anhand sozialer Distanzen und Beliebtheit in Gruppen widerspiegeln (Moreno, 1941; 1996). Auf dieser Grundlage ist es uns möglich, Vorhersagen über eine Hinwendung zu und eine Abwendung von Personen zu treffen. Neben qualitativen Beobachtungen (vgl. Coie, Dodge, & Kupersmidt, 1990) bedienen sich bisherige Untersuchungsmethoden technischer Geräte, wie u.a. Beschleunigungsmessern und Schrittzähler (Cervantes & Porretta, 2010; Godfrey, Conway, Meagher, & ÓLaighin, 2008; Trost, 2001; Welk, Corbin, & Dale, 2000; Yang & Hsu, 2010), um Aussagen über das Bewegungsverhalten von Personen treffen zu können. Hierbei werden allerdings die Beziehungen und Dynamiken zwischen den Personen sowie das daraus resultierende Distanzverhalten völlig unbeachtet gelassen. Mit Hilfe neuester Technologien ist es nun möglich, räumliches Bewegungsverhalten in Form von x-, y-, z- Koordinaten zu erfassen. Das Ziel meiner Arbeit liegt in der Erhebung und Auswertung der Bewegungsdaten von Kindern, welche mit einer automatisierten Echtzeit-Ortungs-Methode (Real Time Location System = RTLS) erfasst wurden. Bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt wurde das Bewegungsverhalten von 114 Kinder aus sieben Gruppen von vier unterschiedlichen Kindergärten, von sechs Kindern einer Schule für Blinde und Sehbehinderte sowie von 24 Schülern aus zwei Klassen einer Schule mit einem Förderschwerpunkt für geistige Entwicklung erhoben. Die in diese Arbeit einfließenden Studien bieten einen ersten Einblick in die Erhebungs- und Auswertungsmöglichkeiten von räumlichen Bewegungsdaten und beleuchten den aktuellen Stand dieser Forschung.:DANKSAGUNG II PREFACE VI ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VII LIST OF CONTENTS XII LIST OF TABLES XIV LIST OF FIGURES XV CHAPTER I 1 1. AN INTRODUCTION INTO MOTIVATIONAL CONCEPTS, BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH, AND METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES 1 WHAT DRIVES US? A PIONEERING MOTIVATIONAL CONCEPT WITH REGARD TO MOVEMENT BEHAVIOR 2 METHODOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 3 METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES 4 AIMS AND SCOPES 5 OVERVIEW OF MANUSCRIPTS INCLUDED IN THIS MONOGRAPH 6 CHAPTER II 10 2. CHILDREN AT PLAY – TOWARD AN AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT OF CHILD BEHAVIOR 11 INTRODUCTION 12 METHODS AND MATERIALS 14 RESULTS 18 DISCUSSION 28 CHAPTER III 33 3. CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF DYNAMIC CLASSROOM SOCIAL INTERACTION 33 INTRODUCTION 35 METHODS AND MATERIALS 38 RESULTS 40 DISCUSSION 49 CHAPTER IV 54 List of Contents 4. LEARNING, MOVING, INTERACTING – MOVEMENT ASSESSMENT OF VISUALLY IMPAIRED CHILDREN DURING A SCHOOL LESSON 55 INTRODUCTION 56 METHODS AND MATERIALS 59 RESULTS 63 DISCUSSION 71 CHAPTER V 76 5. APPROACH – AN ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN’S INTERACTIONS DURING A FREE PLAY SITUATION 77 INTRODUCTION 78 METHOD 80 RESULTS 89 DISCUSSION 92 CHAPTER VI 96 6. SUMMARY, IMPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE ASPECTS OF RESEARCH 97 SUMMARY OF THE STUDIES OF CHILDREN’S MOVEMENT BEHAVIOR 97 IMPLICATION AND FUTURE ASPECTS OF RESEARCH 100 7. REFERENCES 103 8. APPENDIX 119 9. CURRICULUM VITAE 121 10. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 123 11. EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG 124

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar como los usuarios se desenvuelven dentro de los comercios sociales de marcas de cosmética ecológica y cuales son los factores que influyen en la intención de compra a través de ese medio. Por ende, analizamos las variables de los constructos sociales dentro de estas plataformas; recomendaciones y referencias; y calificaciones y reseñas, con el fin de medir de que manera la interacción social dentro de ellas conyeba a un incremento de la confianza por parte de los usuarios hacia los productos ofertados generando finalmente una intención de compra que lleve a una transacción moneraria. / The aim of this work is to identify how the users are developing within the social stores of ecological cosmetics brands and which are the factors that influence the intention of purchase through that means. Therefore, we analyze the variables of social constructs within these platforms; recommendations and references; and ratings and reviews, in order to measure how social interaction within them leads to an increase in trust by users towards the products offered, ultimately generating a purchase intention that leads to a monetary transaction. / Trabajo de investigación

The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about how the social interaction in preschool is portrayed in picture books. I set out the following two questions to help me achieve this goal. What interaction between children are portrayed in picture books? What interaction between children and adults is portrayed in picture books? I selected five picture books which differ in different ways, such as the year of publication, the sex of the protagonist, and that two of the books take place mostly outdoors and the remaining indoors. The result shows that the interactions predominantly positively presented in the books. Children and educators tend to be happy and enjoy their preschools. The social interaction is very prominent in the books and mainly about verbal communication and play. I have had the opportunity to make several connections between the fictional preschools and the curriculum. Some books exhibit a traditional preschool pedagogy, while especially one of them stands out by pointing to a more explorative way of working, which builds on children's interest in something specific. Such a way of working, I mean increases social interaction and positively affects it. The book describes good communication between children as well as between children and adults. / Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap kring hur det sociala samspelet i förskolan skildras i bilderböcker. Jag satte upp följande två frågeställningar som hjälp till att kunna nå syftet. Vilken interaktion mellan barn gestaltas i bilderböcker? Vilken interaktion mellan barn och vuxna gestaltas i bilderböcker? Jag valde ut fem bilderböcker som på olika vis skiljer sig åt, såsom utgivningsår, huvudpersonens kön samt att två av böckerna utspelar sig till största del utomhus och de resterande inomhus. Resultatet visar att interaktionerna till övervägande del skildras positivt i böckerna. Barn och pedagoger verkar mestadels vara glada och trivas bra på sina förskolor. Det sociala samspelet är mycket framträdande i böckerna och handlar främst om verbal kommunikation och lek. Jag har haft möjlighet att göra flera kopplingar mellan de fiktiva förskolorna och läroplanen. Några böcker uppvisar en traditionell förskolepedagogik, medan speciellt en bok sticker ut genom att visa på ett mer utforskande arbetssätt, som bygger vidare på barns intresse för något specifikt. Ett sådant arbetssätt menar jag ökar det sociala samspelet samt påverkar det positivt. Boken skildrar god kommunikation och samarbete både mellan barn samt mellan barn och vuxna.

Second language learners (SLLs) are students at risk for negative outcomes in preschool. Theoretical statements from systems theory and the ecological model of inclusive education indicate that a main focus of interest when supporting children should be the preschool environment that surrounds them. The purpose of this study is to describe and compare structures and processes in preschool settings that are presupposed by theory to have an impact on children’s functioning, along with children’s outcomes in preschool units with different proportions of SLLs. A combination of questionnaire data and data from observations were used in order to describe and compare the structure of child-teacher ratio, the process-related variables of teachers’ tone, children’s proximity and verbal interaction and lastly the outcomes of involvement and social interactions in different play types between the units. Data were analyzed with independent sample t-tests and the results revealed that units with different proportions of SLLs differ regarding processes and outcomes but not the structure of child-teacher ratio. Teachers’ tone in units with low proportion of SLLs was more positive and children were more verbal to the teacher while children in units with high proportions of SLL, had more self-talk/ private speech, less social-interactions and associative play, and lower levels of involvement. The differentiations in processes and children outcomes, along with the non-differences in child-teacher ratios between units with high and low proportions of SLLs highlight the need for further research in the field in order to investigate which environmental factors affect children outcomes in attempts to intervene and safeguard inclusiveness.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att studera sambandet mellan personlighet och hur studenter upplever sin studiesituation. Tidigare studier har visat att personlighet hade ett samband med upplevelsen av studiesituationen, bl.a. upplevda studiekrav. Framför allt visade dessa studier att personlighetsaspekterna ”Samvetsgrannhet” och ”Vänlighet” hade ett samband den upplevda studiesituationen. Deltagande i undersökningen var 155 studenter (18–48 år (M=24,44 år, SD = 4,56). En nätenkät med två delar genomfördes; första delen mätte personlighet utifrån femfaktorteorin, den andra delen mätte studenters upplevelser av studiekrav, social interaktion, skicklighet i studierna samt studiekultur. Deltagaren fick svara på sammanlagt 116 påståenden i en likertskala. Signifikanta skillnader upptäcktes gällande hur deltagarna svarade på frågor om ”Neuroticism” och ”Studiekrav” beroende på kön och vilken utbildning deltagaren studerade. Studiens resultat visade signifikanta samband mellan personlighetsdragen “Neuroticism” och upplevda studiekrav samt “Samvetsgrannhet” och ”Skicklighet i studierna”. Sammanfattningsvis bekräftades två av studiens tre antaganden. / This study aim was to investigate the relationship between personality and how students perceive their study situation. Previous studies have shown that personality has a relation on students’ perceived study situations, for example, perceived study requirements. These studies especially showed that the personality traits “Agreeableness” and “Consciousness” had a relation on students’ perceived study situation. 155 Students participated (18-48 years (M= 24,44, SD = 4,56). A two-section online survey was conducted; the first part measured personality based on the big five theory, the second part measured students’ perception of their study situation of study requirements, proficiency in the studies, social interaction, and study culture. The participant had to respond to a total of 116 statements on a likert scale. Significant differences were discovered regarding how students responded to questions about “Neuroticism” and “Study requirements” depending on gender and education. The results of the study showed significant relationships between “Neuroticism” and students’ perception of their “Study requirements” and between “Conscientiousness” and students’ perception of their “Proficiency in the studies”. In conclusion, two out of three assumptions were confirmed.

Although there are many studies of the results of non-promotion, few sociometric studies have been made which show that the over-age child is not accepted by his younger classmates. What happens, then, when a child is older than his age group? What are the effects on the social status of the overage child? The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to investigate the social acceptance status of the over-age child in a sixth grade classroom. / Typescript. / "A Paper." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / "August, 1957." / Advisor: Sarah Lou Hammond, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references.

The need for successful grouping of children in the primary school has been personally felt by the writer of this paper many times in her own classroom. In the years that have passed, some groups have seemed to progress quite satisfactorily in total development, while others have seemed disappointingly slow. Some groups have worked in almost perfect harmony while others have been in conflict. What dynamics were at work that contributed to successful grouping? What forces had retarded desirable growth? Much has been written recently about successful grouping of children. Enlightening evidences of good grouping practices have been reported. While some actual research studies have been conducted, most of the literature sampled reported opinions or individual suggestions for practice. The plan for this paper is to summarize the literature reviewed in the light of grouping according to the needs of children. / "A Paper." / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: W. Edwards, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of this paper is primarily that of determining what recreational needs exist today, what social changes have occurred to bring about these needs, what unit of society is most capable of taking the lead in meeting these needs, and what procedures may be adopted for meeting them. An interest in this subject has stemmed from observation of two main factors: (1) The existence of inadequate programs for meeting recreational needs in schools with which the writer has been associated, and (2) General indifference to or ignorance of the importance of educating for worthwhile use of leisure time. / "A Paper." / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Virgil E. Strickland, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references.

Ofrivillig ensamhet är ett komplext problem som blivit än mer diskuterat på grund av pandemin som råder. I Sverige känner sig många unga personer ensamma i sitt hem eller bostadsområde. Ofrivillig ensamhet kan i längden leda till negativa hälsoeffekter vilket motiverar insatser från flera olika håll. En tänkbar lösning är att främja social interaktion genom den fysiska miljöns utformning. Studiens syfte är därför att undersöka om och hur ett antal fastighetsföretag arbetar med att möjliggöra möten och sociala kontakter i sina bostadsområden. Genom intervjuer med representanter från sju fastighetsföretag undersöks vilken typ av social interaktion, utifrån teorin om tunna band, som planeringen syftar till och hur förutsättningarna för möten ser ut. Resultaten pekar på att företagen främst planerar för starka band, vilka förutsätter svaga band som möjliggörs genom spontana möten. Slutsatser från studien är att förutsättningarna för att möjliggöra spontana möten skiljer sig mellan områden, vilka innehar olika betydelser som påverkar möjligheten till spontana möten. Problematik med kriminalitet och otrygghet är aspekter som påverkar dessa förutsättningar. Insatser i den fysiska miljön kan med fördel kompletteras av sociala insatser för att skapa goda förutsättningar för användningen. Ofrivillig ensamhet behöver angripas från flera håll varav samhällsplaneringen kan vara en del av lösningen. / Involuntary loneliness is a complex problem that has been discussed even more because of the prevailing pandemic. In Sweden, many young people feel alone in their home or residential area. Involuntary loneliness can in the long run lead to negative health effects, which justifies efforts from several different directions. One conceivable solution is to promote social interaction through the design of the physical environment. The purpose of the study is therefore to investigate if and how a number of real estate companies work to enable meetings and social contacts in their residential areas. Interviews with representatives from seven real estate companies examine the type of social interaction, based on the theory of weak ties, which the planning aims at and what the conditions for meetings look like. The results indicate that the companies are primarily planning for strong ties, which require weak ties that are made possible by spontaneous meetings. Conclusions from the study are that the conditions for enabling spontaneous meetings differ between areas, which have different meanings that affect the possibility of spontaneous encounters. Problems with criminality and insecurity are aspects that affect these conditions. Efforts in the physical environment can advantageously be supplemented by social efforts to create good conditions for use. Involuntary loneliness needs to be tackled from several directions, of which urban planning can be part of the solution.

Our societies are changing towards more privatization and exclusion; issues of social life in public spaces and the relation of urban form vis-à-vis social life has not been given too much attention in urban planning and design, especially including issues of environmental psychology. However, the importance of public life is not deniable. High qualified public spaces are prerequisite for cities to become further inviting and more sustainable. This thesis raises the questions of if our public places are created by their physical setting or by social relation. It addresses the socio-physical characteristics of public spaces (squares) from human perspective. The aim of the work is to understand how it might be possible to improve social life and behavior in public spaces, where not only the center of attraction are the people but also the urban form that surrounds it. The study investigates sociability of the two squares in Stockholm, Norrmalmstorg and Nytorget, and analysis the contribution of physical and social attributes in creating sense of place and enriching social behavior. It draws from theories about environmental psychology, place identity and sense of place, likewise socio-physical elements of public spaces. Qualitative approach has been applied for data collection of case studies through combination of empirical methods such as observation, interviews and conceptual mapping. Through analysis of results, it is argued that strong sense of community at Nytorget is the consequence of people’s involvement in urban environment; whereas the lack of people’s engagement in urban setting at Norrmalmstorg, which is the result of place identity, affects the sense of attachment and social interaction in the square accordingly. The thesis debates that it is crucial to evaluate sociability of an urban environment by initiating human perspective and revealing the relationship between physical attributes and social activities. / Urban Form and Social Behaviour Research Project