Socialt medborgarskap har en särskilt stark koppling till sociala rättigheter och möjliggörandet att inkludera allt fler i samhällets gemenskaper. Uppsatsen undersöker hur olika medborgarskapsideal tar sig uttryck i en kommunal arbetsmarknadsåtgärd benämnd ”Resursjobb i Västerås stad”. Det är relationen mellan individ-samhälle-stat; rättigheter och skyldighet; samt frihet och jämlikhet som är de huvudsakliga medborgarskapsvärden som undersöks och det är nyliberalism, socialliberalism och socialdemokrati som får definiera och sortera hur dessa kommer till uttryck i en modell för resursjobb framtagen av Västerås stad. Genom idealtypsanalys har dessa värden kunnat identifieras och gestaltas i ett analysschema. Detta har sedan använts som analysverktyg i undersökningen. Resultaten visar att det främst är socialliberala och socialdemokratiska värderingar som kommer till uttryck i modellen för resursjobben; dock finns det spår av nyliberalism i vissa utsagor som varit intressant att kunna lyfta fram.

The purpose of this case study was to examine consequences of a limited social citizenship among young adults in the refugee camp of DeHeishe in Palestine. In order to receive a profounder understanding of conditions and structures that affects young adult’s experiences of social citizenship, status in the community and practices a case study was carried out during April 2013. The data has been collected by triangulation, conducted through nine interviews, 52 survey forms and several observations in DeHeishe camp. The data was analyzed through the theoretical approach of social citizenship, intersectionality and the concept of “empower-ment”. The study shows that young adults have a fragmented view of the concept of social citizenship and differences were seen between women and men. According to status and practice in relation to social citizenship women and men’s attitude was various and limiting structures might be the cause of it. According to the young adults the Israeli occupation is the most limiting structure along with their specific living conditions. The traditions also were seen as a limiting, but at the same time could be enabling. For this reason, the consequences were that the young adults took matters into their own hands by empowerment through NGOs and create an alternative form of social citizenship. It is through knowledge and participation they experience they can change their situation.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka unga arbetssökandes erfarenheter av Arbetsförmedlingens roll i deras etablering på arbetsmarknaden, samt analysera hur detta kan förstås utifrån en utveckling mot en individualiserad arbetsmarknadspolitik. Studien bygger på två kvalitativa fokusgruppsintervjuer med totalt åtta arbetssökande personer i åldrarna 18-24 år. Studien visar att de arbetssökande upplever en ovisshet i vilken roll Arbetsförmedlingen ska spela i deras arbetssökande, och att deras förväntningar på myndigheten inte besannas i hur det verkligen går till. Ungdomarna i studien upplever att Arbetsförmedlingen ställer krav och har förväntningar på aktivering, vilket kan förklaras utifrån arbetsmarknadens utveckling mot en aktiveringspolitik. Centralt i vårt resultat är ungdomarnas syn på sin arbetslöshet som ett individuellt ansvar, vilket enligt vår analys kan tolkas som ett resultat av en individualiserad arbetsmarknadspolitik.Vidare tyder studien på att ungdomarna ser arbete som en del av deras identitetsskapande och en väg till självförverkligande. Detta ställer krav på deras personliga egenskaper och vidare vad som ska ingå i deras personliga varumärke på arbetsmarknaden. / The aim of this study is to examine young job seekers’ experiences with the Public Employment Service’s during their advance into the labor market. We will analyze how these can be understood with regards to an individualized labor market policy. The study is based on two qualitative focus group interviews done with a total of eight job-seeking individuals with an age rage of 18-24 years. The study shows that the young jobseekers are experiencing an uncertainty as to the role of the Public Employment Service during their gateway into the labor market. Furthermore, their expectations for the authority are not being fulfilled. The young individuals in the study find that the Public Employment Service insist on their activation in order to receive benefits. This would explain the labor market's development towards activation policies. The study draws the conclusion that the young jobseekers see their unemployment as an individual responsibility. According to our analysis this can be interpreted as the result of an individualized labor market policy. Furthermore, the study suggests that young people see work as a part of their identity and a step towards self-fulfillment. This results in demands on their personal qualities and what should be included in their personal branding in the labor market.

Den akuta hemlösheten har ökat i såväl Sverige som internationellt under de senastedecennierna, där den ideella sektorn har fått en allt större roll i att erbjuda välfärdstjänster föratt stävja samhällsproblemet. Tidigare forskning har visat på både problematiska ochgynnsamma aspekter med organiseringen av det ideella arbetet mot akut hemlöshet. Ideelladagliga verksamheter riskerar att bidra till att situationen i hemlöshet snarare upprätthålls änförändras samtidigt som individer i hemlöshet får basala och sociala behov tillgodoseddagenom insatserna. I tidigare forskning har dock lite utrymme getts åt att undersöka dagligafrivilligorganisationers arbete mot akut hemlöshet i Sverige i förhållande till sociala rättigheteroch sociala skyldigheter. Den här kvalitativa studien har därför genom sex semistruktureradeintervjuer med personal samt deltagande observationer undersökt en dagligfrivilligorganisations insatser, funktion och syfte med utgångspunkt i socialt medborgarskapoch erkännandeteori. Studiens resultat visar att relationskapande mellan personal och gäster iakut hemlöshet är centralt för att skapa tillit men leder också till en dold disciplinering, vilketär en förutsättning för att skapa en social miljö som präglas av alla människors lika värde.Resultaten visar även att den ideella verksamhetens insatser kan bidra till att individer i akuthemlöshet kan tillvarata sociala rättigheter inom verksamhetens kontext samtidigt somverksamheten kan innebära dels en förutsättning, dels en barriär för gäster att kunna uppfyllasociala skyldigheter gentemot samhället. Relationen mellan gäster och personal kan emellertidleda till känslor av erkännande hos gäster och därmed främja självförverkligande. Socialarättigheter behöver ges lättare åtkomst till på strukturell och lokal nivå för att individer i akuthemlöshet ska ges förutsättningar att kunna delta i samhällsgemenskap och samhällsutveckling.Studiens resultat är av relevans för socialt arbete såväl på nationell och kommunal nivå som förden ideella sektorn och bidrar till en fördjupad orientering över dagliga frivilligorganisationersansvarsroll och insats i arbetet mot akut hemlöshet. / Acute homelessness has increased in both Sweden and internationally during the past decades,where the non-profit sector has gained an increasingly larger role in providing welfare servicesto prevent the social problem. Previous research has shown both problematic and beneficialaspects of day centres work towards acute homelessness. Day centres can help maintain ratherthan change the situation of homelessness, while individuals who experience homelessness alsoget basic and social needs met. However, little attention has been given to the work of daycentres in Sweden in relation to social rights and social obligations. This qualitative study has,through six semi-structured interviews with staff and participant observations, examinedinterventions, function and purpose of a day centre with social citizenship and recognition astheoretical framework. The study's findings show that relationship building between staff andguests in acute homelessness is central to creating trust but do also provide a form of discipline,which is a prerequisite for creating a social environment characterized by equality.Furthermore, the results show that the interventions offered by day centres can help individualsin acute homelessness to take account of their social rights within the context of the day centre,while serving as an obstacle as well as a possibility for individuals to fulfil social obligationstowards the society. The results also show that the relationship between guests and staff canlead to recognition among guests and promote self-realization. Social rights need to be moreeasily attainable at a structural and local level in order for individuals who experience acutehomelessness to be given the opportunity to participate in the community and socialdevelopment. The study’s results are of relevance for social work at national and local level aswell for the non-profit sector and give an orientation of the role, responsibility and interventionsof non-profit work towards acute homelessness.

People with dementia are commonly in need of some form of social care from the social services in order to manage their everyday situations. However, social services are shaped by the construction of policy targets. The aim of this dissertation is to explore the social citizenship for people with dementia. Social citizenship for people with dementia is explored by studying how people with dementia, in policy documents, have been constructed as a target group and also by studying how policies are enacted in practice by care managers, in their work and in their meetings with people with dementia. This is illustrated by studying policy documents from national level which range over nearly 40 years and 19 interviews with care managers. It is shown that, if and when, people with dementia are visible in policy documents, they commonly have a negative construction based on their cognitive and communicative abilities, as a burden, disturbing and incapable. It is further investigated how street-level bureaucrats, in this case care managers, experience meeting with people with dementia when they apply for social services. It is shown that care-managers experience difficulties concerning this group comprised of the exchange of information between care managers and people with dementia, refusal of social services by the person, the influence of relatives and other professions as well as moral dilemmas, such as the relations between the person with dementia and their relatives. The study shows that care managers have little support from policies, e.g. legislation and guidelines, in how to handle these dilemmas, and must thus create their own local ways of handling these situations. Care managers are thus influential policy actors concerning the policy target group of people with dementia. The policy processes which this dissertation illustrates, affect the social citizenship of people with dementia. It is shown that they, to an extent, have difficulties in influencing their own everyday situation concerning social services. Finally, the policy processes, will affect their possibility to influence their social citizenship. / Personer med demenssjukdom behöver vanligtvis någon form av socialt stöd från socialtjänsten för att kunna hantera sin egen vardag. Emellertid så är socialt stöd format av konstruktionen av policymålgrupper. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka det sociala medborgarskapet för personer med demenssjukdom genom att studera hur dessa personer, som policymålgrupp, har konstruerats i policydokument samt hur policys iscensätts i praktiken av biståndshandläggare inom socialtjänsten, i deras arbete och i deras möten med personer med demenssjukdom. Detta belyses genom studier policydokument på nationell nivå som spänner över nästan 40 år samt intervjuer med 19 biståndshandläggare. Studien visar att om och när personer med demenssjukdom är synliga i policydokument så har de vanligtvis en negativ konstruktion som baseras på deras kognitiva- och kommunikativa förmågor, som betungande, störande och inkapabla. Vidare undersöks i denna avhandling hur gräsrotsbyråkrater, i form av biståndshandläggare, upplever mötet med personer med demenssjukdom då de ansöker om socialt stöd från socialtjänsten. Det visas att handläggare upplever svårigheter i deras möten med denna grupp. Svårigheterna ligger i utbytet av information mellan handläggare och personen med demens, vägran från personen att ta emot stöd, inflytande från anhöriga och andra professioner samt moraliska dilemman som relationen mellan personen med demenssjukdom och anhöriga. Handläggare har lite stöd från policys, såsom lagar och riktlinjer, i hur de ska hantera dessa svårigheter och måste således hitta egna, lokala, sätt att hantera dessa situationer. Handläggare är således inflytelserika policyaktörer rörande policymålgruppen personer med demenssjukdom. De policyprocesser som avhandlingen berör påverkar det sociala medborgarskapet för personer med demenssjukdom. Det visas att de, till viss del, har svårigheter att påverka sin egen vardag i relation till stöd från socialtjänsten. Slutligen påverkar policyprocesser möjligheten för personer med demens att påverka sitt sociala medborgarskap.

The aim of this thesis is to explore how young adults from ethnic minority backgrounds experience social citizenship and social participation. How do they understand their social rights and duties? What are the possibilities and obstacles for their social participation? Based on the background of different studies in Sweden, that usually focus on conditions in bigger cities, this study discusses social citizenship among ethnic minority youth in the context of a middle-sized Swedish town. In contrast to research on ethnicity and youth in Sweden, that discuss social problems and social exclusion in terms of the deficient cultural, linguistic and social competence of the individuals, this study focuses on different kinds of resources and experiences of agency among young people from migrant backgrounds. Their experiences of active social citizenship and social participation fill also a gap in the contemporary research from the perspective of social inclusion. The theoretical framework is based on the concept of social citizenship as discussed by T. H. Marshall (1950), T. Bottomore (1992) and inspired by research on the subjective dimension of social citizenship conducted by R. Lister (1997, 2003, 2007). In order to grasp the subjective dimension of social citizenship, this thesis deals with differentiated expressions of universal social citizenship in terms of agency and participation in different areas of social life. Using a qualitative approach, seventeen people have been interviewed. The interviews have been analysed from an intersectional perspective where gender, age, marital status and longevity in Sweden appear to be concurrent categories. The results point towards tendencies of enclavisation among these young adults usually articulating experience of weak social bonding in relation to the Swedish majority population. Some informants refer to their expectations of living in bigger cities or a third country, and have plans to move as a strategy for better, more integrated and less discriminated conditions of future life. In sum, the central expectations of the interviewees on the improvement of their social citizenship conditions are the following: They want to be active citizens and are willing to contribute to the development of a more inclusive Swedish society. This thesis contributes to our current understanding of how young adults from ethnic minority backgrounds, experience social citizenship and social participation within the areas of: housing, education, labour-market, leisure and policy. / Denna rapport handlar om hur unga kvinnor och män med utländsk bakgrund i en medelstor svensk stad upplever social delaktighet. I fokus står vardagslivets sociala medborgarskap och hur människor förstår sina sociala rättigheter och skyldigheter och på vilket sätt detta påverkar deras medverkan i samhällslivet. Rapporten visar att de unga kvinnorna och männen har engagemang och uttrycker ansvarskänsla och vilja till social delaktighet i det svenska samhället. Samtidig upplever de inte alltid ett fullvärdigt socialt medborgarskap på grund av etnisk diskriminering. Helene Jacobson Pettersson är doktorand i socialt arbete vid Institutionen för vårdvetenskap och socialt arbete, Växjö universitet. Hon är anställd som universitetsadjunkt i socialt arbete vid Högskolan i Kalmar. Detta är hennes licentiatavhandling.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to explore how young adults from ethnic minority backgrounds experience social citizenship and social participation. How do they understand their social rights and duties? What are the possibilities and obstacles for their social participation? Based on the background of different studies in Sweden, that usually focus on conditions in bigger cities, this study discusses social citizenship among ethnic minority youth in the context of a middle-sized Swedish town. In contrast to research on ethnicity and youth in Sweden, that discuss social problems and social exclusion in terms of the deficient cultural, linguistic and social competence of the individuals, this study focuses on different kinds of resources and experiences of agency among young people from migrant backgrounds. Their experiences of active social citizenship and social participation fill also a gap in the contemporary research from the perspective of social inclusion. The theoretical framework is based on the concept of social citizenship as discussed by T. H. Marshall (1950), T. Bottomore (1992) and inspired by research on the subjective dimension of social citizenship conducted by R. Lister (1997, 2003, 2007). In order to grasp the subjective dimension of social citizenship, this thesis deals with differentiated expressions of universal social citizenship in terms of agency and participation in different areas of social life. Using a qualitative approach, seventeen people have been interviewed. The interviews have been analysed from an intersectional perspective where gender, age, marital status and longevity in Sweden appear to be concurrent categories. The results point towards tendencies of enclavisation among these young adults usually articulating experience of weak social bonding in relation to the Swedish majority population. Some informants refer to their expectations of living in bigger cities or a third country, and have plans to move as a strategy for better, more integrated and less discriminated conditions of future life. In sum, the central expectations of the interviewees on the improvement of their social citizenship conditions are the following: They want to be active citizens and are willing to contribute to the development of a more inclusive Swedish society. This thesis contributes to our current understanding of how young adults from ethnic minority backgrounds, experience social citizenship and social participation within the areas of: housing, education, labour-market, leisure and policy.</p> / <p>Denna rapport handlar om hur unga kvinnor och män med utländsk bakgrund i en medelstor svensk stad upplever social delaktighet. I fokus står vardagslivets sociala medborgarskap och hur människor förstår sina sociala rättigheter och skyldigheter och på vilket sätt detta påverkar deras medverkan i samhällslivet. Rapporten visar att de unga kvinnorna och männen har engagemang och uttrycker ansvarskänsla och vilja till social delaktighet i det svenska samhället. Samtidig upplever de inte alltid ett fullvärdigt socialt medborgarskap på grund av etnisk diskriminering. Helene Jacobson Pettersson är doktorand i socialt arbete vid Institutionen för vårdvetenskap och socialt arbete, Växjö universitet. Hon är anställd som universitetsadjunkt i socialt arbete vid Högskolan i Kalmar. Detta är hennes licentiatavhandling.</p>

This thesis examines the political ideas of citizenship that can be found in Swedish education policies between 1962 and today. Furthermore, the thesis also examines how these ideas have changed over time. The material consist of four education policy bills that was adopted during the studied time period. The analytical tool of the study is based on three different ideal types of social citizenship: The socio-liberal citizenship, the libertarian citizenship and the republican citizenship. These ideal types also contains three different dimensions of social citizenship: Goals and values, characteristics of the citizens and rights and obligations. The primary findings of the study shows that a focus on public good and community engagement associated with the republican citizenship can be found in the bill from 1962, while in the bills from 1991-1993 the focus has shifted towards individual satisfaction and freedom of choice associated with the libertarian citizenship. In the bill from 2009 the shift is not as clear as ideas associated with the libertarian citizenship reappears in this bill as well. Although, the primary focus of the bill can be claimed to be on social justice, equality and social inclusion, associated with the socio-liberal citizenship. The results of the study thus indicates a shift from the republican citizenship in the 1960s, towards the libertarian citizenship in the 1990s and then towards the socio-liberal citizenship in the 2010s.

This thesis investigates Zigenarundersökningen [the Gypsy study] – a socio-medical study of Swedish Roma conducted in 1962-1965. The Study was financed by the National Labour Market Board, which sought scientific information on every adult Roma citizen in order to plan for targeted authority interventions. The socio-medical team used a number of different medical and social techniques, drawing together different kinds of data – from the molecular to the social level – and adding “objective” records from public institutions, which resulted in the creation of detailed and voluminous individual case files. On the basis of these files, the public health specialist John Takman in charge of the socio-medical examinations formulated a professional opinion on each individual and family. During the execution of the study, new scientific and social questions were articulated, resulting in that the originally limited investigation concerning only a smaller group of Roma citizens evolved into a comprehensive research project covering all people identified as Swedish Roma. In this thesis, this expansion is analysed using methodological tools from Science and Technology Studies that focus on the reflexivity between the goals of scientific actors, and the social conditions and problematisations that surround them. In this way, science and policy mutually influence each other in situated practices, which also involves the drawing of scientific boundaries that serve to establish epistemic authority.   Departing from Engin F. Isin’s theory on social citizenship, and its alterities, as constituted in contingent and contextualised social practices, and from Franca Iacovetta’s study of Canadian gatekeepers’ work in cold-war Canada, the thesis investigates how the, with time, increasing and more comprehensive activities of experts and professionals created new dimensions of citizenship. Against this background, the thesis draws the conclusion that the scientific-political examinations of problematised citizenship and citizens in Sweden in the 1960’s, while defining deviance, also defined normality. This implies, furthermore, that scientific measurements and classifications of alterity contributed to constituting those measuring and classifying – the experts and professionals – as virtuous citizens, in accordance with contemporary norms of professionalism and expertise, while the Roma were continually constructed as problematic citizens. Hence, scientific-political activities concerning Swedish Roma in the 1960’s created new spaces of social citizenship, where the contents of both normality and deviance were nuanced and (re)defined.