Bakgrund: Statistik och forskningsrapporter från bland annat Världshälsoorganisationen visar att hälsan världen över är ojämlikt fördelad och att socioekonomisk status, socialt kapital och health literacy är bidragande faktorer. Föräldrars utbildningsnivå och inkomst kan påverka barns hälsa och uppväxtvillkor och barn tillhörande riskgrupper har sämre förutsättningar till hälsa. Samhället har möjlighet att genom politiska insatser på olika nivåer och i olika sektorer påverka individers möjligheter att i sin tur vidta hälsofrämjande åtgärder. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka föräldrars syn på kopplingen mellan ekonomi och hälsa, och hur det påverkar familjen att leva ett gott liv. Metod: En kvalitativ ansats valdes och sju föräldrar från tre olika kommuner i Värmland intervjuades i enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer. Samtliga intervjuer spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades därefter enligt kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i två kategorier: ”Hinder och möjligheter” som består av subkategorierna: Socialt kapital och Tid och utrymme, och vidare av ”Prioritering och investering” som består av subkategorierna: Samhällets roll, Levnadsvanor och livsstil och Uppväxtvillkor. Slutsats: Det framkom att hälsa är ett komplext begrepp som handlar om både fysiskt och psykiskt välbefinnande. Enligt informanterna har individer möjlighet att påverka sin hälsa genom prioriteringar och investeringar. Vidare beskrevs att förutsättningarna för hälsa är ojämlikt fördelade i samhället och de ekonomiskt svagare kan ha svårare att vidta hälsofrämjande åtgärder. Informanterna ansåg att det finns en koppling mellan ekonomi och hälsa och att god ekonomi förbättrar individers möjligheter till hälsa och ett gott liv. Individers kunskap, intressen och vilja styr individers val i livet. Tidsbrist och för lite utrymme för återhämtning och tid med familjen har beskrivits kunna utgöra en begränsande faktor för bättre hälsa. Hälsa beskrevs också vara en resurs för ett produktivt liv. Barns hälsa påverkas bara till viss del av familjens ekonomi samtidigt som en trygg miljö och god föräldrarelation ansågs vara betydelsefulla. / Background: Statistics and reports from among others the World Health Organization show that inequity in health exists all over the world and that socioeconomic status, social capital and health literacy are contributing factors. Parental education and income have an effect on children’s health and development and children in risk groups have lower chances to develop good health. The society has the opportunity to affect individuals to take actions to promote their own health by political actions on different levels and in different sectors. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine parental view on the connection between economics and health, and its effects on living a good family life. Method: A qualitative approach was used to collect data. Seven parents from three different municipalities in Wermland were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis of the material resulted in two categories: ”Obstacles and opportunities” which further consists of two subcategories: Social capital and Time and capacity. The other category “Priority and investment” consists of three subcategories: Society’s role, Lifestyle factors and Childhood conditions. Conclusion: This study showed that health is a complex concept about physical and psychological well-being. According to the informants individuals have the opportunity to affect their health by their priorities and investments. Furthermore, the opportunities for reaching good health are being described as unequal throughout the society and it seems to be harder to take health promoting actions for those who are economically weaker. The informants felt that there is a connection between economics and health and that good economy improves individuals’ possibilities to be healthy and live a good life. Individuals’ interests, knowledge and will affect their choices in life. Lack of time and capacity for recovery and to spent time with their families is thought to be a limiting factor for better health. Health is also being described as a resource for a productive life. Children’s health is only partly being affected by families’ economy. A safe environment and good parental relationship seems to be important.

The body needs sleep to get the recovery that it’s need. Too little sleep or no sleep at all may lead to depression and anxiety. The study’s purpose was to investigate how young adults experience their sleeping habits and what they consider affect their sleep. The method used was a qualitative interview study, the form of the interviews was semi-structured interviews and interviews by e-mail. The study’s result shows that young adults experience of sleep could be divided into two categories; the absence of the good sleep and experience of factors that affect the sleep. The informants experienced their sleeping habits as varying and that they had a regular bedtime but a varying sleep onset time. Young adults experienced that their sleep was affected positively by physical activity and negatively by cellphone as well as stress and anxiety Conclusion: Young adult get limited knowledge about sleep and why sleep is important in primary school which lead to that they don’t get the necessary knowledge about which consequences are related to too little and/or poor sleep. Giving sleep education in school gives the students the opportunity to prioritize their sleep. From a public health perspective, sleep is a determining factor to god health which makes the sleep education relevant to schools to work with health promotion activities.

Inledning: Med tiden har folkhälsa och vad som ses som folksjukdomar förändrats. Idag har vi folksjukdomar som inte var vanliga för årtionden sedan, sjukdomar som nu blivit ett globalt folkhälsoproblem. En av dessa sjukdomar är cancer. Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerform för kvinnor. Brösten är en stor del för att en kvinna ska känna sig kvinnlig. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva kvinnans psykiska hälsa efter en bröstcancerdiagnos med fokus på ångest, depression och stress. Metod: Vald metod är en systematisk litteraturöversikt. Artiklar söktes i databasen PubMed som analyserades systematiskt. Under sökprocessen valdes 15 vetenskapliga artiklar ut med relevant information för att svara på syftet till studien. Tre teman valdes ut under analysen av artiklarna. Temaorden: Rädsla för återfall av bröstcancer, kvinnlighet, psykologiska hälsoeffekter. Resultat: Resultatet visar att kvinnor känner sig mindre kvinnlig och attraktiv när ett bröst opererats bort. Kvinnor med en bröstcancerhistorik är rädd för att få ett återfall vilket påverkar deras liv genom oro, ångest och stress. Yngre kvinnor är mer rädd för döden än äldre vilket kan bero på, yngre kvinnor har små barn och är rädd för att inte se barnen växa upp. Diskussion: En bröstcancerdiagnos kan vända upp och ner på tillvaron för en kvinna. Efter att hon har fått en diagnos behöver hon ändra om sin planering inför framtiden Detta kan skapa ångest och oro inför hur det kommer att bli, hur hon kommer att må samt oro för vilken utgång sjukdomen har. Det finns ett behov för mer träning för läkaren och sjuksköterskor för att bättre hjälpa bröstcancerpatienter med psykologiska konsekvenser. / Introduction: Over time, disease patterns affecting the population have changes. Today, many people are diagnosed with diseases that were not common decades ago, which have now become a global public health problem. One of these diseases is cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer form for women, and stressful in part because of the association of breasts with femininity.   Purpose: The purpose of this literature study is to describe the mental health of the woman after a breast cancer diagnosis focusing on anxiety, depression and stress. Method: The chosen method is a systematic literature review. Articles have been systematically searched in the PubMed database. During the search process, 15 scientific articles were selected with relevant information to respond to the purpose of the study. Three themes emerged during the analysis of the articles: Fear of breast cancer recurrence, femininity, and psychological health effects. Result: The results show that women feel less feminine and attractive when a breast has been removed. Women with breast cancer history are afraid of recurrence which affects their lives through anxiety, anxiety and stress. Younger women are more afraid of death than older women, which may be because younger women have young children and are fearful of not seeing them grow up. Discussion: A breast cancer diagnosis can strongly affect a woman. After a woman's diagnosis, she needs to change her planning for the future. This can create anxiety and anxiety about recovery and how she will feel and lead to worry about the outcome of the disease. There is a need for more training for doctors and nurses to better help breast cancer patients who experience stress, anxiety and depression.

In Sweden, sickness absence due to mental disorder is increasing for both men and women, although more among women. The psychosocial work environment is acknowledged as an important predictor for sickness absence. Employee based work-time control is beneficial for the balance between job stress and recovery and could therefore be of interest when aiming to prevent sickness absence. The aim is to investigate the association between control over daily hours (CoDH) and control over time off (CoT), respectively, and sickness absence. The study also examine whether the association differ by gender and if burnout or depression mediates the associations. Data was derived from two waves of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) which is an approximate representation of the Swedish working population (n=8418, of which 4936 were females). Binary logistic regression was used as method of analysis. After adjustment for possible confounders, no association between CoDH and sickness absence was found. Low CoT was significantly associated with sickness absence among men (OR=0.90 [0.84, 0.96]), but not among women. Neither burnout nor depression mediates the associations. CoT is stronger associated with sickness absence than CoDH. CoT with regard to sickness absence is of greater importance for men than women.

Inledning: I Sverige liksom i andra västländer är alkohol det berusningsmedel som brukas i störst utsträckning. Alkoholintag bland ungdomar som är på en skadlig nivå är i flertalet länder ett problem på hög nivå. Syfte: Att identifiera faktorer som är associerade till alkoholkonsumtion hos tonåringar, och identifiera faktorer som är associerade med effektiva alkoholpreventiva program för den här gruppen. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie, där datamaterialet bestod av 15 peer reviewed granskade vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Tre tema identifierades; Determinanter/riskfaktorer för hög alkoholkonsumtion, konsekvenser av ett högt alkoholintag och effekter av prevention/interventioner där riskfaktorer som alkoholreklam redovisas och alkoholkonsumtionens negativa hälsopåverkan samt att preventionsprogram riktade till föräldrar och tonåringar kan minska alkoholkonsumtionen. Slutsats: Studierna visar att riskfaktorer såsom högt alkoholintag hos föräldrar resulterar i ett högre alkoholintag hos tonåringar. Det finns ett behov av preventiva åtgärder för att minska alkoholintaget och hälsorisker hos tonåringar. / Introduction: In Sweden as well as in other western countries, alcohol is the most widely used intoxicant. Alcohol intake among young people at a harmful level is a high level problem in most countries. Purpose: To identify factors associated with alcohol use in teenagers, and to identify factors associated with effective alcohol use prevention programs for this group. Method: A systematic literature review, where the data consisted of 15 peer reviewed scientific articles. Result: Three themes were identified; Determinants/risk factors for high alcohol consumption, consequences of high alcohol intake and effects of prevention/interventions where risk factors such as alcohol advertising are reported and the negative health impact of alcohol consumption, and that prevention programs aimed at parents and teens can reduce alcohol consumption. Teenagers with high alcohol consumption show psychological disorder. Conclusion: The studies shows that risk factors such as parents alcohol intake results in higher alcohol intakes in teenagers. There is a need for preventive measures to reduce alcohol intake and health risks in teenagers’ health.

Inledning: Övervikt och fetma hos barn blir allt vanligare i Sverige. Ämnet har en stark folkhälsopolitisk anknytning eftersom över 300 000 barn beräknas lida av övervikt och fetma, vilket kan bidra till stora kostnader för samhället och en sämre hälsa för barnen. Orsakerna till ökningen kan därför vara viktiga att belysa. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att förstå och belysa orsaker till ökningen av övervikt och fetma bland barn under 18 års ålder i Sverige. Metod: En litteraturöversikt gjordes genom sökningar i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL där tio vetenskapliga artiklar valdes ut. Resultat: Sömn, socioekonomisk status, sjukdom, kost, fysisk aktivitet och psykisk ohälsa är orsaker som bidragit till ökningen av övervikt och fetma hos barn i Sverige. Diskussion: Orsaker när det gäller övervikt och fetma hos barn i Sverige är svårt att fastställa och litteraturöversikten visar på ett flertal sammanhängande faktorer. Genom att ämnet är komplext och utbrett kräver det omfattande åtgärder för att bearbetas. / Introduction: Overweight and obesity among children in Sweden is becoming more frequent. In Sweden over 300 000 children is believed to be overweight or obese and the subject is therefore a public health problem. Overweight and obesity can cause large costs for the society and deteriorating health for the children. Purpose: The purpose of this literature review was to understand and highlight the causes for increased overweight and obesity among children under the age of 18 in Sweden. Method: The literature review was performed by using searches in the databases PubMed and CINAHL in which ten scientific articles were chosen. Result: Sleep, socioeconomic status, illness, diet, physical activity and mental illness are all reasons that have contributed to the increased overweight and obesity among children in Sweden. Discussion: The causes regarding overweight and obesity among swedish children is hard to determine, this literature review shows some reasons that in many cases are connected. The subject is complex and requires large-scale actions to deal with.

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Mental illness is increasing among high school girls. At the same time the use of social media is increasing which is considered to be a major part of Western society. Increased body weight is considered to be associated with dissatisfaction whit the appearance. A dissatisfaction whit body perception can lead to problems such as depression, anorexia nervosa, self-injury and drug abuse. Never before has it been considered as difficult as it is today to fit into the today's society regarding apperance and it has been a negative trend over recent years. Through increased self-confidence and physical activity can body perception be improved. The purpose of the study was to investigate the thoughts of high school girls regarding how body perception, body ideals and living habits affect their health. Through semistructured interviews of six high school girls the study's empirical content was obtained from which further a inductive qualitative concentanylsis was conducted. The results of the study showed that the thoughts differ and aspects which affect the health most are considered to be the circle of friends and social media. Furthermore, the result showed that the individuals need to find factors in life to create and maintain good health, these factors differ from each individual. In addition to this, the result showed that physical activity, in excessive amounts, did contribute to a better health. From a public-health perspective is it important to increase the health of the population and prevent mental illness, especially among the young people who are the future of Sweden. Further studies on the subject can lead to more and better methods and strategies to prevent mental illness among high school girls.

Inledning: Stress är ett stort och växande problem i Sverige, där en av de grupper som är särskilt utsatta är tonåringar. Långvarig stress kan medföra förödande konsekvenser för såväl individen som samhället, och åtgärder behöver därför vidtas för att minska stressen hos denna grupp. En viktig arena för detta arbete är skolan. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka faktorer som gör skolbaserade interventioner för stresshantering effektiva för att minska stress hos tonåringar. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt genomfördes, där 15 kvantitativa artiklar publicerade under de senaste tio åren inkluderades. De databaser som användes var PubMed, CINAHL och PsycINFO. Resultat: Resultatet visade att preventionsnivå, tidsfaktorer och typ av verktyg för stresshantering hade en påverkan på när en skolbaserad intervention för stresshantering var effektiv. Diskussion: Tre faktorer som hade en påverkan på när skolbaserade interventioner för stresshantering är effektiva identifierades i de inkluderade studierna. Dock är studierna mycket heterogena och i de flesta fall småskaliga, samtidigt som det i vissa fall finns en osäkerhet kring resultatet, vilket medför svårigheter att dra slutsatser och att ge rekommendationer. Mer forskning på området uppmanas och bör prioriteras. / Introduction: Stress is a large and growing problem in Sweden, where one of the most vulnerable groups are teenagers. Chronic stress can bring about devastating consequences for the individual as well as for the society, and measures must therefore be taken to reduce stress in this group. An important arena for this work is the school. The aim of this study was to investigate which factors that make school-based stress management interventions effective in reducing stress in teenagers. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, which included 15 quantitative articles published during the last ten years. The databases used were PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO. Results: The result showed that type of prevention, time factors and type of stress management tool had an impact on when school-based stress management interventions was effective. Discussion: The study identified three factors which had an impact on the effectiveness of stress management interventions in schools for teenagers. However, the studies are heterogenous and in several cases small, which makes it hard to draw conclusions and make recommendations. More research is needed and should be prioritized.

Background Globally, about 800 women die daily from complications arising during labor or within 42 days of childbirth. These deaths can be prevented by ensuring that women give birth in a safe environment in the presence of Skilled Birth Attendants (SBAs). SBAs are efficient to manage pregnancy, child birth and postnatal complications or refer in very complicated cases. Only about half of the women use SBAs in Kakamega County, Kenya. The study aim was to describe the determinants of utilization of SBA in Kakamega County. Method A cross sectional design was used. Data was obtained from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in the year 2014. A sample of 295 women were selected through two-stage cluster sampling. Standardized questionnaire was used to collect data from women who had given birth two years prior to the survey. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to analyze the data. Results There was an association for use of SBAs with lower parity Odds Ratio (OR) 3.11(95% CI,1.82-5.52), early Antenatal Care (ANC) attendance OR 0.49(95% CI,0.27-0.88), secondary education OR 1.89(95% CI, 1.16-3.05) and high wealth index OR 2.87(95% CI,1.76-4.69). There was no association with ANC visits OR 1.3 (95% CI, 0.80-2.24) and place of residence OR 1.50 (95% CI,0.93-2.41). Conclusion Being in higher quartile, exposure to secondary education and low parity were key influencers of SBA use while place of residence did not show any association. There is an association between use of SBA and timely ANC attendance but not with number of ANC visits.